.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
The centralized burning of insect branches and diseased fruits can effectively reduce the overwintering base of pests such as aphids, thorn moths, moths, psyllids, stem bees, etc., and can reduce the infection sources of various branches and leaves diseases and insect pests.
3. Blocking the wormhole For the longicorn beetles in the stem borers, fine iron wires can be inserted into the wormhole on the branches to stab the larvae; You can also use 80% dichlorvos or 40% dimethoate 5 ~10 times solution, and use absorbent cotton (or waste paper) to fill the insect holes; Or inject the above-mentioned liquid medicine into the wormhole with a needle tube, and then seal the hole with yellow mud to poison the pests hiding in the branches.
4. Curing the bark cracks and warping of fruit trees is the place where many pests and diseases lurk for the winter. Such as pear and apple moth, net stinkbug, caterpillar, leaf roller moth, etc., have the habit of hiding in the nest of the warped skin group in winter. Therefore, you can scrape off the old cracked skin gently from the middle and late of 1 February to the next year1month, but don't scratch the tender skin inside. The pathogen membrane of pear plaster can also be scraped off with a knife, and it should be coated with stone sulfur mixture or mortar immediately after scraping.
5. There are many pests in the orchard, which overwinter in the soil in the form of larvae and pupae, or in the form of bacteria and oospores. Deep ploughing in the orchard in winter can suffocate or expose insects, pupae and germs, so that birds can peck or freeze to death.
1. Pruning fruit trees should pay attention to leaving no oblique stubble.
Some fruit farmers inadvertently leave an oblique stubble when pruning fruit trees, and some leave a small tail on the stubble, which is not easy to heal [3]. Because the stubble cortex is long, it is the easiest to run water and catch rain, and the nutrition can't be recycled. Finally, the stubble becomes hard and dies. You should turn the tree upside down and cut it again. The big oblique stubble should be leveled with a knife, so that the phloem is slightly shorter and tightly holds the xylem, leaving the growing point, and then sealing it with medicine to ensure comprehensive healing.
2. Pay attention to strict sealing when pruning fruit trees.
Many orchard shears and saws only seal the top, not the edge, which often causes black water to rot. The reason for this phenomenon is that the phloem around the cutting kerf has broken lines or cracks after shaking and pulling back and forth, and rainwater is easy to get sick when it enters. The correct way is to seal the top and then seal the periphery, and wet the edge cracks with chemicals.
3. Pay attention to the scab of the protective cover when pruning fruit trees.
It is a good thing that most orchards have scraped off the diseased scars. However, it was found that some scars were only covered with medicine, and the small ones were cured, but the big ones were still black and rotten. The correct method is that after disinfection and sterilization with chemicals, it should be smoothed with oily ointment, and the standard is not to expose xylem. If the amount of ointment is too large and the cost is too high, it can be covered with clean mud, and the middle trunk and fork are sealed with thick mud. Never wrap it with plastic paper for a long time. The wrapping time of plastic paper is 3 months in winter, 2 months in spring and autumn, and 0/month in summer, otherwise the xylem will be moldy and rotten, and mushrooms will grow. [4]
4, the construction of fruit trees to understand the characteristics of fruit trees.
Different fruit trees have different reactions to the construction. Some fruit trees, such as Marshal, are easy to germinate into long strips once they are cut short, so it is not suitable to form fruiting branches. This kind of fruit trees should be lightly cut and thrown. Some fruit trees are not easy to sprout long branches, so it is necessary to cut them short to promote the development of new branches in the young tree period to make them grow trees quickly.
5, fruit tree pruning should pay attention to the season.
Generally, fruit trees can be pruned after defoliation or before germination. However, trees that are prone to bleeding, such as grapes, should avoid pruning in spring. However, some tree species with large lenticels are easy to lose water when they are cut early, so they should be cut later. Generally, pruning in the growing season of fruit trees often weakens the trees by removing branches and leaves, so pruning in the growing season can be adopted to promote the fruits of prosperous trees that are difficult to bear.
6, fruit tree pruning should be based on planting density.
High density needs to control the tree shape, and low density needs to make full use of land space and cultivate large tree shape. Be flexible in setting the dry height when pruning.
The branches and vines of the plants are tied together, slowly crushed on the ground, and then covered tightly with fine soil. The thickness of covering soil depends on the local absolute minimum temperature and the cold resistance of varieties. Generally, in winter, when the low temperature is-15℃, the covering soil is about 20 cm, and when it is-17℃, the covering soil is 25 cm. The lower the temperature, the thicker the covering soil is. For some varieties with strong cold resistance, such as Jufeng and white banana, the covering soil can be slightly thinner. 4. Dig trenches with a depth of about 50 cm and a width of about 50 cm between grape rows by the method of full underground burial, and then press the branches into the trenches before covering the soil. In extremely cold places, in order to strengthen the cold-proof effect, the plants can be covered with a layer of plastic film, hay or leaves before being covered with soil. This method is suitable for scaffolding and mature gardens with many branches and vines. 13. Local soil burying method (covering soil at root and neck) In some areas where the absolute lowest temperature in winter is higher than-15℃, the plants will not be removed in winter, and 30-50 cm high soil will be piled at the plant base before freezing.
In addition, there are two European grapes "Victoria" and "August" that can be seen in the city. The former is bluish yellow and the latter is golden yellow. The fruit has high hardness, sugar content 18 degree or above, sweet taste, good quality, disease resistance, high yield and maturity in the middle and late July.
To ensure the output in the coming year. There are various planting methods of pitaya, which can be planted by climbing the wall or building a shed, but column cultivation is the most common, with its advantages of low production cost and high land utilization rate.
The so-called column cultivation means to erect a cement column or wooden column, plant 3-4 pitaya seedlings around the column, and let the pitaya plants grow up along the column. Planting specifications: The row spacing of double-season columns is 1.5 m× 2 m. According to the calculation of planting 4 seedlings around each column, 750 plants can be planted every 667 square meters. Pitaya can be planted all year round. Be careful not to plant it deeply. It can be planted about 3 cm deep, and the soil should be kept moist at the initial stage. [3]
Moisture management
Pitaya grows rapidly in a warm and humid environment with sufficient light. The soil in the whole garden should be kept moist during the seedling growth period. Water more in spring and summer to keep its roots growing vigorously. Keep the soil moist during the fruit expansion period to facilitate the fruit growth.
Don't soak for a long time during irrigation, and don't spray water frequently from beginning to end. Immersion irrigation will make the root system die in a long-term hypoxia state, and drenching water will make the humidity uneven and induce erythema (physiological disease). Drainage should be carried out in time in rainy weather, so as not to be infected with germs and cause stem meat rot. Water should be controlled in the garden in winter to enhance the cold resistance of branches.
1. Yellow leaves (red spots on the leaves of pitaya, yellow leaves, iron deficiency phenomenon)
Treatment method:
1, branch spraying: fruit trees with serious diseases,
Before germination, 0.3-0.5% ferrous sulfate solution or mixed solution of copper sulfate, ferrous sulfate and lime (0.5 kg of copper sulfate, 0.25 kg of quicklime 160 kg of water) can be sprayed to control the occurrence of diseases.
2. Trunk injection: The most commonly used and effective solution is 0.05-0. 1% ferrous sulfate solution. Injection with 0.05-0. 1% ferric citrate solution also has certain effect.
3. Application of metal chelated iron: Chelated metal is made of metal ions and chelating agent. The application of chelated iron can improve the supply of some nutrients in the soil. In addition to soil application, chelated iron can also be sprayed with 0. 1-0.2% integrated iron solution to restore leaf color.
4, soil application or foliar spraying should pay attention to not excessive, so as not to produce phytotoxicity. [6]
II. Rot disease (white silk disease)
Treatment method:
It can be caused by insect mouth injury or by mechanical injury in a long-term rainy environment. Rot can be cut off with a knife, or the ulcerated tissue can be cut open with a knife for drainage (in sunny days and high temperatures), so that the injured product can be naturally dried or coated with sulfur and phosphorus powder for prevention and control. General protected cultivation, excessive humidity, easy to get bituminous coal disease. Ventilation should be strengthened and the affected area should be cleaned with clear water. Greenhouse facilities in winter are usually hot and dry, which is easy to induce red spiders. Keep a certain humidity. If the population density is high, 40% omethoate 1000- 1500 times solution can be used for control. [3]
3. Cause analysis of pitaya flower skin and fruit
First, pitaya flower skin fruit
The so-called pitaya skin is pockmarked face, which can be divided into small skin and large skin according to the size of the skin area. The causes are different, including diseases, pests, phytotoxicity, acid rain and so on.
1, the cause of big flower skin
It is mainly due to the large area of burn spots directly caused by the application of herbicides when the branches of Spodoptera litura are relatively low (within 50cm from the ground).
2. Causes of small flower skin
First, there is a lot of rain in the south, which is affected by acid rain in the south or can not be used in time, which has a great influence on the growth of pitaya, leading to the appearance of flower skin fruit; Less branches, moderate cold tolerance, strong disease resistance and strong salt tolerance.
Ficus carica is an elegant ornamental tree in courtyards and parks. Generally, it doesn't need pesticides, and it is a pure natural pollution-free tree. Its leaves are large, palmately split and rough, which has good dust absorption effect. If it is configured with other plants, it can also form a good noise barrier. Ficus carica can resist toxic gas and air pollution that ordinary plants can't stand, and it is a good tree species for greening in chemical pollution areas. In addition, Ficus carica has strong adaptability, wind resistance, drought resistance and saline-alkali tolerance. When planted in arid desert areas, Ficus carica can play a role in preventing wind, fixing sand and greening wasteland.
economic value
Ficus carica is one of the fastest fruit trees in the world at present, and it has high yield, no age, few pests and diseases, and easy cultivation and management. When fig is planted in the same year, it will bear fruit in the same year. With proper management, the yield per plant can reach 2 kg and the yield per mu can reach 500 kg. What is even more peculiar is that the seedlings can bear a large number of fruits in the nursery that year, which is very rare in fruit trees. This excellent characteristic of Ficus carica makes the investment recover in a very short time, which is extremely beneficial to arouse the production enthusiasm of the majority of fruit farmers, and is also extremely beneficial to the industrialization of local governments and to meet the requirements of large domestic companies for maximizing profits. Ficus carica is one of the best projects for large capital investment in agriculture. In the third to fifth year, the yield per mu is generally above 2,500 kg, among which the highest yield per mu of Ficus carica is above 3,500 kg, and there are few pests and diseases in different years, which is especially beneficial to the production of green fruits and conforms to the international fashion trend.
Most varieties of fig bear fruit in summer and autumn, and the fruit matures in June ~11month. Fresh fruit has a long sales time and little sales pressure, and it also greatly prolongs the processing time, which is especially beneficial to improve the utilization rate of factory equipment. Ficus carica has a long life, and its general economic life is 30-50 years.
Annona needs a warm climate and proper precipitation, and is not resistant to frost and cold weather. The average maximum growth temperature of common annona squamosa is 25-32℃, the average minimum is 15-25℃, and the average optimum temperature for fruit ripening is 25-30℃. The critical temperature for safe overwintering of annona fruit trees is 0℃. Most annona are semi-deciduous fruit trees, which enter natural dormancy or forced dormancy caused by environmental conditions in late winter or early spring. Dormancy protects plants from frost or drought in winter, spring and late night. Appropriate low temperature in winter is conducive to accelerating defoliation and promoting germination. But the effect of low temperature on inducing germination is not as necessary as in other deciduous fruit trees. The temperature during fruit ripening can neither be too low nor too high. In case of low temperature, especially the temperature below 13℃, the fruit will suffer from physiological diseases, often rust spot, and the ripening time will be delayed. However, if the temperature is too high, it will cause premature ripening, which is easy to cause fruit rot. [3]
moisture
Annona is sensitive to water, and too much water is not conducive to plant growth. The growth of annona squamosa was affected under short-term flooding, resulting in less leaves and flowers. Irrigation or rainfall is important for flowering and early fruit setting. Too little water during this period will lead to falling flowers and fruits and slow fruit growth. At the same time, water will also affect the quality of fruit. It is reported that the fruit cracking rate of irrigated annona in Australia is 9.8%, while that of non-irrigated annona is 20%. Under the condition of low humidity (relative humidity below 70%), the flower drop increased, the stigma dried and the fruit setting decreased obviously. In southeastern Queensland, annona is in full bloom, and the relative humidity during the day is often lower than 30% at the hottest time. In production, they use high-density planting, windbreak and spraying to increase the humidity of the orchard. However, too high humidity (higher than 95%) will dilute the sugar secretion on the stigma, which will make the pollen germination rate low and is not conducive to fertilization.
Annona fruit trees have strong adaptability to all kinds of soils. It can grow on sandy to clayey soil. But to achieve high and stable yield, sandy soil or sandy loam is better. Because the soil is sticky, poor drainage will affect flowering and fruit setting. However, loose sandy loam has no such disadvantages, and it is easy to control growth through fertilization and irrigation. If the soil layer is shallow, it can be cultivated to thicken the soil layer to improve drainage, or it can be covered to promote the development of absorbing roots in the topsoil.
The use of seedlings in production is limited to common annona, and hybrid annona cannot be used as mother tree. The seed source of seedling is very important, and the seeds should come from the high-yield and high-quality fruits of good varieties (common annona squamosa), with large mother plants and correct fruit shapes. It is best to use the fruit of artificial pollination of the same variety. When the fruit is fully mature, the fruit is light green and yellow, and the suture line between small fruits is obvious, the seeds are collected. As a grafted rootstock culture, seed collection can reduce the requirements. After the seeds are taken out, they are washed, and the seeds that are not solid and small are removed, and then they can be planted by air drying. For example, stored annona seeds should be dried before sowing to promote germination. Before sowing, seeds can be soaked with 200ppm gibberellin for 24-36 hours to promote early germination. It is better to use fertile sandy loam in the seedbed, and apply rotten organic fertilizer to shake it evenly. The furrow shall be opened and the width of the furrow shall be subject to the convenience of field operation. Both drilling and sowing can be used, and the sowing amount is 7-8kg per mu. After sowing, cover with fine sand or fine soil, slightly compact and drench with water, and then cover with grass or plastic agricultural film to keep moisture. After emergence, cover the grass or plastic film to avoid bending the seedlings. Attention should be paid to water and fertilizer management in seedling stage, generally watering once every 3-4 days, and watering once a day in drought. After 6-8 leaves, topdressing can be started to cultivate strong seedlings. [3]
graft
Common annona squamosa is generally used as rootstock for grafting and seedling raising. This rootstock has the characteristics of good compatibility, short tree shape and early production. Grafting can only be carried out when the thickness of rootstock generally reaches about 0.8 cm. Grafting time: grafting is usually in spring, while budding is better in summer and autumn, and grafting in winter generally cannot survive. The scion of annona squamosa is selected from the peripheral branches of the excellent mother tree with strong growth and no diseases and insect pests. After the scion is picked, the leaves are cut off and the petiole with a length of 0.3-0.5 cm is reserved to reduce the evaporation of water. This method is suitable for the sap flow period in the growing season, so that the rootstock can peel off the bark.
When planting annona squamosa, the seedlings should be grafted with common annona squamosa as rootstock, and the best planting time is in spring, especially before germination, with the highest survival rate. It can also be planted in the rainy season from June to July, but attention should be paid to drainage, and the roots of annona should avoid water accumulation. When planting, it is best to classify the seedlings, and the seedlings transferred from other places should be soaked in water for 3-5 hours before planting. After that, put the seedlings into a hole with a depth of 20-30 cm, and the water-deficient mountain area can be appropriately deepened by 10 cm, so that the roots can be stretched, and the seedlings can be lifted steadily while filling the soil. After planting, make 1 tree tray around, cover it with mulch such as straw, and pour enough water for fixing the roots. [4]
rich water
The fertilization principle of annona squamosa is scientific fertilization according to the tree size and different growth stages, mainly applying organic fertilizer, combining organic fertilizer with inorganic fertilizer, and gradually moving closer to green agriculture. Generally, 1 year is applied for 3 times, and the first time 1 time is carried out before and after pruning in winter, combined with deep ploughing and garden clearing. The application is mainly organic fertilizer, with deep digging and deep release, full application again, and all organic fertilizers, as well as 80% of phosphorus fertilizer and 20% of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer in the whole year; The second time, during the young fruit period (May-June) after summer fruit flowering, 35% of the total annual nitrogen fertilizer, 35% of phosphorus fertilizer 10% and 20% of potassium fertilizer were applied. The third time is during the young fruit period in winter (9- 10 month), and it is applied all year round.
Flavonoid glycosides and flavonol are both free radical scavengers, which can protect dermal cells, improve blood circulation and prevent cells from being oxidized to produce wrinkles. Ginkgo biloba is one of the herbs with the ability to resist active genes. Ginkgo biloba is very effective in protecting lipids (a component of cell membrane) from free radical damage.
But it also contains small toxic substances: hydrocyanic acid, ginkgolic acid, hydrogenated ginkgolic acid, hydrogenated ginkgolic acid, ginkgol and bilobanol. Therefore, attention should be paid to the way ginkgo is eaten. If cooked and eaten, ginkgo acid and ginkgo diacid can be decomposed, and hydrocyanic acid can be removed because of its low boiling point, so cooked ginkgo is less toxic.
In order to prevent ginkgo poisoning, cooked food and less food are the fundamental methods. The medical community believes that raw ginkgo should be controlled in a peach borer.
Also known as peach borer and peach spot borer, it is an important fruit borer of peach trees, which can also harm many kinds of fruit trees and crops such as corn and sorghum. It is harmful for young insects to eat in the fruit, and the damaged fruit is full of insect dung, which can easily cause fruit cracking and rot, seriously affecting the quality and yield.
Prevention and control methods:
1, fruit bagging. Bagging is carried out after the peach grows to the size of a thumb and falls naturally for the second time to prevent the moth from laying eggs on the fruit surface.
2. Chemical control. At the adult stage and the peak spawning stage, 10% imidacloprid 4000 ~ 6000 times solution or 2.
Pear is the main item.
Cihai, the most commonly used and authoritative encyclopedia dictionary in China (edited by the editorial board, Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House 1999 revised edition), has a "pineapple" article with detailed explanations and illustrations, and is also called "yellow pear" and "pineapple" (page 723). Cihai also contains the article "pineapple", but it is only interpreted as "pineapple" (page 4 17). That is to say, Cihai advocates using pineapple as the official name of this fruit (tree), and at the same time, it shows that this fruit is also called pineapple and yellow pear.
In the fields of agriculture and horticulture, pineapple and pineapple seem to be evenly matched. For example, in 1980s, the mainland published books such as Pineapple and Its Cultivation, while Taiwan Province published books such as Production Technology of Pineapple, Apricot and Jujube. However, the Encyclopedia of China Agricultural Volume and China Agricultural Encyclopedia Fruit Tree Volume all set up a "pineapple" article, and explained that it is also known as pineapple and yellow pear; Also known as pineapple, wangli and huangli. It seems that the mainland agricultural and horticultural circles tend to use pineapple as the official name of this fruit (tree). From the above, it can be seen that the linguists prefer to use pineapple, and the agronomy and horticulture circles like to use pineapple.
Except.
Grafting can be carried out after about half a month of grafting. The scion is suitable for the branches with good development in the same year.
Generally, grafting can be carried out in all seasons except the low temperature period in winter. Because it is cold and humid for a long time in winter and spring, after grafting, it is soaked in 12 hours, stored in wet sand to accelerate germination, and it is always moist. When the seed coat is broken and white, it can be sown. Ditching is carried out according to the row-to-plant spacing of 20-30 cm, the ditch depth is 1 cm, and the seed dosage is 7.5-/kloc per/hour. Cover the soil. Emerge in about 10 days. Seedling height is 3-4 cm, thinning, removing the weak and retaining the strong, and replanting. Seedlings should be planted in spring and autumn according to the plant spacing10-15cm.
graft
Bag grafting method: cutting the scion 20 days before grafting, storing it in wet sand, separating the cortex and xylem at the cut of the rootstock into bags, and then inserting the scion until it is tightly inserted. Bud grafting, T-shaped bud grafting or tubular bud grafting (socket joint) in spring and summer.
layer
In early spring, the mother plant is horizontally fixed on the ground, buried in the ditch, exposed at the top, compacted by soil, and separated from the mother plant after taking root. Planting in spring or autumn. According to the row and plant spacing of 2m× 0.4m, the hole diameter is 0.5-0.7m, decomposed manure is applied at the bottom of the hole, and a thin layer of soil is spread on the hole. After planting, the surface soil is filled, the plants are lifted upwards to stretch the roots, and then the core soil is filled, compacted and watered.
Level the land, remove sundries and dig deeply. There are two methods:
1. Full-scale deep ploughing: before deep ploughing, 4,000-5,000 kilograms of soil manure or farmyard manure are spread on each mu, and the depth is 30-40 cm;
1. Ploughing: according to the planting method, furrowing is carried out, the depth is 50 cm and the width is 60 cm, the topsoil and the subsoil are set separately, and 2,500-5,000 kg of soil miscellaneous fertilizer or farmyard manure is applied to each mu in the furrow, and the topsoil is returned to 10 cm, and mixed evenly. Digging time: It can be done before planting mulberry in11-1February. [5]
Planting management
1. Planting time:1February to March of the following year.
When the temperature is less than-17℃, but the plants grow vigorously, fall leaves late and have more fruits, they should also be properly buried in time to prevent cold.
Grape root system is developed, which is fleshy root and stores a lot of nutrients, including water, vitamins, starch, sugar and other organic and inorganic components.
The function of grape root system is not only to fix the plant, but also to absorb water and nutrients from the soil and accumulate storage nutrients, which becomes the material basis for the regeneration and rejuvenation of the aboveground parts.
Root characteristics of grapes
Root species
The composition and distribution of grape roots are slightly different due to different propagation methods.
Rooting line: a plant propagated by seeds, which has a vertical main root and lateral roots at all levels. The taproot is developed, the root system is deep, there are obvious rhizomes and the branching angle is small.
Stem root system: Plants propagated by branches have no vertical straight roots and are mainly composed of lateral roots at all levels. There is no true rhizome, the lateral roots are developed, and the root branching angle is large.
Root distribution
Grape roots are generally distributed in the soil with a depth of 20~60 cm, and the deepest can reach about 2 meters, but the depth is directly related to fertilization depth, soil quality and variety. Because, the growth of roots is water-oriented, fertilizer-oriented and geotropic, the deeper the fertilization, the deeper the roots will tie down, and vice versa.
Growth characteristics
Grape roots can grow all year round when the soil temperature is kept at13 ~ 25℃ and the water content is suitable. In general, there is a rooting peak in spring, summer and autumn of grapes, and the growth of roots and new shoots alternate.
The first peak period: before and after grape germination, when the soil temperature is low, the root system grows slowly by absorbing water and nutrients, reaches the growth peak after leaf spreading, and then gradually decreases, and will reach the lowest point in the first half of flowering.
The second peak period: after the grapes set fruit, the whole fruit tree needs nutrients to reach the peak of annual demand, so the corresponding root growth also reaches the peak of annual growth, and then gradually decreases to a low peak as the grapes mature.
The third peak period: after the grapes are picked, the vines begin to grow again, and the corresponding roots gradually resume to grow, reaching a new peak, and then gradually decrease to enter the winter dormancy period.
Factors affecting the growth of grape root system
Grape root growth is related to temperature, light, moisture, nutrition, soil pH and organic matter content.
temperature
The optimum temperature for grape root activity is 2 1~24℃. When the soil temperature reaches 8~ 10℃, the root system starts to move, and it starts to grow at 12~ 13℃. When the soil temperature reaches 20~25℃, the root system enters a vigorous period of growth. When the soil temperature exceeds 25℃, the root system growth is inhibited, and it stops growing when it exceeds 28℃, and continues with the temperature.
The cold resistance of grape root system is weak, and it stops growing at 10℃. Generally, the roots are slightly frozen at -4℃ to -5℃, and freeze to death at -6℃ for about two days. Different populations have different resistance to low temperature, and the order is:
East Asian population (Vitis amurensis):-15℃ ~-16℃;
North American population (Beida):-12℃ ~-13℃;
European and American hybrid (Kyoho):-7℃ ~-8℃;
European species (red earth):-4℃ ~-5℃;
moisture
The soil moisture suitable for root growth is 60%~80% of the maximum field capacity. Soil moisture and nutrient status and its related physical and chemical characteristics play a decisive role in root growth.
Excessive drought in the soil: it is difficult for roots to absorb water and nutrients from the soil, photosynthesis is weakened, and old leaves are prone to yellowing and shedding, and even plants wither and die.
Soil waterlogging or high water content: causing soil hypoxia, forcing roots to supplement oxygen by leaves. Over time, roots have difficulty breathing and rot due to hypoxia. At the same time, soil hypoxia affects microbial activities, making it difficult for roots to absorb nutrients, making trees gradually weak, and root growth tends to stop or wither or even die.
Tree nutrition
The growth of grape root system is related to the nutrient supply of the tree, and the balance of leaf-fruit ratio or light load is beneficial to rooting; The heavy load makes the tree consume a lot of nutrients, which is not conducive to rooting.
If the high yield meets the weak tree phase, the yield must be reduced first, and then the nutrition should be supplemented appropriately, and the sea elf biostimulant should be applied when the nutrition is supplemented, so as to promote the root growth and balance the nutrient absorption.
fertilize the soil or land
The root system of any plant has fertility tendency. Generally speaking, fertilization on grapes is beneficial to rooting. However, if we do not pay attention to fertilization methods, it will not only promote the growth of roots, but also damage the roots.
Excessive fertilizer concentration: The physiological water in the tree oozes to the periphery of the root system, so as to balance the physiological concentration inside and outside the root system. If too much physiological water seeps out, the tree will wither or die due to physiological dehydration, which is usually called "burning the root with fertilizer".
Fertilizer application: it is easy to cause the root system to float. The soil surface layer at 20cm is rich in microorganisms and many pathogenic bacteria, and the probability of root infection will greatly increase after the root system floats. At the same time, the ability of cold tolerance, drought tolerance and waterlogging tolerance of root system decreased, which affected the tree vigor, caused the quality of fruit trees to decline and easily cracked.
Timing of fertilization: at the peak of grape root growth, timely fertilization can promote root growth and enhance tree potential. It is worth noting that after germination in spring, the soil temperature is low and the root activity is poor, so it is not advisable to apply a large amount of topdressing. A small amount of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer can be applied to restore the root activity with the sea elf biostimulant. At the same time, after spreading the leaves, spraying sea elf (foliar type) on the leaves can quickly supplement the nutrition of the trees and improve the photosynthesis of the leaves.
soil acidification
Soil acid damage is characterized by rigid plants, slow root growth, slow leaf emergence, small and few leaves, increased soil-borne diseases and easy occurrence of nematodes.
The root growth in acidic environment is poor, with black roots, rotten roots, dead roots and no white roots.
After soil acidification, the absorption efficiency of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and boron by grapes becomes low. Cause nutrient loss or waste, and still lack fertilizer after fertilization.
It is easy to cause soil hardening, resulting in less air and gap in the soil, which is not conducive to root growth and nutrient absorption.
The number of beneficial bacteria and beneficial organisms is reduced, and it is easy to breed pathogenic bacteria and nematodes.
To reduce acid damage, we should control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and reduce the use of other acid fertilizers, such as calcium superphosphate, phosphogypsum and immature organic fertilizer. In view of soil acidification, grape can use sea elf biostimulant containing mineral humic acid and seaweed extract in the growing period to balance soil pH and improve soil microenvironment.
organic matter
Soil with high organic matter content and good aggregate structure has good permeability, high fertility and vigorous microbial activity, which is most conducive to root activity and growth.
For the soil with heavy clay, less organic matter and poor permeability, organic fertilizer should be added to improve it, combined with biological bacterial fertilizer and sea elf biological stimulator, and ditch drainage should be carried out to promote root growth. [ 16]
Fresh storage
Modern storage mostly uses gas conditioning and cold storage, and the equipment is more complicated. At present, simple storage methods are mainly used in rural areas, such as cellar storage, cylinder storage, sulfur dioxide fumigation storage and micro-cold storage.
(1) The experience of storing grapes in northern China is harmful. Generally, a cellar is built on the hillside or the source bank, with 4-6 layers of wooden trellis, and L layers of grape ears are gently placed on each layer. The specific methods of cellar management are as follows: ① Pre-cooling grapes in the shade for 2 days after harvest, and the pre-cooling temperature must be controlled below 10℃ to make them fully radiate field heat. Then carefully put the grapes on the shelf in the cellar. ② Control the temperature and humidity in the cellar. In the early stage, due to the high outside temperature, ventilation measures can be adopted to keep the temperature below 10℃. After winter, when the temperature drops, the method of day opening and night closing can be adopted to keep the temperature in the cellar at 0- 1℃. The relative humidity is preferably 80%-90%, and when the humidity is insufficient, water can be sprayed on the ground to moisturize. When the outside temperature drops below 10℃, the cellar door should be closed. (3) strengthen inspection, timely eliminate diseased ear rotten grain.
⑵ The storage method can be used when the number of grapes stored is small or when the grapes are stored in the courtyard, and household urns are commonly used in North China or stored by themselves. Before storage, wash the jar, dry it, and then put it into the grape ear. The methods of filling fruit ears are as follows:
1.Pruning of young trees should be carried out according to the principle of "giving priority to lightness, paying equal attention to shaping and results, and promoting early yield increase". (1) 2-4-year-old young trees, under the premise of arranging the backbone branches, the key point of pruning is to clean up a layer of tightly squeezed branches and straighten the tree shape. According to the planting density, the small crown sparse layer shape (less than 80 plants per mu) and free spinning cocoon shape (more than 80 plants per mu) can be popularized. Small crown and sparse layer shape: select 3-4 main branches in the first layer, and clean up the dense branches that affect the growth of backbone branches after selection, and clean up1-2 branches every year, and strive to clean them up in 2 years. Free spinning reeling shape: 3-4 small main branches are selected every year, and the spacing between the main branches is about 20 cm, and the over-dense branches are properly thinned. (2) 5-8-year-old young trees have entered the fruiting stage, and the key point of pruning is to clean up the dense branches between layers, improve the lighting conditions of the trees, and make the fruiting parts gradually transition to the backbone branches. Clean up 2-3 crowded places every year, and strive to clean them up in 3 years. After several years of adjustment and cleaning, five main branches,1-2 auxiliary branches and three main branches are reserved in the small crown sparse layer shape, and10-13 main branches are reserved in the free spinning shape.
2. Pruning of mature trees The pruning of mature trees aims at "improving light, improving branch quality, stabilizing high quality and increasing yield", and the key point of pruning is to remove more than two layers of dense trees in batches.