A buoy is a kind of navigation mark floating on the water. It is a water navigation aid sign anchored in a designated position to indicate the channel, shoal, obstacle or special purpose range. Buoys have the largest number in navigation marks and are widely used, so they are set in places where it is difficult or inappropriate to set fixed navigation marks. Buoy, whose function is to mark the shoal of waterway or obstacles endangering navigation safety. Buoys with lights are called light buoys, which are used to assist navigation in waters that can sail day and night. Some buoys are also equipped with radar transponders, radio beacons, fog warning signals and marine measuring instruments.

Chinese name: Buoy mbth: Buoy pinyin: fü biā o Athena Chu: ㄈㄨˊㄅㄧㄠ Basic explanation, citation explanation, basic concepts, system evolution, basic explanation 1. [Floating]: It means an object under the water (such as a lobster basket). 2. [Buoy; [Buoy]: A floating body anchored at a fixed place, used to guide or warn seafarers, or to anchor ships instead of anchoring. Citation refers to a metal or wooden vessel with one end tied to the bottom of the water and floating on the water itself. Used to mark the boundaries of navigation channels, obstacles and dangerous areas. Patent information of buoy fixing device Tang Chenziang's preface to Hongya: "Born alone in the open moon, the ups and downs are marked by mountains and seas." Guo Moruo's Historical Draft of China, Part I, Chapter 3, Section 2: "Among their remains, wooden paddles about two meters long, as well as pottery, stone net pendants, wooden buoys and bamboo fish baskets were found." Xinhua Monthly No.3 1950: "All responsibilities related to the management of navigation AIDS such as river courses, lighthouse buoys and meteorological reports in the port ... were handed over to the Ministry of Communications of People's Republic of China (PRC) or the port authority of the city." Basic concepts Buoys have different types and specifications, which can be divided into sea buoys and inland river buoys according to water areas. The basic shapes of marine buoys are tank-shaped, conical, spherical, cylindrical and rod-shaped. Due to the influence of wind, waves and tides, the buoy has a certain Yves range, so it can not be used as a symbol to determine the position of the ship. If the articulated rod buoy is used, the position is accurate and can be reset after being hit. Inland river buoys include drum buoys, triangular buoys, rod buoys, cross-flow buoys and left and right navigation buoys. The shape, coloring, top label and light quality (light rhythm, light color and flash period) of the buoy are all made according to the specified standards, and they all have specific meanings. UFZ-4 buoy is international, and the water buoy system in the world has always been different. In 197 1, the technical committee of the International Association of Navigation Aids divides all kinds of marine buoys into two systems, A and B. System A is a combination of side marker (red on the left side faces port) and azimuth marker. System B is a side sign system (red with the right side facing the port side). 1980165438+10 In October, at the10 International Navigation Conference held in Tokyo, two systems, A and B, were merged into a unified system, including five types of signs, such as shipboard signs, azimuth signs, isolated dangerous goods signs, safe water signs and special signs. The contents of the sidebar are opposite in system A and system B, and the other four symbols are the same. The azimuth marker is to set the north coordinate, the east coordinate, the south coordinate and the west coordinate in the four quadrants of true azimuth centered on dangerous objects or dangerous areas, that is, northwest to northeast, northeast to southeast, southeast to southwest, southwest to northwest, so as to mark the navigable waters on the same side of the azimuth marker. The sign of isolating dangerous goods is set on or as close as possible to dangerous goods, indicating that ships should avoid sailing. Safe waters signs are set in the center or midline of the waterway, and navigation can be carried out around the signs. Special signs are used to mark specific waters or features, such as quarantine anchorage, no-fly zone and offshore operations. European countries, African countries and the Gulf region, as well as some Asian countries, Australia and New Zealand adopt system A, which is called area A; American countries, Japan, South Korea and the Philippines adopt system B, which is called area B. On the basis of principle A of water navigation AIDS in international waters, China formulated the national standards of water navigation AIDS in China waters and inland navigation AIDS in China in 1984, and put them into practice (see water navigation AIDS in China waters and inland navigation AIDS in China). The standard evolution buoy and light buoy are floating AIDS, which are left at the design coordinates with mooring equipment. They have a certain radius of gyration, their positions are not fixed, and they are easy to get out of position, so their reliability is poor and they can only be used as navigation AIDS. I. Evolution of Buoy System (I) During the period of customs administration, in the eighth year of Guangxu (1882), the customs made unified regulations on water navigation AIDS under the jurisdiction of various customs, including eight items, which were relatively simple and did not distinguish between rivers and seas. At that time, the water navigation aid sign was called police boat floating pile. This system marks the relationship between the sailing ship and the boundary lines on both sides of the waterway, thus dividing the left sign and the right sign from the direction of entering the sea, that is, left black and right red. The used offshore buoy system is a unilateral system. (2) During the period of naval management from 65438 to 0960, the Maritime Security Department, the Ministry of Communications and the Ministry of Fisheries of the Naval Command jointly studied and formulated the "Maritime Navigation System (Draft)" with reference to the Soviet Union's experience in maritime navigation and combined with China's specific conditions. In September of the same year, the Maritime Security Department of the Naval Command announced the trial. The system adopts the function of distinguishing signs with different colors and lamp qualities, and defines the principle of "left red and right black". At night, the red buoy flashes red and the black buoy flashes white. At the same time, it is stipulated that the collateral sign can be divided into three types: left sign, right sign and branch sign. There are five kinds of orientation signs, namely, north landmark, east landmark, south landmark, west landmark and isolated obstacle landmark; There are four kinds of special signs, namely, shipwreck signs, quarantine signs, surveying signs and fishing operation signs; As a single category, there are four categories and thirteen central signs. 1960 65438+1October19 to 24th, according to the provisions of the new system, the navigation support department of the navy's North Sea Fleet Command reformed the water navigation aid sign of Qingdao Port and its vicinity 14, and the director of Qingdao Port reformed the Zhongsha light buoy (No.5). (III) During the management period of the Ministry of Communications from June 1983 to June 10, the Ministry of Communications, together with relevant units, drafted the national standard "Navigation Aids in China Sea Area" (GB4696-84) according to the principle of equivalent use of the buoy system of the International Navigation Association and combined with China's specific conditions, and submitted it to the National Bureau of Standards for approval. China sea area has been reformed since August 1. 0985. This reform adopts the principle of "left red and right green", the red buoy flashes red and the green buoy flashes green, which makes the maritime navigation aid sign enter the international unified buoy system. In April, 2000, 1 1, Navigation Aids in China Sea Area (GB4696- 1999) was implemented (the original GB4696-84 standard was abolished). The national standard has made new provisions on the format and characteristics of ship side signs, azimuth signs, isolated dangerous goods signs, safe water signs, special signs and new dangerous goods signs. Second, the buoy, light buoy settings

The setting of buoys in Shandong sea area began in the early days of Yantai and Qingdao. During the German occupation of Qingdao Port, more than 10 buoys were deployed near the big port, Huiquanjiao and horseshoe reef. In the future, with the expansion of the old port and the opening of the new port, more and more buoys are arranged, and most of them are light buoys. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, there were 15 buoys in Qingdao Port Area and 4 light buoys and 4 buoys in Yantai Port Area. 1982, the navy handed over 15 light buoy to Qingdao and Yantai, including Qingdao 13 light buoy and Yantai 2 light buoy. 1995, Qingdao and Yantai had 4 1 light buoys. By 2005, the total number of buoys in Shandong sea area reached 255 (248 light buoys and 7 buoys), including Yantai/KOOC-0/53 (light buoys/KOOC-0/47 and 6 buoys) and Qingdao/KOOC-0/02 (light buoys/KOOC-0/0/KOOC).