Establish a constitutional monarchy in Britain. /kloc-At the beginning of the 7th century, with the development of capitalist economy, the bourgeoisie and new noble gradually formed and grew. Britain is under the rule of Stuart dynasty. James I and Charles I of Stuart Dynasty believed in "divine right of monarchy" and practiced absolute monarchy, which often went against the interests of the bourgeoisie. Representatives of the bourgeoisie and new noble in the British Parliament constantly criticized the king's policies and arbitrary behavior, and formed an opposition in the Parliament. They supported the Magna Carta and actively demanded the restriction of kingship. 1640, the bourgeois revolution broke out in Britain, 1688, and the "glorious revolution" broke out.

It marked the completion of the British bourgeois revolution.

The password of American success

13 states in North America became independent in 1783. However, various trade disputes between 13 countries constantly challenge people's tolerance limits. After four years of independence, Madison, known as the "father of the American Constitution", finally realized that a unified federal government must be established to arbitrate disputes between States. 1787, 55 delegates from various states gathered in Philadelphia. The purpose is to formulate the constitution of the United States of America and form a federal government. These people are called "the fathers of America", and their numbers make other countries feel ashamed, but this just proves their democracy.

Three months later, a written constitution called a work of art was born.

The "American Founding Fathers" are fully aware of the importance of order to the country. And a government that monopolizes violence, in turn, can easily deprive people of their freedom, so building a strong but limited country has become the ultimate goal of the founding fathers of the United States. This must be very cautious, because once the gears of the state machine start running, they will not stop by themselves. Fortunately, these lawyers, businessmen and manor owners worked hard and finally designed a subtle political system of separation of powers and checks and balances.

Decentralization is embodied in two levels. The first is the division of power between the federal government and the state government. As we all know, it was the Continental Congress elected by 13 states that led the United States to independence. At that time, there was not even the shadow of the federal government. In other words, the relationship between the federal government and the state government is like that between a son and a father, and it is impossible to expect the former to be superior to the latter. In fact, the American Constitution stipulates that the power of the federal government and the state government comes directly from the Constitution, that is, they are equal and have no subordinate relationship. Constitutionalists' division of federal and state sovereignty is very groundbreaking. For a long time, the federal government even has the right to coordinate the trade of the States, while outsiders in the internal affairs of the States have no right to interfere. Of course, state legislation must not violate the general principles of the Constitution. Second, it lies within the government, that is, the separation of legislative, administrative and judicial powers. As the name implies, the government that adopts the principle of separation of powers is divided into three parts, which are politically independent and equal. Even if the power of one party is too inflated in a certain period, it can't override the other two parties, which has laid a good foundation for the stability of the country.

Unlike traditional parliamentary countries such as Britain, the original presidential system-parliamentary system in the United States stipulates that members of parliament may not hold any positions in the executive branch. Although this is not conducive to the efficiency of the government, it can avoid the situation that one person controls the legislative and administrative departments at the same time. The United States Congress is divided into the House of Representatives and the Senate, and they have different responsibilities. The former is responsible for taxation, while the latter is responsible for diplomacy. This division is by no means to reduce the burden on members, but to further delegate too much power. The founding fathers of the United States once had great differences on the representation of States in Congress, because the population of each state was different. If a state has one vote, the interests of big countries cannot be fully represented. But if the votes are distributed in proportion to the population, small countries will become vassals and fish. Fortunately, in the end, the States reached a "great compromise", that is, each state has two representatives in the Senate, and the seats in the House of Representatives are distributed according to the population ratio of each state.

According to the US Constitution, the executive power belongs to the President of the United States of America, who is also the supreme commander of the US military. History has shown countless times that the power of the administrative department is hard to restrain because it has a large number of institutions. At first glance, the power of the president of the United States is not much worse than that of the emperor, but in fact he is only the butler of the government. The meaning of "administration" is self-evident, that is, doing things, but what to do and how to do it is not the president's decision. He must act according to the rules laid down by Congress. It can be seen that "Congress is responsible for legislation and the President is responsible for implementation" is not fooling people. Not only that, the name of the supreme commander of the United States of America is very prestigious, but it is "frustrating" that the president only has the right to transfer troops, and the task of command must be given to professional soldiers, while the nationalized army is not its private armed forces, and the promotion of military generals has its own internal rules, which greatly reduces the danger of the president taking charge of the army alone or even dictatorship. What makes the president even more depressed is that he said that whoever is attacked will not be attacked. The right to declare war is in the hands of Congress, that is, the people have the final say. War and peace in a country can never be decided by one person. Tocqueville, a French sociologist, even said pessimistically, "The law allows him to be strong, but the environment makes him weak ... This restriction on administrative power is one of the inherent defects of the republic".