1, blue-and-white porcelain, also known as white blue-and-white, is one of the mainstream varieties of China porcelain and belongs to underglaze colored porcelain. Blue-and-white porcelain is made of cobalt ore containing cobalt oxide as raw material, with decorative patterns painted on the ceramic blank and covered with a layer of transparent glaze, which is fired at one time by high temperature reducing flame. Cobalt is blue after firing, which has the characteristics of strong coloring, bright hair color, high firing rate and stable color. Primitive blue-and-white porcelain appeared in Tang and Song Dynasties, and mature blue-and-white porcelain appeared in Hutian kiln in Jingdezhen in Yuan Dynasty. Blue and white became the mainstream of Ming porcelain. Ming Xuande reached its peak. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, colorful blue and white, peacock green glazed blue and white, bean green glazed blue and white yellow and old glazed blue and white were also created and fired.

2. Blue and white porcelain was in its infancy in the Tang Dynasty. People can see more than 20 pieces of blue and white porcelain fragments unearthed in Yangzhou in 1970s and 1980s. Blue and white striped replica collected by Fengpingshan Museum; A flower bowl collected by Boston Museum, USA; A fish and algae tank collected by the Copenhagen Museum in Denmark; The stippling tattoo of Mei Duo collected by Nanjing Museum. By studying the embryo, glaze and color of porcelain unearthed in Yangzhou, and analyzing the material and technological conditions of Gongxian kiln in Tang Dynasty, it is preliminarily concluded that the origin of blue and white porcelain in Tang Dynasty is Gongxian kiln in Henan Province. In recent years, a small number of blue-and-white porcelain specimens were unearthed in Gongxian kiln site, which further confirmed that the blue-and-white porcelain of Tang Dynasty originated in Gongxian kiln, Henan province.

After the initial stage, Tang Qinghua did not develop rapidly, but declined. So far, people can only see more than ten pieces of porcelain unearthed from two Taki sites. First, 1957 was excavated in Jinsha Tataji, Longquan County, Zhejiang Province. A total of three blue and white bowls/kloc-0 were unearthed. Tower brick has the absolute date of "the second year of Taiping rejuvenating the country" (977) in the Northern Song Dynasty; The other piece is 1970. A piece of blue and white bowl belly was unearthed at the tower foundation of Huancui Building in Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province. The monument unearthed in Tataji proves that this tower was built in the first year of Xianchun in the Southern Song Dynasty (1265).

4. The most striking feature of Yuan blue-and-white ornamentation is that the composition is full and there are many layers without disorder. The brushwork is good at one stroke, smooth and powerful; The contour rendering is heavy and steady. The theme of theme decoration is people, animals, plants, poems and so on. The figures are Gao Shitu (Four love figure) and historical figures. Animals include dragons and phoenixes, unicorns, mandarin ducks and swimming fish. Common plants are peony, lotus, orchid, pine, bamboo plum, ganoderma lucidum, flowers and leaves, melons and fruits, etc. Poetry is rare. The petals of painted peony mostly have white edges; The dragon pattern has a small head, a thin neck, a long body, three claws or four claws, a ridge on the back, and a grid-like scale, which is vigorous and fierce. Auxiliary decorations are mostly rolled grass, lotus petals, ancient coins, seawater, palindromes, clouds, banana leaves and so on. Lotus petals are shaped like "braces", and Taoist treasures are mostly painted on lotus petals; In ruyi cloud pattern, eight monsters in the sea, lotus flowers with broken branches and flowers with tangled branches are often painted, and third-order clouds are often painted; The stalk in the middle of banana leaves is solid (filled with green matter); Seawater line is a combination of thick line and thin line.