How to identify and select wood is the first problem that beginners encounter. Generally speaking, removing dead wood from wood can be used for carving. The only difference is that some wood is soft and easy to carve, some wood is hard and difficult to carve, some wood has a strong texture, and some wood has a weak texture. Hardwoods with tough nature, fine texture, bright color, strong wax compatibility and smooth section are called hardwoods, such as mahogany, boxwood and rosewood in the south. They have all the advantages of carving materials, are excellent materials for carving, and are most suitable for works with complex structure, exquisite carving and branching, and are not easy to break and split during production and preservation, so they have high collection value. Hardwoods in the north, such as walnuts, cypresses and pears. Although these three kinds of wood are different in types and colors, they are hard in texture, difficult to deform, high in toughness and strong in wax content. They can be used to carve various types of works, and have high ornamental value and collection value, which is incomparable to other wood species in the north. Artists of all ages regarded it as an excellent material for carving. \x0d\ Wood is relatively easy, suitable for beginners: soft miscellaneous wood such as pine, ginkgo, willow, catalpa bungeana, nanmu and camphor wood are all suitable for carving works with simple modeling structure and general image, and it is also relatively easy to carve, but because of its soft wood and light color, some of them need to be colored to enhance the texture. You can use some materials with obvious and varied wood grains, such as Fraxinus mandshurica, pine, colored wood, elm, Toona sinensis, etc. to design ingenious arrangements. Generally speaking, the greater the ups and downs of modeling, the richer and more interesting the changes of wood grain; The more tactfully and smoothly the dynamic form of modeling is, the more ideal the effect of wood grain trend is, so that it is unexpectedly beautiful and highly decorative. Of course, the modeling design of this kind of wood should be the most concise and comprehensive, making full use of the factors of wood grain. Too complicated and too small will not only destroy the wood grain, but also cause visual contrast. Although the wood grain is beautiful, because there are fat and non-fat components in the wood, and the boundaries between them are clear, it is difficult to carve with uneven hardness, so it is necessary to use a sharper knife to smooth the light (pictured above: tattoo, Fraxinus mandshurica in Wang Xiaohui). \ x0d \ x0d \ Old fruit trees that are often eliminated in northern orchards or rural courtyards, such as peach, pear, jujube and apple trees, are also good, and carved wood is easy to obtain. However, due to their short trees, low branching points and many insect eyes, special attention should be paid to their selection. \ x0d \ x0d \ In short, wood is the easiest material to carve, and its surface has various lines and natural shapes. Engaged in woodcarving art creation, we should know how to do what we can and have the ability of "imitating wood". Many successful woodcarving works are based on the shape, quality and texture of wood. The overall beauty and decorative beauty of carving are unified with the texture and texture of the material itself, which not only coordinates the integrity of wood, but also maintains its growth mobility, thus achieving the ideal artistic effect. \x0d\\x0d\ In addition, it is worth noting that wet wood without drying treatment is not easy to be used for carving immediately, otherwise it will bend and crack before wood carving, which will affect the smooth progress of the work and even destroy the overall effect. It is best to choose wood that has been dried (moisture content 10% or so) or naturally dried for more than one year. Scar, moth-eaten and moldy wood should also be avoided as far as possible, or placed on the back and secondary parts of the work, so as not to affect the quality or collection value of the work. In this regard, China's traditional craft wood carving is very particular. For example, a tree can be divided into a shady side, a sunny side, an upwind side and a downwind side, with sparse rings on the sunny side and dense rings on the shady side; The grain against the wind is thin, and the grain along the wind is thick. Carving characters' faces and hollowing out works should choose sunny and windward wood, which is both beautiful and tough. \ x0d \ x0d \ Although the selection of materials is wide, the quality of selection is directly related to the "fate" of a work. Beginners of woodcarving can look around for old tables and chairs, washboards, wooden covers, tables and chairs, etc. Practice with soft miscellaneous wood first. First of all, we must master the performance of materials and be handy in order to carry out in-depth and meticulous creation. Wood is an extremely simple and easily conquered material. It is precisely because of this that we have the opportunity to inject our feelings, give full play to our talents and create our ideals. \x0d\\x0d\ 1. Introduction of various wood carving materials and their properties \x0d\\x0d\ Red sandalwood: a precious wood in tropical Asia, brown and purple. Solid and delicate, commonly known as "mahogany", highly polished and waxed jet after carving is extremely beautiful. Suitable for fine carving, mostly used in high-grade handicrafts and practical handicrafts. \ x0d \ x0d \ ebony: precious wood. Produced in Hainan, China, it has a solid texture and black stripes, commonly known as ebony. There is a difference between true and false. It is true that water sinks, but it is false that water does not sink. Suitable for fine carving, mostly used for high-end handicrafts. \ x0d \ x0d \ redwood: precious imported wood, produced in tropical Southeast Asia. The texture is staggered and beautiful, and the material is solid and slightly rough. At first, the color was light yellow-red, and after a long time, it turned purple. After high polishing and waxing, it is very beautiful, suitable for all kinds of exquisite small craft carving and mahogany furniture carving. \ x0d \ x0d \ sandalwood: a rare imported wood, produced in Southeast Asia, with gray-yellow color, tough texture, fine texture and excellent fragrance, suitable for carving all kinds of high-grade handicrafts. \ x0d \ x0d \ rosewood: precious wood. It is a specialty of Hainan Island in China. Its sapwood is light in color, slightly loose in texture, reddish brown in heart and hard and delicate in texture. Suitable for carving all kinds of high-grade handicrafts and traditional furniture. \ x0d \ x0d \ teak: precious wood. Produced in Southeast Asia and southern China, the wood is hard and durable, with a slightly coarse structure. Gray has two kinds of textures, wavy and straight, which are not easy to deform and extremely beautiful, but it requires high skills when carving. Because teak has a large diameter, it can be used to make large wood carvings. \ x0d \ x0d \ nanmu: precious wood, produced in the south, with delicate and soft material, gray-brown-green color, wavy texture and golden luster, commonly known as "Jin Sinan". It is suitable for carving simple, generalized and antique works with quaint beauty. \ x0d \ x0d \ Cinnamomum camphora: produced in southern China, especially in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan and Sichuan. Delicious, yellow to taupe, reddish brown. Rough material and strong durability. The texture is obviously staggered, and the luster is beautiful. Since ancient times, as a first-class material in the wood carving industry, it is mostly used in antique wood carving and furniture wood carving, and it is not easy to be eaten by insects. \x0d\\x0d\ cypress: It is produced in the Yangtze River valley and Jiangnan area of China. The color changes from light yellow to dark yellow and brown for a long time. Fine and solid material, straight and slightly rough texture, suitable for carving relatively large and rough works. \ x0d \ x0d \ basswood: produced in northern China, similar to ginkgo wood, yellow and white (also known as white wood), light, soft and fine, with straight and even texture, silky luster and easy carving. It has the characteristics of no deformation and no cracking, but it is not wear-resistant. Suitable for fine carving, mostly used for all kinds of embossed wall decorations and ordinary handicrafts. \ x0d \ x0d \ boxwood: precious wood, produced in southern China, is a yellow hardwood with ivory effect. The material is tough and delicate, and the texture is meticulous and even. After carving, it is highly polished and waxed, which is extremely beautiful. Most suitable for small round carving figures. \ x0d \ x0d \ birch: produced in the north of China, yellow, slightly brown, with fine and even texture and beautiful spots. The material is hard, delicate and bright, slightly heavy and easy to crack, suitable for carving small works and practical handicrafts. \ x0d \ x0d \ colored wood: similar to birch, produced in Northeast China. Wood grain has a peculiar three-dimensional effect, which can replace mahogany after dyeing and is suitable for carving small works and practical handicrafts. \ x0d \ x0d \ Zelkova schneideriana: It is produced in northeast China, and its color is gray, gray-green-brown or reddish-brown, with moderate wood weight and hardness, slightly coarse structure and loose structure. The texture is wavy, which can replace nanmu effect after dyeing, and it is not easy to deform and crack, especially suitable for making large relief or simple round carving works. \ x0d \ x0d \ Huang Boluo: The material characteristics are slightly inferior to Catalpa bungeana, and it is produced in the south of China. The wood grain is beautiful, delicate and bright, and the color is bright yellow at first. \ x0d \ x0d \ Populus davidiana: It is produced in the south of China, with little growth and delicate texture. Wood is soft and takes a hundred years to grow. It is mostly used to make craft sculptures such as screen hanging. \ x0d \ x0d \ Fraxinus mandshurica: similar to Fraxinus mandshurica, it is produced in northeast China, with hard material, straight texture and beautiful wood grain. The radial section is a beautiful parallel stripe pattern, and the semi-chord section is an obviously changeable ribbon garland. Because wood is easy to crack and deform, it is only suitable for carving simple and abstract round carvings, which is famous for its special wood grain taste (right: Fraxinus mandshurica). \x0d\\x0d\ Liuanmu: produced in Southeast Asia. Divided into Bai Liu and Liu Hongan. Bai Liuan has a rough structure and a pheasant texture, which is easy to dry and process. The texture of Liu Hongan structure is the same as above, and the radial pattern is beautiful, but it is difficult to dry. Both are suitable for carving simple and abstract works. \ x0d \ x0d \ pine: produced in northeast China, provinces south of the Yangtze River basin and Taiwan Province Province. Pine trees are divided into larch, Korean pine and masson pine. Korean pine is yellow-brown and slightly fleshy red; Pinus massoniana is dark brown and reddish; Larix gmelinii is yellow-white, slightly brown. Pine has obvious division of annual rings, many resin channels, wide and beautiful wood grain and strong decorative interest, but it is not easy to process, and it is only suitable for carving simple and abstract works. When coloring, resin stripes can be used for special treatment, such as contrast color, to enhance the decorative effect of its wood grain (left: pine). \ x0d \ x0d \ ginkgo wood: also known as ginkgo wood, it is also the first-class material of wood carving, produced in the north and south of China. The wood is light yellow, light, soft, delicate in texture, boxwood appearance, not easy to deform, and the darker the color over time, it is suitable for relief and general round carving. However, because of its medicinal value, it is a national protected plant, and there are few materials used for carving at present. \x0d\\x0d\ II。 Introduction of Wood Drying Method \ x0d \ x0d \ Manual drying method: wood is sealed in a steam drying room to promote water evaporation and dry wood. The highest drying degree can make the moisture content of wood reach 3%. However, the wood after high temperature evaporation is damaged, which is easy to become brittle and lose toughness, which is not conducive to carving. Generally speaking, the dryness of logs should be kept at about 30% moisture content. \x0d\\x0d\ Simple manual drying method: firstly, dry the moisture inside the wood with fire. The second method is to boil the resin in wood with water and then air-dry. This method is called water immersion air-drying method. These two methods can shorten the drying time and reduce the variability of trees, but they are only suitable for small pieces of wood (put in asphalt barrels), which are easy to change color and damage wood after soaking. \x0d\\x0d\ natural drying method: air drying method is usually adopted. Classify sawn wood (boards, squares or circles) and pile them up. The bottom of the stake is 500-700 mm from the ground, and there is a gap in the middle, so that air can circulate and take away water, and the wood will gradually dry. Natural drying usually takes several years and months to make wood meet certain drying requirements (the left side of the picture below: natural drying method). \x0d\\x0d\ III。 Treatment method for deformation of embossed plate \ x0d \ x0d \ dry pressing method: place the warped plate on a flat table or ground, press the warped part with heavy objects (such as stones and iron blocks), and flatten the warped part with the pressure of objects. If the bent bow of the sheet metal part is warped, the concave surface of the sheet metal part must be laid flat, and a heavy object must be pressed on the convex surface of the sheet metal part until the warped part of the bent bow is flattened, and then the carving is taken out (as shown below: dry pressing method). \ x0d \ x0d \ water pressure method: it is basically the same as the dry pressure method, except that the warped part to be flattened is sprayed with water or soaked with water at the same time as the above pressure method. Pay attention to flatness, steepness, verticality and ventilation after flattening, otherwise it will return to its original state (right: water pressure method). In the teaching contents and methods of Sculpture Department of the General Academy of Fine Arts, the modeling methods of western academic schools are usually used as the basis of clay sculpture training. A few years ago, our teaching and research section made a lot of improvements in sketch and clay sculpture, but as a basic course of relief subject, it needs further discussion. \x0d\\x0d\ The four-year decorative sculpture major has two purposes: one is to master the basic skills of clay sculpture comprehensively and solidly; The second is to establish a correct design concept of decorative sculpture and master the key to design methods, and apply the basic knowledge learned to design practice. Close? With shame? ] Hey? Hi? Fat? Lu Wei? Hey? Mu? What do you want? Widowed? Ever? サゴ Connor? Did the dusty words arrive at school? Stupid stare? ㄖ? What happened? Only when you are scarce do you send Xi? What is trade negotiation? Fu Jia? I hope > ⒐ Mu Mu Xi ааааааааааа? What's the matter with you? Little u? The outspoken overseas Chinese said that the wood rhyme was cooked evenly. ⑿ What? ? ⒀? What about the thumb plexus? Magnetic Zhuo? Ask a bottle of neon? Hey? Read my nephew's soil? What is next to you? Comment on Vivi? ≈? Thin k? Renqin? Fly, flap, flap? Ridge? 9: How about fresh beans? Otter? \x0d\\x0d\ The whole course emphasizes and cultivates the diversity and series of students' ideas, and constantly synthesizes, screens and induces them in the process. Make students master the ability to analyze and solve problems. This topic must be combined with the course of technical practice. Students can use different materials (FRP, copper skin, wood, marble and granite) according to their own materials, structures, structural forms, joints and technologies to achieve an abstract function-the need for sense of quantity. \ x0d \ x0d \ "decorative relief \" works not only have certain artistic aesthetic attributes, but also have direct practical use in daily life and labor, or are specially used to decorate houses, buildings, squares, parks, etc. In decorative relief works, the characteristics of functional structure (economy and firmness) and aesthetic attributes (aesthetic feeling, artistic image, etc.). ) are all integrated. "Decorative relief" refers to decorative relief. To decorate, we must go beyond the natural image and change the shape, volume and space depth. The word "change", like makeup, costumes and dancing in traditional Chinese opera, is to emphasize the exaggeration of characters' personality characteristics and is also simplified to adapt to the craft production. This "change" must obey the artistic conception and emotional appeal and get rid of the bondage of nature. \ x0d \ x0d \ "decorative \" should be considered from three basic aspects. One is the generalization of the image, and the beautiful part should be exaggerated (not just a face). The second is composition, emphasizing formal beauty. The third is the detailed change of the specific concave-convex volume. Every simple form has this detail change, and every detail change determines the success or failure of the whole work. \ x0d \ x0d "decorative" means to emphasize something and give up something. Any kind of art, if it wants to become its own unique style, always excludes something that it can't express, or something that can be expressed but can't surpass other arts. Painting has no music, music has no visible form, sculpture has no color relationship and flexible dance steps, and patterns do not need perspective and sense of quantity. Abandoning one side and focusing on the other side can highlight personality and decoration. \ x0d \ x0d \ "decorative \", in terms of artistic treatment, the methods of round square, curved rigidity, abandoning longitudinal studies to seek flatness, taking shape and removing texture, and changing natural form into technological form are often adopted, which highlights the decorative effect. This is an important way to strengthen and weaken decoration, exaggerate and simplify. \ x0d \ x0d \ "decorative relief should not only have artistic conception, but also consider the issues of functionality and production and construction. Especially for works placed on buildings, we should pay more attention to the accuracy of amplification to avoid errors in construction, which not only ensures the artistic quality, but also affects the final use effect and functionality of the works. \ x0d \ x0d \ How to shape a body, dig a hole, take a position, express a feeling, an understanding, and ideas that change due to objective changes, which always involves the exchange of thoughts and moods; Accompanied by intuition and reason; Imagine interacting with any one until you think the ingredients are delicious enough. Maybe this time is reasonable and unreasonable. \ x0d \ x0d \ I often inspire students that in a certain form, even a stone, wood or steel bar, once it comes from your hand, its qi, blood and soul belong to you, and it is bound to bear your temperament. Your work is your child. \ x0d \ x0d \ decorative relief, like other sculptures, has great personality and individuality; On a whim, it varies from person to person, and even the same skill will certainly produce different results. Sometimes it is even like the difference between a sheep eating grass and cooking grass in a pot. One becomes milk and the other is grass. Since works vary from person to person, that is to say: works are you. Your clarity and turbidity, thickness and thinness, innocence and maturity must be the momentum and style of your work. No wonder some people say that people who can see sculpture can see your temperament and cultivation through your works. \x0d\\x0d\ The process of listening to a large symphony is strikingly similar to creating a sculpture! Different music sounds are like unpredictable shapes, and conductors are like skilled sculptors, regulating the subtle changes of "shapes". In a sculpture, what is the objective component of the image? What is the subjective component? It's just a matter of style and concept, but a vivid portrait and an abstract "body" seem to be equivalent in modeling value. It doesn't matter whether you choose a figurative figure or an abstract "body" to form a work. What matters is whether the connotation of the expression of the work is clear, and whether the forms and means of dealing with the image are selected and handled. \ x0d \ x0d \ In class, facing the set models, let students fully observe and analyze the masculinity or femininity of each model; This song is a little bitter and sad; A person feels pure and noble. This song is plump and smooth, with full melody; The other is thin and stiff, which produces a sense of rhythm. But no matter how profound, only by using the unique language of decorative relief to express what you see and what you feel in your heart can you create real decorative relief works. \ x0d \ x0d \ gypsum statues are "semi-finished products" of sculpture works, and sculpture works must be made of actual hard materials. Even if gypsum works are displayed in the exhibition, they are mostly made by imitating copper and stone. Because it also has "material beauty", especially decorative relief works. When designing, we should consider what material to use for processing, imagine the effect of a certain material after completion, and foresee the unexpected material changes and difficulties encountered in the process of processing and manufacturing. The teaching practice research institute established by our department was established precisely to improve teaching methods and apply them to teaching practice. In order to enable students to participate in and try the difference in texture between hard materials and gypsum manuscripts and the visual impact in school. Before the practice class, the department prepared FRP materials, copper skin and white marble. Students who forge copper skin by literati should consider the size and the amount of materials used when designing composition; Students who learn to paste FRP can make the size a little bigger, because FRP materials are relatively cheaper and easier to operate. \x0d\\x0d\ In the face of several existing hard materials, which student can give full play to his whimsy and diversified treatment methods and make clear the position of this work: indoor desk or indoor wall; Is it the shadow wall of the park or the external wall of the building? Who can pay attention to and use the beauty of these materials, coupled with simple modeling, reasonable structure and exquisite production, his works will certainly achieve excellent results. \ x0d \ x0d \ For general works made of FRP, the outer layer can be coated with copper powder and "real stone paint", or with imported "self-painting" of various colors. This material is suitable for expressing relaxed and happy themes. The work of forging copper is that the copper skin is forged and polished, then sprayed with a layer of nitrolacquer, and finally inlaid on the "Dabai" slate imported from Italy (suitable for interior decoration). In terms of subject matter, it is generally used to shape the composition of human beauty. In marble works, people and cruel animals are generally represented by the contrast between the plastic mark of "chopping axe" and the polished face. Other materials, such as "stainless steel, cast copper, cast iron, steel welding", are not listed here. \ x0d \ x0d \ Generally speaking, all kinds of materials have their own special skills and secrets. As a sculptor, there is no insurmountable gap between himself and the craftsman. Because sculptors are both honorary craftsmen and skilled masons. We train students in school, that is, to train them to design and make colorful decorative sculptures independently after entering the society in the future.