According to the origin, it can be divided into American ginseng, northeastern China ginseng and Korean ginseng. Due to the different climate of the same variety, the horizontal stripes on the ginseng surface of the former are more obvious than those of the latter, and the content of effective components in imported ginseng is also higher.
Sexual taste: sweet, slightly bitter, warm and flat. Return to spleen, lung meridian and heart meridian. Invigorating qi, strengthening body, promoting fluid production, calming nerves and improving intelligence.
1, Classic: "Sweet, slightly cold."
2, "Don't record": "Slight temperature, non-toxic."
3, "Compendium of Materia Medica": "Raw, bitter, slightly cool; Cooked, sweet and warm. "
Meridian tropism: entering spleen and lung meridians.
1, Supplement to Materia Medica: "Start with Taiyin."
2, "Materia Medica Huiyan": "Entering the lung and spleen."
3. "Drug Meaning": "Entering the Spleen, Stomach and Lung."
Efficacy: it can greatly replenish primordial qi, recover pulse, strengthen spleen, benefit lung, promote fluid production and soothe the nerves.
Indications: weak body, cold limbs, slight pulse, spleen deficiency, anorexia, lung deficiency, asthma and cough, body fluid injury and thirst, internal heat to quench thirst, chronic illness, palpitation and insomnia, impotence and cold uterus; Heart failure, cardiogenic shock Used for shortness of breath, palpitation, forgetfulness, thirst, excessive sweating, lack of food and weakness, all acute and chronic diseases and shock and collapse caused by blood loss. Nourish vitality, remove body fluid and soothe the nerves. Treat fatigue, asthenia, anorexia, lassitude, nausea and vomiting, loose stool, cough and dyspnea, spontaneous sweating, fright, forgetfulness, dizziness, headache, impotence, frequent urination, thirst-quenching, metrorrhagia and metrorrhagia in women, children's slow fright, and chronic asthenia, all the symptoms of deficiency of qi, blood and body fluid.
1, "Ben Jing": "Nourishing the five internal organs, calming the spirit, stopping fright, eliminating evil spirits, improving eyesight, and being happy and intelligent."
2, "Don't record": "Treating cold in the stomach, chest pain, chest and ribs, cholera vomiting, regulating the middle, quenching thirst, dredging blood vessels, breaking hard mass, is unforgettable."
3. The Theory of Medicinal Properties: "Deficiency of the main five internal organs, five strains and seven injuries, weakness and emaciation, vomiting and vomiting, stopping cholera, nourishing the five internal organs, and keeping the spirit in the middle." "Eliminate phlegm in the chest, treat lung flaccidity, vomit pus and epilepsy, cold air goes up, typhoid fever can't be eaten, patients are deficient and have many dreams, so add it."
4, "Rihuazi Materia Medica": "Regulating the middle and treating qi, digestion and appetizing."
5, "Pearl Capsule": "Nourishing blood, invigorating stomach qi, purging heart fire."
6, "Medical Origin": "Treat spleen and stomach yang deficiency and lung shortness of breath, shortness of breath, lack of breath, tonify the middle and slow down the middle, and purge the fire evil in the spleen and stomach. The secret of indications: tonify vitality, stop diarrhea and produce body fluid. “
7. "Southern Yunnan Materia Medica": "Treating yin and yang deficiency and lung qi deficiency is weak."
8. "Herbal Mist": "Stop asthma and cough, unblock blood vessels, purge yin fire and nourish Yuanyang."
9. Compendium: "Treat all deficiency syndromes of men and women, such as fever, spontaneous sweating, dizziness, headache, nausea and vomiting, malaria, chronic diarrhea, frequent urination, dripping, internal injuries from fatigue, stroke, heatstroke, paralysis, vomiting blood, coughing up blood, bleeding, blood collapse, prenatal and postpartum diseases."
Administration and dosage: oral administration: decoction, 5-15g, large dosage15-50g; It can also be boiled in ointment, or taken into pills and scattered.
Taboo:
1, empirical, heat syndrome should not be taken.
2. Avoid radish, tea, spicy or irritating food on the day of taking ginseng or within 24 hours.
3, "The Theory of Medicinal Properties": "Ma Lin is the ambassador. It is bitter and salty."
4. "Introduction to Medicine": "People who cough up blood due to yin deficiency and fire should use it with caution."
5. Biography of Ginseng in the Moon Pool: "Avoid iron."
6, "Drug Meaning": "If the spleen and stomach are hot, the lungs are affected by fire, asthma and phlegm are abundant, blood loss begins, chest and diaphragm are painful and stuffy, and there are insects and accumulation, they are not available."
7. "Notes on Materia Medica Classics": "Fuling is the ambassador. Evil and sparse. Anti-veratrum. "
8. "Medicine Pair": "Fear of Trogopterori. Gleditsia sinensis, black beans. Moving purple Shi Ying. "
9. Avoid eating with grapes, because grapes contain tannic acid, which can easily combine with protein in ginseng to form precipitation, which will affect absorption and reduce drug efficacy.
10, avoid using hardware cookers. 1, used for first aid
A large dose of ginseng (15-50g) is decocted or stewed, or 2-4ml of ginseng injection (containing crude drug 0.57g per ml) is injected into muscle or vein, which can be used for the first aid of cardiogenic shock or other patients who are extremely dying at one time. People's participation in the joint use can cure the collapse of yang.
2, the treatment of cardiovascular diseases
Ginseng has a certain therapeutic effect on hypertension, myocardial dystrophy, coronary arteriosclerosis, angina pectoris, etc., and can alleviate various symptoms. Ginseng can regulate abnormal blood pressure, or think that different doses can have different effects: a small dose can raise blood pressure and a large dose can lower blood pressure. The daily consumption of adults/kloc-0 is 0.2-3 yuan; Ginseng extract (each milliliter is equal to 1 g crude drug), 20-40 drops each time, 2-3 times a day; Ginseng tincture (content 10%), 5ml each time, 2-3 times a day; Ginseng powder, 3-6 minutes each time, 2-3 times a day.
3, for stomach and liver diseases
For chronic gastritis with gastric acid deficiency or hypochlorhydria, the appetite can be increased and the symptoms can be alleviated or disappeared after taking ginseng, but it has no obvious effect on gastric juice secretion and gastric juice acidity. It is also reported that ginseng can make chronic gastritis patients' stomachache disappear, their appetite increase, their stools become normal, and the total acidity of gastric juice increase. For acute infectious hepatitis, under certain treatment conditions, taking ginseng seems to have certain positive significance in preventing it from turning into chronic hepatitis.
4. Treat diabetes
Ginseng can improve the general situation of diabetic patients, but it does not change the degree of hyperglycemia. Or ginseng can reduce urine sugar and blood sugar by 40-50 mg% in patients with mild diabetes, and it can still be maintained for more than 2 weeks after drug withdrawal; After taking ginseng, patients with moderate diabetes have no obvious effect on lowering blood sugar, but most of their general conditions have improved, such as thirst and other symptoms disappeared or alleviated; Some patients can reduce the dosage of insulin after taking ginseng.
5, for mental illness
Ginseng seems to have therapeutic effect on asthenia and asthenia-depression psychosis, regardless of its etiology (schizophrenia, psychosis caused by poisoning or infectious diseases, degenerative psychosis, etc.). It is also believed that taking ginseng orally can only improve the general subjective symptoms of patients with organic neurological diseases, but has no objective and obvious therapeutic effect.
6. Treat neurasthenia
Ginseng has obvious exciting effect on nervous system, which can improve the activity ability of the body and reduce fatigue; It has a definite therapeutic effect on different types of neurasthenia patients, making them gain weight and eliminating or alleviating symptoms such as general weakness, headache and insomnia.
7. Treat impotence
Ginseng is generally used as a tonic in traditional Chinese medicine, which can replenish vitality; The research of people close to you proves that it has the function of strengthening gonad function. Ginseng tincture has obvious curative effect on paralysis and premature ejaculation impotence, but it is ineffective on psychosis. It also has certain therapeutic effect on cortical and spinal impotence caused by neurasthenia.
8. Ginseng also has the function of improving vision and enhancing dark adaptation.
9, combined with other drugs, can also treat a variety of diseases.
However, in clinic, ginseng should not be used for solid diseases, such as asthma due to sudden suffocation, dry throat due to dry heat, vomiting blood and epistaxis caused by impulse. Ginseng has an exciting effect on the central nervous system, but it has an inhibitory effect in large quantities. Can strengthen the process of higher nervous activity's excitement and inhibition. It can also enhance the adaptability of the body to all non-specific stimuli and reduce fatigue (the roots, stems and leaves of ginseng can prolong the swimming duration of mice).
Ginseng can regulate the balance between the exciting process and the inhibiting process of the central nervous system. Through the study on the effect of ginseng on animal EEG activity, the results show that it has an effect on both excitation and inhibition of nerve processes, but mainly strengthens the excitation process of cerebral cortex. Because it acts on the inhibition process at the same time, the inhibition tends to be concentrated and the differentiation is accelerated and more complete. Ginseng can regulate nerve function and restore the nervous process caused by tension. Ginsenosides Rb have central sedative effect, and mixed saponins Rb 1, Rb2 and Rc have sedative effect. Rg class has central excitatory effect. The effects of ginsenoside on the central nervous system are low-dose excitation and high-dose inhibition. The intraperitoneal injection of 5 g/kg ginseng water immersion agent can obviously reduce the spontaneous activity of mice. Ginseng water immersion can also resist convulsions caused by cocaine, strychnine and pentylenetetrazol, and reduce the death rate of convulsions. It has been reported that crude neutral saponins of ginseng have sedative and tranquilizing effects, as well as analgesic, muscle relaxation and cooling effects.
The influence of ginseng on learning and memory is bidirectional and component-dependent. Oral administration of ginseng extract 20 mg/kg for 3 consecutive days facilitated the 30-minute learning acquisition and 24-hour memory retention in the Y- maze experiment of rats, but when the dosage was increased to 100 mg/kg, the learning and memory were not improved, but some learning and memory indexes were damaged. Ginseng extract can prevent the decline of learning ability of mice caused by stress. It has been reported that ginseng extract has antagonistic effect on the poor memory acquisition caused by anisodine and pentobarbital sodium, and can also improve the memory consolidation disorder caused by cyclohexylimide and sodium nitrite and the memory reproduction defect caused by 40% ethanol. Injecting ginsenoside 200 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 50 mg/kg intraperitoneally into mice can obviously antagonize the effect of anisodine, improve the memory of mice, and increase RNA in the brain, but has no obvious effect on DNA and protein content.
Human experiments show that the mechanism of anti-fatigue effect of ginseng may be related to its raising blood lipid and promoting protein and RNA synthesis. The results show that ginsenoside Rg 1 has obvious anti-fatigue effect, while neutral saponins (Rb 1, Rb2, Rc, etc.) have no anti-fatigue effect. The lipophilic components left after the separation of ginsenoside can also increase the spontaneous movement of mice and show anti-fatigue effect. Ginseng can make the utilization of glycogen and high-energy phosphorylates more economical, prevent the accumulation of lactic acid and pyruvate, and make their metabolism more complete. Ginseng can also prevent the exhaustion of glycogen and cholesterol in adrenal gland caused by long-term exercise in rats.
Studies show that ginseng has central cholinergic activity and catecholamine activity, which can enhance the function of choline system, increase the synthesis and release of Ach, and increase the density of central M- cholinergic receptor.
Experiments show that ginseng can promote the synthesis of protein, RNA and DNA. The role of ginseng in facilitating memory may be mainly related to the synthesis of nucleic acid and protein in the brain. Rg 1 can significantly increase the content of protein in the brain, but Rb 1 has no such effect. It has been reported that ginsenoside can significantly increase the RNA content in the brain of mice. Ginseng stem and leaf saponins, diol saponins and triol saponins have no obvious changes in the normal level of γ -aminobutyric acid in the brain of mice, but they have very obvious antagonistic effects on the decrease of γ -aminobutyric acid level in the brain caused by isoniazid.
Ginseng also has obvious effects on cerebral blood flow and cerebral energy metabolism. Ginseng preparation can increase the intake of glucose in rabbit brain, reduce the ratio of lactic acid, pyruvic acid and lactic acid/pyruvic acid, and change the utilization of glucose from anaerobic metabolism to aerobic metabolism. Ginseng can also increase free inorganic phosphorus in cerebral cortex by 25%. Ginseng fruit saponin can improve the oxygen uptake ability of brain. Total saponins of ginseng and total saponins of ginseng root have protective effects on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. In a word, ginseng can make animal brains make more rational use of energy substance glucose, oxidize productivity, and synthesize more ATP for learning and memory activities. 1, Effect on heart function: Ginseng has the effects of first exciting and then inhibiting, a small amount of exciting and a large amount of inhibiting on the hearts of many animals. Its effect on the heart is similar to cardiac glycoside, which can improve myocardial contractility. Large doses weaken contractility and slow down heart rate. The results showed that the ethanol extract and water extract of red ginseng could strengthen the contraction of frog heart in vitro, and finally stopped at the contraction stage. For dogs, rabbits and cats in the heart, it can also enhance their contraction and slow down their heart rate. These effects are mainly caused by directly exciting myocardium. For acute circulatory failure (slow heart rate and weak heart) caused by massive blood loss in animals, ginseng can make the heartbeat amplitude increase abnormally and the heart rate increase significantly.
Ginsenoside has a strong anti-arrhythmia effect induced by barium chloride in rats, and has a strong correction effect on tachycardia, which can restore the heart rhythm to normal level. It has been reported that ginseng fruit or ginsenoside can resist experimental arrhythmia caused by adrenaline. Ginsenosides can regulate the contents of cAMP and cGMP in myocardial cells in two directions, so maintaining the balance between cAMP and cGMP is also a factor to resist arrhythmia under stress. The total saponins of ginseng stem and leaf have protective effect on the functional injury of sinus node in rabbits.
2. Effect on myocardium: Ginseng has a protective effect on myocardium. Ginsenoside can reduce the lactic acid content in brain and myocardium of mice under severe hypoxia, restore the ratio of cAMP/cGMP in myocardium under hypoxia, and protect myocardial capillary endothelial cells and reduce mitochondrial damage. Saponins extracted from stems, leaves, reed heads, fruits and taproots of ginseng have obvious myocardial protective effects on myocardial necrosis caused by isoproterenol in rats, which can reduce the damage, especially the ginsenoside of ginseng fruit. Saponins from different parts of ginseng have similar effects with propranolol. Total saponins of Panax ginseng Rhizoma Phragmitis can promote DNA synthesis of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes cultured in vitro, and has a certain protective effect on cultured cardiomyocytes damaged by glucose deficiency and hypoxia. It is believed that the mechanism of ginsenoside against myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury is to promote myocardial production and release of prostaglandin, inhibit the production of thromboxane A2, and protect myocardial cells through anti-oxygen free radicals and anti-lipid peroxidation.
3. Effect on blood vessels: The effect of ginseng on blood vessels is generally considered as a vasodilator, but there are also reports of small-dose contraction, large-dose expansion or contraction first and then expansion. The effect of ginseng on blood vessels varies according to the types of blood vessels or the state of the body. Ginseng has contractive effect on rabbit ear blood vessels and rat hind limb blood vessels. But it can dilate the coronary artery, cerebrovascular and fundus blood vessels of the whole animal. Intravenous injection of total saponins can reduce the vascular and cerebrovascular resistance of hind limbs in dogs, but it can increase the renal vascular resistance in rats. Ginsenosides Rg 1 and Re also dilate dogs' blood vessels, and the effects are 1/20 and 1/50 of papaverine, respectively. The effects of Rc and Rb2 are weak, but Rb 1 is ineffective. The study of effective components and mechanism of ginseng affecting vascular function shows that ginsenoside Rb 1 and R0 have non-selective vasodilation effects, while Rg 1 only selectively antagonizes vascular contraction caused by Ca++, and its mechanism needs further study. Some people think that the different regulating effects of ginseng on blood vessels in different types and different physiological States may be the reason why ginseng regulates blood pressure in two ways.
4. Effect on blood pressure: Most data show that ginseng can lower blood pressure in normal or hypertensive animals, but there are also reports that it can raise blood pressure. Ginseng can raise blood pressure in anesthetized animals with small dose and lower blood pressure with large dose. The therapeutic dose has no obvious effect on the blood pressure of patients. The hypotensive effect of ginseng may be related to the shrinkage of kidney and spleen and the contraction of visceral blood vessels. And lowering blood pressure is caused by releasing histamine. Anesthetized dogs have a rapid tolerance to the antihypertensive effect of ginseng. Ginsenosides Rb 1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re and Rf have a two-way effect on blood pressure, with Rg 1 being the strongest, and Rb 1 increasing blood pressure at high dose. However, its effect on blood pressure is not affected by atropine, diphenhydramine, phenazoline and propranolol. Intravenous injection of ginseng ether extract 40 mg/kg can slow down the heart rate and reduce the central venous pressure in dogs under mild anesthesia with halothane. It is worth noting that intravenous injection of ginseng extract can revive cats whose breathing has stopped, their blood pressure has dropped and their reflexes have completely disappeared.
It is generally believed that the hypotensive mechanism of ginseng is: ginseng has cholinergic effect; The initial short-term hypotensive effect of ether extract of Ginseng Radix Rubri is related to the release of histamine, and then the lasting hypotensive effect is due to other reasons. Ginseng can lead to the decrease of intracellular Ca++, and its hypotensive effect is the result of ginseng's effect on vascular smooth muscle. Ginsenoside Rb 1 has a lasting hypotensive effect. Because the hypotensive effect of ginseng can be eliminated by removing animal brain or using ganglion blockers, the hypotensive effect of ginseng may be involved in central nervous system and reflex mechanism.
5. Effect on hypoxia tolerance: Ginseng or its extract can significantly improve the hypoxia tolerance of animals, slow down the oxygen consumption rate, prolong the survival time, and prolong the atrial contraction time under hypoxia conditions. The ability of red ginseng to improve hypoxia tolerance is stronger than that of raw ginseng. The mechanism of ginseng in improving hypoxia tolerance may be related to factors such as reducing myocardial oxygen consumption, increasing coronary blood flow, increasing 2,3-DPG content in red blood cells, and regulating cyclic nucleotide metabolism and glucose metabolism in myocardium. Experiments show that 10% ginseng extract injected intraperitoneally into mice can significantly improve the hypoxia tolerance of mice under normal pressure, and also improve the hypoxia tolerance of mice under sodium nitrite poisoning. Ginseng fruit saponin can obviously reduce the oxygen consumption of animals, enhance the tolerance of mice under low pressure and normal pressure hypoxia conditions, and obviously prolong the survival time of mice under cerebral circulation disorder hypoxia and toxic hypoxia in tissues, which is consistent with the effect of ginseng root. Ginseng can also reduce myocardial oxygen consumption or increase coronary blood flow, which is also related to improving the body's hypoxia tolerance. Total saponins of Panax ginseng reduced the contents of lactic acid in tissues, cAMP and cGMP in myocardium, and the ratio of camp to CGMP was close to normal. Ginsenosides can prevent anaerobic glycolysis and promote glycogen synthesis, but have protective effects on hypoxic and glucose-deficient myocardial cells.
6. Effect on hematopoietic function: Ginseng or its extract can protect and stimulate the hematopoietic function of bone marrow, and can increase the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and hemoglobin in normal and anemic animals. It can also increase the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin and platelets in anemia patients. When peripheral blood cells decrease or bone marrow is suppressed, the effect of ginseng on increasing peripheral blood cells is more obvious. Ginseng promotes the mitosis of bone marrow cells and stimulates hematopoietic function by increasing the synthesis of DNA, RNA, protein and lipids in bone marrow.
7. Effect on platelet function: Ginseng can inhibit platelet aggregation. Healthy adults were given red ginseng powder 1.5g orally on an empty stomach, and blood was drawn at 1 and 3 hours after taking it to determine platelet aggregation. The results showed that compared with before taking the medicine, it significantly inhibited platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid, ADP, thrombin and adrenaline, and also inhibited the production of malondialdehyde on platelets induced by arachidonic acid and thrombin. The inhibitory effects of 70% methanol extracts of red ginseng and white ginseng on rabbit platelet aggregation in vitro were compared. Results The effect of red ginseng extract was stronger than that of white ginseng extract. Through the study on the mechanism of ginseng inhibiting platelet aggregation, it is found that ginsenoside can excite adenylate cyclase on platelet membrane and inhibit the activity of phosphodiesterase, which can significantly improve the level of cAMP in platelets. Because the time-effect curve of ginsenoside inhibiting ADP, arachidonic acid and collagen-induced platelet aggregation in vivo is consistent with that of increasing the level of cAMP in platelets, it may be one of the mechanisms of ginsenoside inhibiting platelet aggregation in rabbits. Ginsenosides significantly increased the content of cAMP in platelets, but did not affect the content of cGMP. It is suggested that ginseng has a direct effect on platelet cyclooxygenase or TXA2 synthase, and the inhibition of platelet by ginseng is related to PG metabolism. The results show that ginseng or ginsenoside does have inhibitory effect on platelets. Its mechanism may be related to blocking PG metabolism, increasing the content of cAMP in platelets and Ca++ antagonism.
8. Hypolipidemic and antiatherosclerotic effects: Ginseng, especially ginsenoside Rb2, can improve blood lipid, reduce blood cholesterol and triglyceride, increase serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and reduce arteriosclerosis index, and has therapeutic value for hyperlipidemia, thrombosis and arteriosclerosis.
Ginsenoside can promote the lipid metabolism of normal animals, accelerate the biosynthesis, decomposition, transformation and excretion of cholesterol and lipoprotein in blood, and finally reduce cholesterol in blood. When hypercholesterolemia occurs in animals, ginsenoside can reduce it. Ginseng stem and leaf saponin and ginseng polysaccharide can also reduce blood lipid in hyperlipidemia rats. Ginseng Radix Rubri powder, ginsenoside Rb2, Rc, Rg 1, Rb 1, especially Rb2, can increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in blood, which has good anti-atherosclerosis effect. Ginsenosides can also prevent experimental atherosclerosis. Ginsenoside Rb2 can reduce the total cholesterol, free cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, increase the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and improve the arteriosclerosis index in rats fed with high-cholesterol diet, and it can be effective after one intraperitoneal injection, and the effect is more obvious after repeated administration. Studies have proved that ginsenoside Rb2 can dissimilate cholesterol and promote excretion, and promote triglyceride transfer into adipose tissue.
Ginseng can reduce blood lipid in healthy people and patients with hyperlipidemia. After oral administration of Ginseng Radix Rubri powder 1 week to 5 healthy people and 6 patients with hyperlipidemia, the serum cholesterol did not decrease significantly, but the serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol increased significantly and the atherosclerosis index decreased significantly. For patients with hypertriglyceridemia, serum triglyceride can also be significantly reduced.
9. Ginseng has a direct effect on myocardium and blood vessels, and is generally excited at a small dose and inhibited at a large dose. 10% ginseng extract 1 ml/kg given to cats (or rabbits) can improve myocardial weakness to some extent. There is a considerable degree of recovery during rewarming. It also has anti-allergic shock and cardiotonic effects. Ginseng can inhibit the activity of adenosine triphosphatase in rat myocardial cell membrane. Ginseng can increase the enzyme activity of various substances metabolized by the liver, enhance the detoxification ability of the liver, and thus enhance the body's tolerance to various chemicals. Experiments show that ginseng can increase the activity of ethanol dehydrogenase in liver, shorten the anesthesia time of ethanol on rabbits and dogs, and reduce the level of ethanol in rabbit blood quickly. It has been reported that ginseng can not only enhance the detoxification function of liver, but also resist liver injury. Ginseng fruit saponin can alleviate transaminase induced by carbon tetrachloride in liver injury. It has also been reported that ginsenoside can not only reduce the increase of serum aspartate aminotransferase activity caused by carbon tetrachloride in rabbits, but also reduce the changes of liver tissue caused by other poisons, such as thioacetamide. The study on the anti-hepatotoxic effect of ginsenoside and some structure-efficacy relationships found that red ginseng is likely to have stronger anti-hepatotoxic activity than white ginseng.
Ginseng has an obvious detoxification effect on ethanol. It can not only shorten the duration of ethanol anesthesia and speed up the recovery time, but also reduce the contents of GOT, GPT, ALP and bilirubin in serum, and increase the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase related to ethanol metabolism, and at the same time, it can quickly excrete acetaldehyde, a toxic substance produced by ethanol metabolism, and effectively protect the liver poisoned by ethanol because excessive hydrogen participates in saponin synthesis. Effects on pituitary gland and adrenal cortex: It is generally believed that ginseng itself has no corticosteroid effect, but it has also been suggested that it can excite adrenal cortex. Studies show that ginseng can stimulate the pituitary-adrenal cortex system, and its effective component is ginsenoside. Various ginsenosides have different stimulating effects because of their different chemical structures. The role of ginsenoside is above the pituitary level. Ginsenoside does not directly act on the biochemical process of ACTH secretion in the anterior pituitary, and its role must be realized through the second messenger cAMP.
Ginseng can make the adrenal glands of normal rats and rats with one adrenal gland removed. Reduce the content of 17- ketosteroid in the urine of guinea pigs; It increased eosinophils, decreased vitamin C and cholesterol in adrenal cortex and increased ACTH in urine. Under stress conditions such as hypobaric hypoxia, ginseng can keep the content of vitamin C in rat adrenal gland. Ginseng can improve the tolerance of mice to high temperature and low temperature, but this effect disappears after adrenal gland removal.
A variety of ginsenoside in ginseng can increase the secretion activity of adrenocortical hormone, among which ginsenoside Rb is the strongest. The α -receptor antagonist phentolamine, β -receptor blocker propranolol, nerve blocker hexamethylenediamine and hypnotic pentobarbital sodium can not antagonize the increase of plasma corticosterone level caused by intraperitoneal injection of ginsenoside 7 mg/100g in rats for 30 minutes. Ginsenoside stimulation of adrenal cortex can increase the level of corticosterone in plasma. After long-term administration of ginsenoside, the weight of adrenal gland in rats can be increased. Ginsenosides mainly act on the adrenal cortex, which makes the cortex proliferate and thicken. Because of the increase of cortical hormone secretion, the weight of adrenal gland increases and the thymus gland shrinks.
It has been reported that the mechanism of ginsenoside stimulating adrenal cortex hormone secretion is that ginsenoside stimulates adrenal cortex function by releasing pituitary ACTH, and ACTH can only stimulate adrenal cortex through the second messenger cAMP. Experiments show that the increase of cAMP concentration in adrenal gland is related to the dose of ginsenoside. When rats were injected with ginsenoside intraperitoneally at a dose of more than 5 mg/kg, the concentration of cAMP in adrenal gland of animals in the administration group was significantly higher than that in the control group. At the same time, the concentration of 17- hydroxycorticosteroid in rat plasma also increased obviously, while the corticosteroid in adrenal gland showed a decreasing trend, which may be the result of the release of corticosteroid into blood. It is further proved that the changes of ACTH in plasma of rats after intraperitoneal injection of ginsenoside are parallel to those of corticosterone.
It has been reported that the action site of ginsenoside is in the pituitary or above. For rats with pituitary resection, the effect of ginseng on ACTH in blood and cAMP in adrenal gland does not exist. Panaxadiol and ginsenoside Rd can increase the cAMP level of adrenal gland in rats, but ginsenoside Rb2 and panaxatriol have no effect. Pituitary resection can relieve the effect of Rd and panaxadiol on cAMP content of adrenal gland.
Ginseng has antidiuretic effect on mice, and it is obviously weakened after castration and resection of pituitary or adrenal gland. It is considered that ginseng acts on the posterior pituitary pathway. The antidiuretic effect of 20% alcohol extract from ginseng roots and stems and leaves is approximately proportional to the dose. The antidiuretic effect can still be achieved by removing pituitary gland or pineal gland or anesthetizing animals with pentobarbital sodium, but it can be antagonized by spironolactone, which can be considered to be caused by promoting the secretion of mineralocorticoid from adrenal cortex. It was also found that there was a significant increase in blood potassium before the emergence of antidiuretic effect, suggesting that the increase in blood potassium may be the result of stimulating aldosterone secretion. 1. Experiments show that ginseng can inhibit normal blood sugar and hyperglycemia caused by injection of adrenaline and hypertonic glucose. It can control the blood sugar level of alloxan-induced diabetes in male rats, but it can't prevent its onset and death. It also has an effect on alloxan diabetes in mice. It has a certain inhibitory effect on experimental diabetic hyperglycemia in dogs, but it can not completely correct its metabolic disorder. It has also been reported that different saponin monomers of ginseng can resist the effects of adrenaline, ACTH and glucagon and enhance the effect of insulin on glucose metabolism.
Experiments show that ginseng extract, ginseng polysaccharide, ginseng polypeptide, ginseng stem and leaf polysaccharide and ginseng non-saponin parts all have hypoglycemic effects and can be used for the treatment of diabetes. Ginseng extract has the effects of lowering blood sugar level, reducing ketone bodies and promoting sugar absorption in alloxan-induced diabetes. Intravenous injection of ginseng polypeptide 30 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg to rabbits can significantly reduce blood sugar and liver glycogen content. Ginseng stem and leaf polysaccharide 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg can obviously resist the hypertension of adrenaline and alloxan in mice by intraperitoneal injection or intravenous injection. Injection of ginseng polysaccharide 50 mg/kg -200 mg/kg into abdominal cavity or subcutaneous cavity of mice caused the decrease of blood sugar and hepatic glycogen content, and adrenalectomy did not affect its effect. Ginseng polypeptide 50 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg can reduce normal blood sugar and hepatic glycogen by intravenous injection in rats or subcutaneous administration in mice for many times. At the same time, it can inhibit the hyperglycemia caused by adrenaline, alloxan and glucose, and enhance the decomposition of liver glycogen by adrenaline.
The study on the hypoglycemic mechanism of ginseng showed that the hypoglycemic effect of ginseng polypeptide was not only the promotion of glycogen decomposition or the inhibition of lactic acid synthesis of hepatic glycogen, but also the enhancement of aerobic oxidation of sugar by stimulating the activities of succinate dehydrogenase and CCD. Ginseng polysaccharide can also increase pyruvate content and inhibit lactate dehydrogenase activity to reduce lactate. Ginseng polysaccharide can also enhance the activities of succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase. Ginseng can stimulate the free islets of mice to release insulin, and increase the amount of insulin synthesis obviously, but has no obvious effect on the levels of blood sugar, insulin and glucagon in diabetic mice caused by streptozotocin. Ginsenosides can stimulate isolated rat islets to release insulin and promote insulin release caused by glucose.
Taking 3-6g of red ginseng powder or saponin once to normal people and diabetic patients, the blood sugar tends to decrease; Increased gastrin in the blood; Corticosterone value decreased in diabetic patients and increased in normal people; The catecholamine value has a downward trend. Catecholamines can activate adenylate cyclase on cell membrane, increase cAMP and promote glycogen heterogenesis. Red ginseng can reduce catecholamine content, thus limiting glycogen heterogenesis and leading to the regulation of glucose metabolism.
Ginseng has a two-way regulating effect on glucose metabolism, which can not only reduce the blood sugar of glucose hyperglycemia, but also increase the blood sugar of insulin-induced hypoglycemia.
2. Ginseng can reduce blood sugar in animals with hyperglycemia caused by adrenaline; In addition to consciously improving symptoms, it also has a slight hypoglycemic effect and has a synergistic effect with insulin.
3. Ginseng can promote the gonadal function of animals. Mice eating a small amount of ginseng can raise their tails.
4. At a proper dose, ginseng can also increase the weight of rabbits and increase the ratio of plasma albumin to globulin.
5, ginseng stimulates hematopoietic organs and has the effect of improving anemia.
Long-term administration of a small amount of ginseng can make the reticuloendothelial system hyperactive; If the dose is too large, it will have the opposite effect. 1, ginseng can prevent acute death of chickens infected with plasmodium, and the weight of chickens is gradually increasing.
2. Ginseng can inhibit the fever reaction of experimental animals caused by injecting milk or vaccine.
3. Ginseng can enhance the human body's ability to adapt to temperature changes.
4. When the dog is dying of massive blood loss or suffocation, it can make the blood pressure that has dropped to a very low level rise steadily by injecting ginseng preparation immediately.
5. Ginseng can prolong the survival time of mice infected with trypanosoma.
6. Ginseng can inhibit the systemic inflammatory reaction caused by injection of turpentine or frostbite of rabbit ear shell.
7. Ginseng can promote the healing of some experimental injuries.
8. Ginseng has the effect of resisting vitamin B 1 and B2 deficiency.
9. Ginseng can accelerate the healing of experimental corneal ulcer in rabbits.
10, ginseng can weaken the effects of some poisons (benzene, tetraethyl lead, xylenol phosphoric acid, etc.) on the body.