Only three key inventions have made the pen a widely popular writing tool. These inventions are: gold nib made of iridium, hard rubber and free-flowing ink.
The first pen using the above three key inventions was made in AD 1850. But it was not until A.D. 1880 that mass production began. Wortmann and Wilt were the main producers at that time. Wortmann later swallowed Wilt. Become a big company specializing in pens. Now it is called the three famous pens in the world with Parker and Montblanc.
There is a story about the invention of the pen. It is said that when an Englishman named Walter Mann signed the contract, his quill pen leaked and stained the contract paper. When he went to get the new contract, another competitor took it away. He was deeply stimulated and decided to design an advanced pen. He invented the pen according to the principle that capillaries in plants transport liquids.
Pen is a widely used writing tool, which was invented at the beginning of19th century. 1809, Britain issued the first batch of patent certificates about water storage pens, which marked the official birth of pens.
In the early water storage pens, ink could not flow freely. When the writer presses the piston, the ink begins to flow. After writing for a while, he has to press it again, otherwise the ink will not flow out. Of course it's inconvenient to write like this.
By 1884, wortmann, an employee of an American insurance company, invented a capillary ink supply method, which solved the above problems well. The end of this pen can be disassembled and ink can be injected with a small dropper.
The earliest pen that can absorb ink by itself appeared at the beginning of the 20th century, using a piston to absorb ink. When using a bladder in a pen, insert an iron sheet into the gap to squeeze the bladder to absorb ink. At 1952, there appeared a snooker pen with a tube inserted in the ink to absorb water. The commonly used capillary pen was not invented until 1956.
/kloc-there was a great demand for quill pens in Britain at the end of 0/9. Millions of geese are raised, with their feathers as the pen, and a large number of wild goose feathers are imported from North America through Hudson Bay Company as a supplement. The manufacture of quill pens is both art and science. The pen tip of quill pen is easy to wear and become bald during use, so it is necessary to constantly cut out new pen tips. Experienced writers can repeatedly cut quill pens with various knives or pocket pencil sharpeners handed down from generation to generation to prolong the service life of quill pens. But many people can't master this skill, so most people use sharpened quill pens, throw them away after use and put on new quill pens.
1809, an English inventor Yue Se Bleiman (1749- 18 15) applied for a patent for a mechanical casing cutter, which was an improved product of the previous cutter. The use of this tool has brought great economic benefits. It cuts the quill into several sections, and each section is sharpened, so that many quill tips can be cut from a feather. The nib made by these machines is sold under the name of "Bleiman Patent Pen". These nibs are placed on the barrel of Bleiman patent pen and clamped by a rotating ring with a locking ring. Many pens are made of precious metals, ivory, tortoiseshell and precious stones, each with its own characteristics. They are the dream collections of many collectors today. The patent protection of pens in Bleiman ended after 15 years, which caused competition from many retailers, such as Palmer, Cooper, Walsh and Mo Dan. With the increasing prosperity of these companies, quill pens have also appeared in various shapes. In particular, Modern Company has registered many pens with very special shapes, one of which is a hand pen, and the nib seems to be pinched by one hand. Fierce competition made the price of quill pens drop, from 25 quill pens with 3 shillings in 1809 to 6p in 1 shilling and 100, so quill pens became popular until they were replaced by pens.
The ancestors of metal pens can be traced back to the original metal stylus. People spend a lot of time looking for metal substitutes for quill pens, trying to find a nib that does not need careful sharpening and protection. Many people mistakenly think that the metal pen was invented in the late18th century. In fact, the metal pen has been used for a long time. In a book published by 1465, co-authored by JohnFust and PeterSchoeiffer, we talked about "ink and copper reed". The so-called copper reed pole probably refers to a reed pole pen made of metal. Another century later, Peter Newdorffer published a book in 1544, in which he mentioned pens made of iron and copper tubes or thin brass sheets.
However, the technology at that time once again limited the further development of this new concept. Metal pens are not as flexible as quill pens. Although the gold nib is soft, it wears away too quickly. 1750, the silver pen imitating the feather pen stands out. This kind of pen is often decorated with carved patterns and dates, but it is bulky and inconvenient to use. Throughout the 16, 17 and 18 centuries, people tried to make metal pens many times, but they were not suitable for daily writing and mass production.
Finally, in the19th century, pens made of forged steel sheets began to become widely used writing tools in the whole society. As early as 1540, the experiment of pen production was carried out, but it was not until 1780 that this kind of pen began to be mass-produced. At that time, Britain, which led the industrial trend of European countries, made the nib with low price, mass production and reliable performance for the first time. Samuel Harrison, a native of Birmingham, England, was the first recorded nib manufacturer. He started making pen tips around 1780. Later, another Birmingham nib manufacturer, john mitchell, began to use machines to make nib, and made a breakthrough in nib manufacturing. 1830, JamesPerry made two small cuts in the center of the nib parallel to the main seam to improve the elasticity of the pen. In the following years, another Birmingham manufacturer named Yue Se Gillot, after the final improvement, made a metal ink pen that felt like a feather pen. 1842- 1850 in eight years, the annual output of nib in Gillot increased from 70 million to1800 million.