She nationality has its own language, but not its own writing. Ninety-nine percent of the She people use China Hakka dialect and commonly use Chinese.
The distribution area of She nationality belongs to the southeast hilly region, with overlapping mountains and ranges from 500-1500m above sea level. The stream is winding, short and urgent; Close to the ocean, the climate is mild and humid. Although it is cold in winter, the frost period is short. Abundant rainfall, fertile soil and rich products. Agricultural products are mainly rice, sweet potatoes, wheat, rape, beans, tobacco leaves and potatoes. The mountainous area is rich in trees and bamboo, which is one of the main economic incomes of the She nationality. It is one of the important forest areas in China with a large amount of wood and many tree species. Native products are very rich, including tea, camellia oleifera, paper, dried bamboo shoots, peanuts, ramie, mushrooms, camphor, pine oil and precious medicinal materials. Tea in Fujian and Zhejiang enjoys a high reputation in domestic and foreign markets. There are also abundant mineral resources in mountainous areas, including coal, iron, gold, copper, alum, graphite, gypsum, sulfur, talc, mica, porcelain clay and many other non-ferrous metals.
History of She nationality
There are different opinions about the origin of She nationality. She and Yao respectively originated from the theory of Wu Lingren in Changsha, the theory of descendants of Na Man and the theory of descendants of Gu Yue in Han, Jin and Han Dynasties. In the 7th century BC, living in the mountainous area at the junction of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi provinces was called "Man" and "Man Liao". At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, from the14th century, some of them migrated to mountainous areas such as eastern Fujian and southern Zhejiang. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, it appeared in the mountainous areas of eastern Fujian and southern Zhejiang.
She nationality music
She nationality lives in the mountainous area at the junction of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi provinces, with a population of about 330,000. She nationality has its own national language, belongs to Sino-Tibetan language family, and has no written language, so Chinese is widely used. They believe in ghosts and gods and worship their ancestors.
She people have many large-scale song concerts, such as February 2nd, March 3rd and July 7th. Singers often sing for days and nights. In mountain labor, people often talk with songs, and everyone sings. This song is used by people to eliminate work fatigue and celebrate the harvest.
She etiquette
She nationality is a civilized and polite nation, hardworking, simple and hospitable, and still maintains many simple, simple and excellent traditional customs and habits.
In terms of moral norms, the She people's tradition of worshipping and respecting their ancestors and their long-term contacts with the Han people gradually absorbed Confucius and Mencius' ethical thoughts and moral philosophy, and formed a code of conduct and moral norms with her unique style.
When guests come to the door, they should serve tea first, and usually drink two dishes. There is another saying: "One bowl of bitterness, two bowls of tonic, three bowls of gargle." As long as the guest takes the host's tea, he must drink the second bowl. If the guest is thirsty, he can explain in advance until he is satisfied with the drink. If the visitor is a female guest, the host will also put on snacks such as melon seeds, peanuts and fried beans.
She people celebrate festivals.
Mid-Autumn Festival of She nationality is on the 15th day of the eighth lunar month, which is a folk festival of She nationality in Fu 'an County and Ningde County of Fujian Province.
She people regard August 15 as a good day to visit relatives and friends, and singing with guests is a unique custom of She people. Mid-Autumn Festival should not only accompany guests to sing, but also concentrate on singing in the county.
On the festival day, people come to the county town together, visit relatives and friends during the day and start singing at night. When singing, men and women stand on one side, and women especially like to squeeze together. Women who don't participate in singing should also be crowded with singers to make a strong momentum. A clever singer can change the tune at will. In addition to duet, their favorite double tone is called "Double Stripe Falling", which is a singing form of duet and has strong She characteristics.
August 15th of the lunar calendar is the Mid-Autumn Festival, which is a folk festival of She nationality in Fu 'an County and Ningde County of Fujian Province.
Marriage custom of She nationality
She nationality is monogamous, and the same surname is unmarried. The wedding of She nationality has a unique flavor. The Yue family greeted the groom. There is nothing on the table at the Yue family dinner, and the groom must name the songs one by one. For example, if he wants chopsticks, he will sing "Chopsticks Song", if he wants wine, he will sing "Wine Song", and the chef will sing along with him, and his things will come out. After dinner, the groom will sing back the things on the table one by one.
In the She nationality, besides the usual extramarital affairs of women, there is also the marriage custom of men marrying women. There are two ways for a man to marry a woman: one is to marry an unmarried woman, called "being a son-in-law"; The widow's son-in-law is called "home". Families without sons have many sons who can be adopted through marriage, but many families with sons also let their sons adopt through marriage and let their daughters keep their "sons" (that is, sons-in-law). Generally, adopted children take their mother's surname, and two sons take their parents' surnames respectively. If both husband and wife are only children, they have to be "two families", that is, they have to take care of two families in the first few years of marriage and have no fixed abode. After a few years, you can determine that the economic conditions are better and settle down in the couple's home.
There are two stages before marriage: affinity and engagement, and a lot of etiquette. When getting married, the man sent a wedding procession consisting of the groom's uncle, the singer "Chilang", the best man's aunt, the cook and the glib Chilang. Two days before the wedding, the matchmaker led him to the woman's house to set off firecrackers to open the door, give gifts and take off his shoes (take off sandals, wash his feet and wear new cloth shoes). The song banquet that night will last all night. If the male singer can't answer the female singer's question, his face will be covered with the bottom of the pot, which will lead to laughter. The next day, at the woman's home, a ceremony of "asking for grandpa" was held for her, that is, to report the marriage to the ancestral tablet and ask for blessings. Later, the bride's mother put the dowry on the bed, and the mother and daughter sat by the bed crying, which was called "crying dowry". The third day is a formal wedding, and the bride decides the time to get on the sedan chair according to the distance of her husband's family. The principle is to get to the bride's house before dawn. On the way, the bride can't look back to ensure that she will grow old together after marriage. Outside the front door of the bride's house, the bride wants an umbrella to replace the red cloth bag laid in front, symbolizing succession. On the way to nave, relatives and friends of in-laws will sprinkle peanuts and wish them many children. The groom didn't see the bride until he worshipped his ancestors in the nave. On the third day after marriage, the groom accompanied the bride back to her parents' home to hold a return gift. Stay for two or four nights, and then go back to your husband's house. To this day, this ancient rule is still followed in Shexiang.
Shezu clothing
She women's clothes are slightly different from place to place, and their common feature is that their tops are embroidered. Especially the blouses of Fuding and Xiapu in Fujian have various embroidery patterns, flowers, birds, dragons and phoenixes on the collar, lapel, clothes bucket and even cuffs. The most important dress of She women is "phoenix dress". The long braid tied with red rope is tied high on the top of the head, symbolizing the phoenix head; Embroider colorful lace patterns on clothes and aprons (towels) with red, pink, apricot and gold and silver silk threads, symbolizing the neck, waist and feathers of the phoenix; A golden belt is tied behind the waist, symbolizing phoenix tail; The tinkling silver ornaments worn all over symbolize Feng Ming. Married women generally wear "rockhopper". It is made by wrapping a fine bamboo tube with a red cloth handkerchief and hanging a HongLing with a length of more than 30 cm and a width of 3 cm. There is a round silver medal on the crown and three small silver medals hanging from the forehead, named "Dragon Ridge", which means that it is the rockhopper worn by Yincui gorge. There is a legend about the Phoenix device: Pan Ligong, the ancestor of the She nationality, was betrothed to him by Emperor Gaoxin. When they got married, the queen crowned her daughter with a phoenix crown and a phoenix skirt inlaid with precious stones, wishing her luck like a phoenix. After having children, Yincui gorge also dressed her daughter as a phoenix. When her daughter got married, Phoenix came from Phoenix Mountain in Guangdong and gave a phoenix dress as a wedding dress. From then on, her daughter will wear Phoenix clothes to show good luck. In some places, the bride is directly called "Phoenix". Because the bride has the lofty status of "yincui gorge". Therefore, in the groom's house, he worships the ancestral tablet and does not kneel.
She nationality diet
The daily staple food is mainly rice. Besides rice, there are all kinds of cakes made of rice. She often eats three kinds of rice: indica rice, japonica rice and glutinous rice. In terms of viscosity, glutinous rice is the most sticky, followed by japonica rice, which is basically not sticky, but the yield of indica rice is the most, and indica rice is the most commonly eaten rice of She nationality. Sweet potato is also one of the staple foods of She farmers. Vermicelli is an important raw material for She people to entertain guests and make snacks and dishes.
Most She people like to eat spicy food. Generally, every family has a hot pot to cook. In addition to common vegetables, tofu is often eaten, and the most common dish for farmers to entertain guests is "tofu brain". The most meat is pork, which is usually used for cooking. Bamboo shoots are almost vegetables in her family all year round. There is a saying that there are no bamboo shoots in December and August of a year, and water bamboo is used instead. In addition to fresh bamboo shoots, it can also be made into dried bamboo shoots for long-term preservation. Drinking tea is essential in the daily life of She people, and most of them are self-produced baked green tea.
She nationality's liquor is mainly self-brewed white wine and glutinous rice wine. There is also a kind of green qu liquor in Jingning mountain area. There are two kinds of liquor: open burning and dark burning.
Typical foods are: pickled ginger; Kimchi is a she ethnic cuisine, usually pickled with pepper, ginger, radish and so on. , and is called bad pepper, bad ginger, etc. Eating zongzi on Dragon Boat Festival is called horn by the people. Black rice, a seasonal food on March 3, is made by mashing the tender leaves of black rice tree (called black branch in She language), soaking glutinous rice with juice, and cooking to become black and shiny black rice. It is said that eating black rice is not afraid of ants biting.
She architecture
Most of the houses they live in are built on the hillside, where there is water to keep out the sun. Tile houses with civil structures are very common now.
When she people build a house, they usually beam up the pillars first, put up a shelf, then cover the roof with tiles, and finally build walls around, lay floors and renovate the interior. Therefore, the She people did not build their houses overnight, but in stages. They did more work during the slack season and less work during the busy season, so it often took several years to complete the building.
When she people build houses, they often invite relatives, friends or laborers from the village to help. Some help wood, some help veneer, some help bricklaying, and some help labor. Let's work together to build a good house and carry forward the traditional virtues of unity, mutual assistance and friendship. Generally speaking, helpers are unpaid and only provide meals. Those who hire carpenters and masons need to pay wages.
She custom
There are also many taboos in life, such as men 18 years old not getting married. No dog meat, no sedan chair, no horn, no beggar, no civilian worker and so on.
There are many taboos in festivals, such as the first day of the first month, avoiding picking dung, sedan chairs and blowing horns; Avoid being a beggar; Avoid dog meat. On February 19, Guanyin's birthday, baking is forbidden, and it won't go down on March 3.
She believes in religion.
She people attach great importance to traditional festivals and ancestor worship, and 15 is the ancestor worship day in February, July and August every year.
Pan Hu's myths and legends, as well as Pan Hu's totem etiquette, totem signs and totem taboos, which are widely circulated in She society, typically reflect the characteristics of She totem culture.
The main idea of The Legend of Pan Hu is: In ancient times, King Gao Xin suffered from earache for three years, then took out a bug from his ear, propagated it on a plate, and later became a dragon dog. Emperor Gao Xin named her Dragon Period, the so-called Pan Hu. At that time, the dog army attacked, and the emperor wrote to seek wisdom, suggesting that whoever could chop Wang Fan would marry Yincui gorge. After the Dragon Dog unveiled the list, he went to an enemy country, got drunk by Wang Fan, bit off his head and sent it back to Gao Xindi. Gao Xindi wants a divorce because he is a dog. Tiger Pan said in human language, "Put me in Admiralty and I will be an adult in seven days and seven nights." Tiger Pan entered the bell for six days, and the princess was afraid that he would starve to death, so she opened the Admiralty. I saw him become a human body, but his head didn't change. So Tiger Pan married the princess. After their marriage, the princess and Pan Hu lived together in the mountains and lived by hunting and farming. He gave birth to three sons and a daughter. The eldest son is Pan, Neng, the second is Lan, Guanghui and the third is Lei, Juyou. His daughter married Zhong (also called Zi Zi).
She people have been handed down from generation to generation, praising the achievements of their ancestors Pan Hu. Pan Hu is the object of totem worship of She nationality. The ancestors of She nationality shaped Pan Hu into a magical, witty and brave national hero by personification, and called him the ancestor of She nationality. The long narrative epic Song of the Emperor Gao (also called Song of the King of Pan Hu) traces the origin and history of the She nationality and Pan Hu's extraordinary experience with simple and profound national feelings. It is regarded as the ancestral songs and historical songs of the She nationality, and has been sung in the She language to this day. Besides word-of-mouth, it has its totem worship influence in the dog tail modeling of clothing, the prohibition of killing and eating dog meat in life, the prohibition of saying or writing dog characters, painting, sculpture, music and literature.