In ancient times, Sichuan was ruled by Pakistan and Shu. In the past, it was generally considered to be a country established during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties (that is, from the 0 th century BC to the 5 th century BC). According to the cultural relics introduced by Samsung in Guanghan, as early as 4000 years ago, Shu people had established a slave country in the western Sichuan plain. "Huayang National Records" said: "Shu is a country, which originated from the people's emperor and went up to the Yellow Emperor. He married the daughter of Shushan for his son Changyi and gave birth to Di Ku. Support him in Shu, the world is Li Xia, Shang and Zhou, and the prince of Wu attacks Zhou, Shu and Yan. " Previously, people thought that this record was based on legends and was not necessarily credible. After Sanxingdui cultural relics were unearthed, people believed that the history of Shu should be pushed forward at least 1000 years.

The name "Shu" was first seen in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty. The ancestors of Shu are said to be one of the ancient Qiang people who lived in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River. They went south along the Minjiang River basin, entered the Sichuan Basin, and were called "clans", and established their own country in the Chengdu Plain. According to legend, Can Cong and Yufu were the first kings, and then Guan Bai. In Du Yuchao, it was the Western Zhou Dynasty in China; The enlightened dynasty was the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in the Central Plains. In 3 16 BC, the state of Qin took advantage of the battle between Shu and Pakistan and sent general Sima Cuo south to wipe out Shu and Pakistan in one fell swoop, thus unifying Sichuan within the territory of the Chinese empire and ending the history of ancient Shu. Since then, because all the emperors have designated Chengdu as the highest place to rule Bashu, and Chengdu is the ancient capital of Shu, "Shu" has become four.

Abbreviation of Sichuan place names. Therefore, during the Three Kingdoms period, Liu Bei occupied Sichuan and proclaimed himself emperor, which was called "Shu Han" in history; In the Five Dynasties, Wang Jian and Meng Zhixiang successively occupied Sichuan as emperors, which were called "pre-Shu" and "post-Shu" in history.

There are two opinions about the origin of the word "Shu" in history books: First, it is said that Shu is a silkworm, because the king of ancient Shu taught people to raise silkworms, which made Sichuan the earliest place to raise silkworms in China, hence the name. Another way of saying it is that Shu is a poisonous insect that looks like a silkworm but can sting people, so "Shu" is probably another name for Shu people by Shang rulers.

Ba people were first seen in Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Yin Ruins, called Ba people, and lived in the Hanshui River Basin in Shaanxi. Later, it gradually migrated to the southeast and entered the Qingjiang River Basin in Hubei Province and the eastern part of Sichuan (mostly in Chongqing). There are different opinions about the origin of the name "Ba": some say it is named after the shape of two rivers in eastern Sichuan; It is said to be named after a plant "Bamao" which is rich in eastern Sichuan; There are insects and snakes to explain. Another way of saying it is: in ancient times, Ba lived in a cave, and people in eastern Sichuan called the stone Ba, hence the name. Pakistan's founding date is unknown, and there were frequent wars with Chu during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, so it constantly moved its capital. Hechuan, Fengdu, Langzhong and Chongqing were once capitals, and Chongqing has the longest time.

After the Qin dynasty destroyed Bashu, Sichuan implemented the county system and established Bashu County in the original Bashu area. Guanghan County was added in the early Han Dynasty, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sealed it for 5 years (before 1 calendar year). There were 13 secretariat departments in China and Yizhou departments in Sichuan. At the end of the Three Kingdoms, after Wei destroyed Shu, Yizhou split and set up Liangzhou. During the Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, the organizational system of Liangzhou and Yizhou was always used. In the first year of Zhenguan of Emperor Taizong (AD 627), the county system was abolished, Yizhou was changed to Jiannan Road, and Liangzhou was Shannan Road. In the 23rd year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (AD 735), Jiannan Road was divided into Jiannan Xichuan Festival and Jiannan Dongchuan Festival, and the word "Sichuan" began to appear in the names of divisions in Sichuan. In order to strengthen centralization, the Song Dynasty greatly added, subtracted and merged counties. After Song Jun destroyed the post-Shu regime, Xichuan Road was established. In the sixth year of Kaibao (AD 973), Xiaxi Road was set up separately. In the sixth year of Taiping Xingguo (AD 98 1 year), Xichuan Road and Xiaxi Road merged into Xia Chuan Road; In the fourth year of Song Zhenzong Xianping (A.D. 100 1), Xia Chuan Road was divided into four parts, namely Yizhou Road (later changed to Du Fu Road), Zizhou Road (later changed to Tongchuan Road), Lizhou Road (under Guangyuan) and Kuizhou Road (under Fengjie), which were collectively called Xia Chuan No.4 Road. The Yuan Dynasty established book provinces in various places, and all the four roads of Chuanxia were merged into the book provinces of Sichuan, hence the name "Sichuan Province". During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the organizational system of Sichuan Province remained unchanged, and its territory reached the western Sichuan Plateau and Liangshan area. During the Republic of China, Sichuan formed a warlord regime, and the administrative system was extremely uncoordinated. 1935, after Chiang Kai-shek's troops entered Sichuan, Sichuan was divided into 18 administrative supervision area and Xikang administrative supervision area; 1939, Xikang inspection area and 17 and 18 inspection areas in Sichuan merged into Xikang province, and Chuankang was divided into two parts. It was not until 1955 that Xikang Province was abolished and the area east of Jinsha River was included in Sichuan, and the provincial boundary of western Sichuan Province was finally determined. 1March 1997, Chongqing was upgraded to a municipality directly under the central government, and Fuling, Wanxian and Qianjiang were placed under Chongqing. Chongqing has a land area of 82,000 square kilometers and a population of 30.02 million. At present, there are 2 1 county (county-level city, district) and 128 counties in Sichuan province.

Why is Sichuan called "Land of Abundance"?

Sichuan has long been called "the land of abundance". This is due to its unique geographical location and superior natural environment, mainly:

1. The "land of abundance" in history mainly refers to the Sichuan Basin, excluding the present western Sichuan Plateau and the mountainous areas in southwest Sichuan. Sichuan basin has fertile land, mild climate and abundant rainfall. Especially after the construction of Dujiangyan water conservancy project in Qin Dynasty, Chengdu Plain became a "land of abundance", which means "people follow the flood and drought and don't know hunger". Therefore, Chengdu Plain became a very developed area in the history of China, the main grain supply base and the main tax source of the central dynasty, so it was called "abundance".

2. Sichuan Basin is surrounded by mountains and the traffic is blocked. It was called "the country with four blockades" in ancient times. In the era of cold weapons, it has a special strategic position that it is easy to defend but difficult to attack, thus avoiding the destruction of many wars in history and obtaining a relatively stable social environment, which is more conducive to its social and economic development. Many far-sighted strategists in history, such as Sean and Zhuge Liang, regard Sichuan as the foundation of their country. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the war broke out in Guanzhong, and both Xuanzong and Tang Xizong chose Chengdu, Sichuan to avoid chaos. In their eyes, Chengdu at that time was a place of singing and dancing, and of course it would be called "the land of abundance".

So, how did the name "Land of Abundance" come from? According to textual research, the word "Tianfu" first appeared in Zhou Li. It was originally an official name, and its duty was to "keep the ancestral temple and keep it off-limits". "Where the country has treasures of Jade Town, if there are big sacrifices and funerals, let them be revealed and hidden. It can be seen that Tianfu is the official history of keeping national treasures. Later generations used this as a metaphor for places with superior natural conditions, sinister situation and rich products. The earliest written record is a passage that Su Qin, a military strategist, said to Qin in "The Warring States Policy and Qin Policy": "The kingdom of kings is rich in land, with thousands of chariots and horses and thousands of miles of fertile land, and the terrain is deformed. This so-called rich land is also a male country in the world. "At the end of the Qin Dynasty and the beginning of the Han Dynasty, when demonstrating the capital of Guanzhong, he said:" There is faith in the left of Guanzhong, and there is Longshu and fertile land in the right. This so-called golden city is thousands of miles away, and the land of abundance is also "("Historical Records, Stay Hou Family "). The "land of abundance" mentioned above mainly means that the Guanzhong Plain is a rich land. Historically, Sichuan was first called "Tianfu" from Zhuge Liang's "Longzhong Dui": "Yizhou is in danger, fertile land is thousands of miles away, and the land of abundance is due to it, so it will become an emperor's business. "Yizhou in Han Dynasty includes Sichuan Basin and Hanzhong Basin. In the book "Records of Huayang Country", a famous historian in Jin Dynasty said: "Shu has thousands of miles of fertile land, which is called" land and sea ". In the early days, water was infiltrated and rain blocked the Watergate. Therefore, it is recorded that floods and droughts come from people and hunger is unknown. When there is no famine, the world is called abundance. " "Land of Abundance" has gradually become synonymous with Sichuan Basin in the writings of literati and scholars in past dynasties, and later entered middle school textbooks and became well-known geographical common sense.