Before sowing, seeds should be selected first, and the selection of seeds is directly related to the success of sowing.
1, it is best to choose seeds harvested in the same year. The longer the seeds are preserved, the lower the germination rate.
2. Choose seeds with full grains and no deformity or deformity.
3. Choose seeds without pests and diseases.
Disinfection: Disinfection includes two concepts, one refers to the disinfection of seeds, and the other refers to the disinfection of substrates for sowing. Families usually soak seeds in hot water at about 60℃ for a quarter of an hour, and then use warm water to accelerate germination12 ~ 24 hours. The best way to disinfect the substrate for sowing is to put it in a pot and fry it, so that any pests and diseases can be scalded to death.
Accelerating germination: soak the seeds in warm water (the temperature is similar to that of face washing water) for12 ~ 24 hours until the seeds absorb water and swell. For common seeds that germinate easily, this work can be omitted.
Sowing: For the tiny seeds that are difficult to be picked up by hands or other tools, one end of the toothpick can be wetted with water, and the seeds can be stuck on the surface of the substrate one by one, covering the substrate with a thickness of 1 cm, and then the sown flowerpot is put into the water, the depth of which is1/2 ~ 2/3 of the height of the flowerpot, so that the water can slowly soak up (this method is called ". For seeds with large seeds that can be picked up by hand or other tools, put the seeds directly into the substrate and sow them at a distance of 3×5 cm. After sowing, cover the substrate, and the covering thickness is 2 ~ 3 times that of the seeds. After sowing, the sowing substrate can be soaked with sprayer and fine-hole shower, and then watered when the soil in the basin is slightly dry. It is still necessary to pay attention to the watering intensity, so as not to flush the seeds.
Management after sowing: After sowing in late autumn, early spring or winter, in case of cold wave and low temperature, the flowerpot can be wrapped with plastic film to keep warm and moist; After the seedlings are unearthed, the film should be uncovered in time, and the seedlings should be exposed to the sun before 9: 30 in the morning or after 3: 30 in the afternoon, otherwise the seedlings will grow very weak; After most of the seeds come out, it is necessary to properly space the seedlings: pull out the diseased and unhealthy seedlings so that there is a certain space between the remaining seedlings; Most seedlings can be transplanted when they have three or more leaves.
cuttage
Often in late spring and early autumn, young shoots are cut with branches of the same year, or old shoots are cut with branches of the previous year in early spring.
Cutting substrate: it is nutrient soil or river sand, peat soil and other materials used for cutting. It is difficult to get an ideal cutting medium for home cutting because of the limited conditions, so it is recommended to use a prepared and sterilized cutting medium; Medium and coarse river sand can also be used, but it should be washed with clear water several times before use. Sea sand and river sand in saline-alkali areas should not be used, they are not suitable for the growth of flowers and plants.
Selection of cutting branches: when cutting tender branches, when the plants grow vigorously from late spring to early autumn, the thick branches of the same year are selected as cuttings. After cutting off the branches, select strong parts and cut them into a section 5 ~15 cm long, with more than 3 leaves in each section. When cutting cuttings, it should be noted that the upper cut is cut flat at about 1 cm above the last leaf node, and the lower cut is cut obliquely at about 0.5 cm below the lowest leaf node. Both the upper and lower cuts should be flat (the knife should be sharp). When cutting hard branches, after the temperature rises in early spring, select the strong branches from the previous year as cuttings. Usually, 3 ~ 4 nodes are reserved for each cutting, and the cutting method is the same as that of softwood cutting.
Management after cutting:
Temperature: The optimum temperature for cuttings to take root is 20℃ ~ 30℃, and below 20℃, cuttings take root difficultly and slowly; When the temperature is higher than 30℃, the upper and lower cuttings are easily infected by bacteria and rot, and the higher the temperature, the greater the proportion of rot. When low temperature is encountered after cutting, the measures of heat preservation are mainly to wrap the flowerpot or container used for cutting with film; When the temperature is too high after cutting, the main measures to reduce the temperature are to shade the cuttings, which should cover 50 ~ 80% of the sunlight. At the same time, spray the cuttings 3 ~ 5 times a day, with more spraying times in sunny days, and less or no spraying times in rainy days.
Humidity: The relative humidity of air must be kept at 75 ~ 85% after cutting. The basic requirement of cutting rooting is that before cutting rooting, it is necessary to ensure that cutting is fresh and tender and can carry out photosynthesis to produce rooting substances. However, cuttings without roots can't absorb enough water to maintain the water balance in their bodies. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the water evaporation of cuttings by spraying: under the condition of shade, spray cuttings 3-5 times a day. The higher the temperature in sunny days, the more times they spray, and the lower the temperature in rainy days, the less or no times they spray. However, if the cuttings are sprayed excessively, they will be easily infected by germs and rot, because many kinds of germs exist in water. Illumination: Cutting propagation cannot be separated from sunlight, because the cuttings have to continue to carry out photosynthesis to make nutrients and rooting substances to supply their rooting needs. However, the stronger the light, the higher the temperature in the cuttings, the more vigorous the transpiration of cuttings and the more water they consume, which is not conducive to the survival of cuttings. Therefore, 50 ~ 80% sunlight must be blocked after cutting, and then the shading net should be removed gradually after the root system grows: the shading net should be removed at 4: 00 pm every day on sunny days, and covered before 9: 00 am the next day.
transplant
When transplanting seedlings, first dig the planting hole, sprinkle a layer of organic fertilizer on the bottom of the planting hole as the base fertilizer (base fertilizer) with a thickness of about 4 ~ 6 cm, then cover it with a layer of soil and put the seedlings in order to separate the fertilizer from the root system and avoid burning the roots. After placing the seedlings, backfill the soil with a depth of 1/3, cover the root system, straighten the seedlings and step on them tightly; Backfill the soil to the mouth of the cave, stamp the soil with your feet and pour it through; If the soil sinks after watering, add soil; Finally, tie the seedlings firmly with small bamboo poles to prevent them from swaying in the wind, so as to facilitate the growth of new roots. Temperature management: Because it is native to tropical areas, it likes high temperature and high humidity environment, so it has strict requirements on the temperature in winter, and it is not safe to overwinter in areas with frost.
Lighting management: light requirements are not strict, like sunny, but also resistant to semi-shade.
Fertilizer and water management: for potted plants, in addition to adding organic fertilizer when they are in the pot, proper fertilizer and water management should be carried out in the usual maintenance process.
Spring, summer and autumn: these three seasons are the peak seasons for its growth, and the fertilizer and water management cycles in the order of "Huabao"-clear water-"Huabao"-clear water, with an interval of about1~ 4 days.
Winter: During the winter dormancy period, it is mainly to control fertilizer and water. The fertilizer and water management is circulated in the order of "Huabao"-clean water-clean water-"Huabao"-clean water, with an interval of about 3-7 days, shorter in sunny days or high temperatures, longer in rainy days or low temperatures.
For the plants planted in the ground, according to the drought situation, fertilizer and water should be applied 2-4 times in spring and summer: firstly, a small ditch is divided 30 ~100 km away from the root neck (the bigger the plant, the farther it is from the root neck), and the width and depth of the ditch are 20 cm. Sprinkle 25 ~ 50 kg of organic fertilizer or1~ 5 two-particle compound fertilizer (fertilizer) into the ditch, and then pour it with water. After winter and before spring, apply fertilizer again according to the above method, but without watering.
Pruning: Pruning in winter When plants enter dormancy or semi-dormancy in winter, thin, diseased, dead and dense branches should be cut off.
Cultivation and maintenance
Du Ying longmang is a tropical tree species, which likes warm and humid environment, developed root system, solid and straight trunk and strong wind resistance. It grows very rapidly in the well-drained acidic yellow loam soil, with little harm from pests and diseases. After being cut down, it has a strong ability to sprout and regenerate, and can grow into trees after two or three years, so the ecological benefits are very significant.
Du Ying is mainly propagated by sowing. Its flowering period is from June to August, and its fruiting period is10-1month. The drupe is conical and dark purple. Generally, the seeds are sown immediately after collection, or the seeds can be accumulated with wet sand until the next spring sowing. In the seedling stage, thin fertilizer can be applied several times in summer, and the seedlings can be planted separately in the next spring. When transplanting small seedlings, it is necessary to bring lodging soil, and when transplanting large seedlings, it is necessary to bring soil balls and properly trim some branches and leaves, so the survival rate after planting is extremely high.
Seed collection and treatment:/kloc-all mature mother trees over 0/0 years old have seed collection. In autumn, when the drupe turns from turquoise to dark green, pick on the tree or collect seeds on the ground. The seeds are piled up for 2-3 days after harvest. When they are fully mature, they are placed in baskets and soaked in clean water, washed to remove the outer pulp, treated into seeds and stored in wet sand. Du Ying seeds with long awn should not be dehydrated and exposed to the hot sun, but they can be piled up for a short time, but they should be prevented from being piled and retted. Generally, the 1000-grain weight is 420g, and the germination rate is 70%. Maintenance and management: Young seedlings like shade and are moisture-tolerant. After moving into the field, pay attention to shade and keep the soil moist. It should not be too dry, but it should not be too wet. Weeding, loosening soil and combining fertilization should be done in time. Generally, fertilization should not be carried out before the root system resumes growth, and fertilization will begin after half a month. For annual seedlings, it is best to apply decomposed organic fertilizer for a few times, and add appropriate fertilizer with the growth of seedlings, once every half month until the end of September. In the following year, high-concentration compound fertilizer can be applied, mainly in triangular holes, and the amount of fertilization is 20 ~ 30 grams per plant each time. In the future, depending on the plant size and soil fertility, fertilizer should be applied as appropriate. At the same time, it should be noted that the fertilizer should be slightly away from the root system to avoid burning the roots.
Seedling raising technology
Du Ying of Changmang is fond of shade and temperature tolerance at seedling stage, so it is necessary to choose loose, fertile and moist soil with short sunshine time, convenient irrigation and drainage as nursery land. Before sowing, deeply turn the nursery, apply sufficient base fertilizer, 40 loads of decomposed manure or 50 loads of compost per mu, 100 kg of cake fertilizer. Apply powdered ferrous sulfate 15 kg per mu for soil disinfection.
Carefully prepare the soil and build a bed. The height of the bed is 20-25 cm, the width is 1.2 m, and the length of the bed depends on the terrain. Generally, it is controlled within 15-20 m. The seedbed is too long, which is unfavorable for drainage and inconvenient for operation. When it exceeds 20 m, the middle ditch should be opened. Sow in late February to mid-March.
Drill sowing is adopted, the spacing between rows is 20cm, the width of sowing ditch is10cm, the sowing amount per mu is 7-8kg, and the covering thickness is 2cm. In order to keep the soil loose and moist, which is conducive to the germination and excavation of seeds, Leymus chinensis is used to cover the seedbed, and its thickness is no soil. After 30-40 days, the seedlings are unearthed. Remove the mulch in time and mow the grass in time. In July-August, intertillage weeds for three times between rows, and apply nitrogen fertilizer once after intertillage (preferably decomposed human excrement and urine). Pay attention to the prevention and control of pests and diseases. The height of the seedlings in that year is 70-80 cm, the root diameter is 0.7-0.9 cm, and the seedlings per mu are1-10.5 million. July-September is a high growth period, accounting for 61%of the annual high growth; The crude growth from July to September accounts for 57% of the annual growth; 1 1 month stopped growing. The average height of annual seedlings is 67 cm and the highest is 87 meters.
Prevention and control of major pests and diseases. Scarabs aeruginosa: Adults bite leaves and buds. We should pay close attention to the insect situation and master the peak period of adult emergence. It can be killed by shock or trapped by setting lights late, or it can be poisoned by 50% dichlorvos emulsion with 800 times liquid. Because the bark of Du Ying is thin, it is very vulnerable to sunburn. Sunburn occurred in the Du Ying of Changmang, which was concentrated in the southwest of the trunk from 30 cm to 130 cm above the ground. The bark of the sunburned part was injured, and the xylem was cracked and decayed in different degrees. Many trees were broken in this part when it was windy. The nursery is densely planted, which is enough for lateral shade. There was no sunburn in Du Ying where the trunk was wrapped with straw rope, or the DBH 15 cm or more and the crown was enough to shade the trunk all day.
There are three main measures to prevent sunburn in Changmang Du Ying:
First, maintain a proper stem height. From 1 1 to 3: 00 pm in summer, the tree crown can shade its trunk to prevent the trunk from being exposed to strong direct sunlight in summer.
Secondly, it is the trunk of landscape trees with proper planting density and mutual lateral shading between crowns;
Third, when the canopy can't shade the trunk, wrap the trunk with straw rope to the lowest branch point to protect the trunk from direct sunlight.