The cultivation techniques of mushrooms are as follows, see if you can help. \ x0d \ x0d \ Indoor cultivation of mushrooms requires certain facilities, such as houses and bedsteads. In the process of planting, the transportation of culture materials and soil particles greatly increases the planting cost and a lot of labor of mushroom farmers. Moreover, because mushrooms are planted every year, the density of miscellaneous bacteria and pests in the room increases, and the disinfection and pest control work is slightly neglected, which will lead to the reduction of mushroom production and quality. In recent years, the state has strengthened the management of land, and it will be difficult to develop edible fungi on a large scale and build standardized mushroom houses. Therefore, developing mushroom cultivation from indoor to outdoor has become the direction of large-scale mushroom cultivation in the future. Mushroom farmers in the mushroom production base in Shapingba District of Chongqing, under the technical guidance of experts, have successfully planted in idle winter rice fields, with a yield of 7-9 kilograms per square meter, simple facilities, low cost, few pests and diseases, and reduced labor intensity and labor consumption. After planting mushrooms, the mushroom residues were treated on the spot and became organic farmyard manure in rice fields, which created a good ecological agriculture model and achieved both social and economic benefits. \x0d\\x0d\ Its cultivation measures are as follows: \ x0d \ \ x0d \1.Choosing a place to build a shed to grow mushrooms in paddy fields is to use the idle winter paddy fields after rice harvest to grow mushrooms. When the rice seeds are scattered, the paddy field water is drained, and the soil preparation is started as follows: 2 furrows and 3 compartments, the middle compartment 1.5 m, the side compartment 1 m, the width of the compartment ditch is 0.3 m, the depth is 0.3 m, and the length is 10~ 15 m; 3-ditch hatchback type, with a width of1.5m and a trench width of 0.3m.. When making a box, dig out the fields in the ditch and base them on the side of the box to form a ridge to block the culture materials. The compartment ditch is also used as a walkway and drainage for operators. A herringbone shed was built on the car surface, and the middle of the herringbone shed was supported by bamboo or wooden sticks to form a middle column of the shed, which was 2.4 meters high. The pillars are connected by large bamboo poles to form a top beam. Cover the top beam with plastic film and straighten both sides into a natural triangle. Then the thin rice and wheat straw is sandwiched into a large hair fan with heavy duty and placed on the top beam to shade the light. You can also use black plastic film, after passing through the top beam, stretch on both sides to form a herringbone triangular shed, without using a hair fan to shade. The two ends of the herringbone shed are shaded by grass curtains. The drainage ditch around the shed should be well done. \ x0d \ \ x0d \ 2. The formula of fermentation culture medium is the same as that of indoor mushroom cultivation. Primary fermentation and secondary fermentation can be used. The outdoor secondary fermentation method uses natural high temperature in early autumn to achieve the effect of secondary fermentation without fuel heating, which reduces the production cost. The method is to use bricks and stones as cushion piers, which are about 20 cm high. Put a wooden stick on the hot pier, and put bamboo pieces on the wooden stick, especially like a bedstead, to make a base with a width of 1.5 meters and an indefinite length. Adjust the pre-fermented material pile to 5-6 drops of water by hand, and then adjust the pH value to 7.8-8 with lime powder. Then the culture is piled on the base, and wooden sticks or bamboo are preset to form air holes. The material is piled up to a height of 0.8~ 1 m, and the vent hole is made into a T-shape. When the material is piled up, the wooden stick or bamboo is pulled out, which naturally becomes a cavity and serves as a channel for air exchange in the material. Use 0.5% dichlorvos or dicofol to spray the surface of the pile to kill insects. Then build a simple frame with bamboo around the pile, about 20 cm away from the pile, to prevent the plastic film from sticking directly to the culture material and affecting the fermentation. Finally, cover with a film. The temperature of the pile is rapidly increased to above 62℃ by making full use of the sunlight during the day and the fermentation heat accumulated in the pile. When the high temperature is over, the temperature shall be reduced by 1~2℃ every day and ventilated for 3~4 times for 30 minutes each time. When the temperature is controlled at about 50℃, the fermentation is finished in 6~7 days, and finally the temperature is lowered below 45℃, the material can be moved into the herringbone shed. \ x0d \ \ x0d \ 3. Spreading and sowing: Two days before the materials enter the shed, spray all the cultivation beds with 0.5% dichlorvos to kill insects, so as to prepare the cultivation materials for entering the shed. When the culture material is spread on the bed surface in the shed, the water content of the material should be controlled at 63%~65%, and it is appropriate to pinch 1 drop of water by hand, and the pH value of the material is 7~7.5, without ammonia smell. The paving thickness is 13~ 17 cm, and the paving and mixing are carried out with even strength. After the material is laid, the temperature of the material should be measured by thermometer. If the material temperature is below 28℃, it is prudent to sow. More seeds are planted in shifts, and each bottle can sow 0.7~0.8 square meters. Before sowing, operators disinfect their hands, tools and strain bottles with 0. 1% potassium permanganate. When sowing, use 2/3 of the strain to spread on the surface of the culture material, then stir it by hand to the surface of the material, then spread the remaining 1/3 of the seed on the surface of the material, and gently compact it with a clean board. \ x0d \ \ x0d \ 4. Within 3 days after sowing, the herringbone shed should be closed, and both ends of the shed should be covered tightly with straw curtains to keep warm and moisturize, so as to promote the germination and feeding of strains. After 3 days, the two ends of the shed can be properly opened at night for ventilation. After 15 days, the hyphae in the material are basically full and can be covered with soil. Covering with wet soil mixed with chaff. Cover coarse soil and fine soil evenly on the material surface in several times. When the hyphae grow on the soil cracks, heavy water is sprayed once to promote the mushrooms to grow rapidly. During the whole mushroom growing period, the water is managed by light spraying and frequent spraying to keep the humidity of the covering soil. After the beginning of spring, the temperature rises. Pay attention to increasing the amount of water spray, and strive to produce more spring mushrooms. In April, when the mushroom planting in the whole rice field is over, the herringbone shed can be removed, and the mushroom residue can be scattered in the rice field, and the mushroom residue in 667 square meters can be scattered in 2700~3300 square meters. Mushroom residue is a good organic fertilizer, which can increase rice yield and reduce the application amount of chemical fertilizer. Planting mushrooms in rice fields is a good way to develop rice field resources and guide farmers to get rich. \x0d\\x0d\ Mushroom planting technology \x0d\ I. Overview \x0d\ Mushroom is one of China's specialties, which has been exported for many years. The output of mushrooms in China has reached more than1million tons in 1999, ranking first in the world. Lentinus edodes is also a mushroom consumed worldwide. Mushrooms in China are mostly sold as dry products, and some fresh products have been exported in recent years. \x0d\ II. Cultivation methods, techniques and variety types \x0d\1.Cultivation methods and techniques \x0d\ There are three basic methods of mushroom cultivation, artificial mushroom cultivation and ground cultivation. With the continuous improvement of substitute cultivation techniques and the enhancement of people's awareness of forest protection, there have been few wood cultivation in recent years, and mushrooms in China mainly come from. \x0d\ 2. There are mainly two seasons of planting in spring and autumn, such as sowing in early spring, sowing in late spring and summer, sowing in summer, sowing in autumn and winter, sowing in autumn and winter. \x0d\ 3. Variety types \x0d\ There are many varieties of Lentinus edodes, which can be divided according to needs, such as cultivation medium, the time of fruiting, sales type, size and fruiting temperature. \x0d\ ① According to the cultivation method. Lentinus edodes can be cultivated by cutting wood and substituting materials, which can be divided into several types, such as sawdust, bagasse, corncob and straw. Therefore, it can be divided into five types: wood species, sawdust species (substitute species) forage species, fungus grass species, and wood-substitute dual-purpose species. \x0d\ ② According to the time of fruiting. According to this classification, it can be divided into early-growing species (fruiting 70 days after inoculation) and late-growing species (fruiting after inoculation \x0d\ 120 days or more). ③ According to the appropriate product type. This is mainly divided into dry seed and fresh seed. Compared with \x0d\ mushroom, dry seed is compact, with low water content and high drying rate, which is suitable for drying. Fresh-sold species have looser mushroom quality and higher water content. \x0d\ ④ By size. It can be divided into three categories: big leaf species, middle and big leaf species and small leaf species. The former is mostly 5-15cm, and the latter is 4-6cm, and the middle and big leaf species are in the middle. \x0d\ ⑤ According to mushroom temperature. It can be divided into four categories: low temperature species, medium temperature species, high temperature species and wide temperature species. \x0d\ low temperature species: the central temperature of fruiting is about 5- 15℃. \x0d\ Medium temperature species: the central temperature of fruiting is approximately 10-20℃\x0d\ High temperature species: the central temperature of fruiting is approximately 15-25℃. \x0d\ Wide temperature species: The fruiting temperature ranges from 5℃ to 28℃, but 10-20℃ has the highest fruiting temperature and the best quality. Those who cultivate \x0d\ should choose appropriate varieties according to their actual needs. \x0d\ III. Main varieties of substitute cultivation \x0d\ In recent years, the total output of Lentinus edodes cultivated by substitute cultivation in China has accounted for more than 90%, and the cultivation by cutting wood has become a cultivation method that restricts production \x0d\. Therefore, this paper will not introduce the species and cultivation techniques of cutting wood, but only introduce the varieties cultivated by substitute. In order to \x0d\ facilitate the cultivators to understand the varieties and their rational use, this paper introduces the varieties according to the cultivation season. \x0d\1.Late-growing varieties planted in spring \ x0d \ At present, there are mainly three strains of Lentinus edodes, 24 1(D4, Qingyuan 90 15 (Huagu 939) and Huagu 135. \x0d\ (1) Name, source and basic characteristics \x0d\ ① 241(d4241(D4 Lentinus edodes strain is the first late-growing variety in spring which is widely used in substitute cultivation of Lentinus edodes in China. This variety was successfully selected by Wu Ke Dian \x0d\ of qingyuan county Edible Fungi Research Institute. It is a legal promotion variety in Zhejiang Province. 24 1(D4 strain is a new strain with natural variation obtained by separating \x0d\ from the fruiting body of Duanzhimu 24 1 strain. Its fruiting body has big leaves, round flowers and thick flesh, the true diameter of the cap is 6 (d10cm, the flesh is \x0d\ thick1.8 (d2.2cm, the stalk is short and thin, and the quality is excellent. It is called "bionic mushroom" abroad, which belongs to the type with low medium temperature and the fruiting temperature is \x0d\ The strain has strong stress resistance and wide adaptability, and has been applied in mushroom producing areas all over the country. In the fruiting period, the main methods are \x0d\ low shed moisturizing and taking off bags to grow mushrooms, and the best effect is to use dry and wet stimulation to promote buds within a certain temperature difference range. It is the variety with the best sensory quality \x0d\ the largest export volume of Lentinus edodes. \x0d\ (2) Qingyuan 90 15 (Flower Mushroom 939) This variety was successfully selected by Wu Qingdian, Institute of Edible Fungi, qingyuan county, Zhejiang Province, and passed the certification. It is one of the three mushroom varieties legally popularized in Zhejiang Province, which is a new strain with natural variation, and it is the main variety for cultivating \x0d\ flower mushroom at present. The amount of 90 15 (flower mushroom 939) used in China accounts for about 75% of the total area of the substitute flower mushroom. Its flower shape is round, the cover is thick and fleshy, and the yield is high. The diameter of the cap is 4 (D 14 cm, and the handle is 3.5 (d 5.5 cm), which is difficult to open the film and easy to form flowers. The best point of this strain is that it can be inoculated between March \x0d\ August during the inoculation period. The yield of Lentinus edodes was the same in different inoculation periods, but the flower shape of Lentinus edodes inoculated in May (D July) was the most uniform. This strain has strong stress resistance, and it is the best variety with high temperature resistance among all the strains substituting for Lentinus edodes. The fruiting period is September (D May of the following year. This strain is an excellent variety of flower mushroom cultivation, and it is also a high-yield and high-quality variety with low shed moisturizing, bagging and fruiting. \x0d\ ③ 135 This variety is a kind of Lentinus edodes cultivated by cutting wood, and it has become one of the varieties of flower mushroom cultivated by substituting cultivation and domestication. \x0d\ has large cap, thick meat, short stalk and high quality. The cap diameter is 5 (d13cm, and the stalk length is 3 (d4cm, which is easy to form \x0d\ flower mushroom; It belongs to medium-low temperature type, and the fruiting temperature ranges from 6(D 18, with 9- 13℃ as the optimum; The fungus age is more than 200 days, the inoculation period is \ x0d \ 2 (April, the fruiting period is 10- March of the following year. This variety has poor stress resistance. In the mycelium growth and development stage, high temperature in summer will \x0d\ affect the quality of mushroom wood, ranging from local mildew to pest breeding. The light in the culture environment of the inoculated mushroom wood should be weak, so as to avoid that the color of the mushroom film is too dark and the mushroom film is too thick to produce mushrooms. \x0d\ (2) Key cultivation techniques \x0d\ ① Scientifically arrange the cultivation inoculation period. There is a long process of mycelium growth and development from inoculation to fruiting of spring-planted autumn-type varieties, and the nutrient consumption of culture materials will affect the later yield of Lentinus edodes if the inoculation period is too early, and the mycelium nutrition of Lentinus edodes will be less \x0d\ accumulated if the inoculation period is too late, and there will be more abnormal mushrooms in the first to second tide. According to the climatic conditions in the south of China, the inoculation period \x0d\ of autumn type planted in spring is 24 1(D4 is February-May, Qingyuan 90 15 (Huagu 939) is April-July, and Huagu 135 is 2 (D April). The \x0d\ temperature in northern China is low, and the suitable temperature for fruiting in autumn is earlier than that in the south, and the inoculation period can be slightly advanced, but it should be noted that the inoculation period must be arranged after the start date of the temperature of 5℃. \x0d\ ② Reasonable proportion of culture materials. The above strains are all suitable for the conventional formula of sawdust 78%, wheat bran 20%, sugar and gypsum each1%,and the water content of \x0d\ is about 60%, and the water content of the culture medium of the mushroom 135 variety is better. \x0d\ ③ Timely puncture ventilation. The tools for piercing ventilation are usually made of1.5 inch nails, and the total amount of piercing holes in each section of mushroom wood shall be made separately according to the mushroom \x0d\ wood drawing. Firmer mushrooms have more holes, while those with higher water content have deeper holes. Generally, there are about 100 mushrooms in each section, and the depth is1.5 cm. In the process of mycelium growth, the hole is usually pierced three times. The diameter of the mushroom mycelium circle is 6(D7 cm) in the first inoculation hole, the mushroom mycelium spreads to about 50% of the culture material in the second time, and the mushroom mycelium covers the whole bag in the third time. The position of the second puncture 1-2 was selected in the mycelium circle of Lentinus edodes1.5cm, and the third puncture was on the back of the inoculation hole. At the second and third times, the wall of the culture bag must have a white tumor the size of corn kernels. \x0d\ ④ Adjust the pile shape of mushroom and wood, and adjust the material temperature. Inoculated mushroom wood is arranged in a straight line, with a pile height of 8- 10. The mushroom wood with the second piercing hole and air is arranged in two rows and three rows, with a pile height of 8 rows. The mushroom wood after the second piercing hole is arranged in a hexagonal shape, with a pile height of 5-6 rows. There should be a gap between the pile \x0d\ and the pile, and there should be a 40 cm channel between rows. Indoor culture should strengthen ventilation. \x0d\ ⑤ Mushrooms and trees should be transformed in time. It needs strong scattering light to promote the mushroom wood to turn color and form a uniform film. 24 1-4, 90 15\x0d\ (Flower Mushroom 939) mushroom wood, the transformation of mushroom hyphae began about 2 months after the whole bag was covered, at the latest 30 days before fruiting; 135\x0d\ Mushroom wood should not be transferred after full color change, because the color change is too deep and the film is too thick, and mushroom buds are not easy to occur. Therefore, long-term cultivation in dark light should be adopted, and the mushroom should be transferred in the fruiting season, and the mushroom should be produced while transferring. \x0d\ ⑥ Promote the mushroom buds to occur evenly. Lentinus edodes 24 1-4 and Qingyuan 90 15 (Flower Mushroom 939) are varieties with multiple mushroom buds. \x0d\ When the mycelium of Lentinus edodes reaches physiological maturity and the suitable temperature for fruiting comes, it is appropriate to adopt temperature difference to stimulate fruiting. If vibration and \x0d\ wood-striking (mushroom-scaring) stimulation are adopted, mushroom buds will occur in large numbers, which will affect the quality of mushrooms; The mushroom 135 strain must have a certain vibration \x0d\ or wood-hitting (mushroom-scaring) stimulation, otherwise the mushroom will be uneven. \x0d\ (3) Prevention measures of miscellaneous bacteria and insect pests \x0d\ For late-growing varieties planted in spring, the emphasis on prevention of miscellaneous bacteria and insect pests is the over-summer management stage. The main technical measures are: \x0d\ fine management, evacuation of mushroom trees as far as possible, timely ventilation and cooling, good shade in mushroom shed and good environmental sanitation. \x0d\ Mushroom wood with local pollution can be painted with qingmycin and propafenone, and mushroom mosquitoes can be controlled with special mosquito-repellent incense and dichlorvos. \ x0d \ 2. Name, source and basic characteristics of the spring-planted summer variety \x0d\ (1) \x0d\ ① Wuxiang 1 No.,which has the highest fruiting temperature at present. This variety has big leaves, fleshy fungus, dark \x0d\ fungus cover, thick and slightly long stalk. Its biggest advantage is high fruiting temperature, which can produce a large amount of \x0d\ mushrooms at 28℃, up to 34℃, and the fruiting temperature range is 10-34℃, and the optimum is 20-. The general areas with strong stress resistance can be used as the first choice for mushroom production in summer, and the main varieties are suitable for fresh sales and fresh-keeping sales. \x0d\ ②CR04, a medium-high temperature variety successfully selected by Fujian Sanming Institute of Fungi by hybrid breeding. The fruiting body is large \x0d\ leaf-shaped, the flower shape is round, the mushroom flesh is thick, the mushroom cap is dark brown with scales, and sometimes the top of the cap has a slightly protruding spire, and the stalk is \x0d\ thick and slightly long, and its fruiting temperature range is 10-28℃, and the optimum is 18-23℃. It has strong stress resistance and wide adaptability, and is suitable for use in middle and high altitude areas, mainly suitable for preservation, dehydration, drying and sales. \x0d\ ③ Guangxiang 47, a high-temperature variety selected by Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, has round fruiting body, large fleshy cover, \x0d\ yellowish brown mushroom cover, medium thick and slightly long stalk, fruiting temperature range of 14-28℃, optimum 14-24℃ and fungus age of 60. It can be used in middle and high altitude areas and is mainly suitable for dehydration, drying and fresh-keeping sales. \x0d\ ④800 1, a medium-high temperature variety selected by Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, has solitary fruiting body, round flower shape, \x0d\ medium-large leaf shape, fleshy, dark brown or dark brown mushroom cap, thick and slightly long stalk, and the optimum fruiting temperature is 14-26℃. The fruiting period is 5 (D 1 1 month), so it is not suitable for fruiting at low temperature in winter, and it is suitable for fresh mushroom sales or dehydration and drying sales. China Organic Agriculture Network