InnerMongoliaAgriculturalScienceAndTechnology

What is the nutritional value of alfalfa and its application in swine production

SUN Zhenquan,

TAN

Ying,<

Li Shuyan,

Wang Xinghe

021000)

(Hailar Animal Husbandry Workstation of Hulunbeier Animal Husbandry Research Institute, Hailar, Inner Mongolia

Abstract

Abstract: The article describes the effect of the utilization of alfalfa in pig rearing and its development prospect through the comprehensive analysis of alfalfa's nutritional composition, which saves food, and broadens the range of pig feed. and broaden the source of hog feed.

Literature identification code:B

Keywords: alfalfa; nutrition; utilization CCTS:S828;S551

10.3969/j.jssn.1007-0907.2009.05.065 Article number:1007-0907(2009)05-0117-02

Alfalfa It is one of the most widely cultivated and important legume forage grasses in the world. Alfalfa has high nutritional value, rich in crude protein, vitamins and minerals, balanced amino acids, good palatability and high digestibility, and is known as the "king of pasture". In recent years, more and more studies show that alfalfa stems and leaves contain more than 50 kinds of nutrients and unknown factors, and it has been proved that alfalfa is rich in high-quality dietary fiber, leaf protein, saponins, flavonoids, alfalfa polysaccharides, alfalfa pigments, phenolic acid and other biologically active ingredients, and its nutrients are richer than those of other plants, and it is known as a universal plant. With developed root system and strong regeneration ability, alfalfa can be fed and grazed during the growing period, and it can be made into hay or silage. According to the alfalfa cultivation and planting conditions and the actual situation of local livestock production, you can use any of the above ways to adapt to local conditions for the comprehensive utilization of alfalfa.

The grass meal feed with excellent palatability and physicochemical properties (Zhang Ziyi, 2000).

2 Application of alfalfa grass meal in swine production

The utilization of alfalfa by pigs mainly relies on colonic microbial fermentation, and the end products of fermented fibers in the pig's large intestine

The end products of fermentation of fibers in the pig's large intestine are volatile fatty acids (VFA mainly acetic, propionic, and butyric acids) as well as H2, CO2, and CH4, of which VFA can provide 5% to 30% of the energy needs of growing pigs. Studies have shown that the pig's large intestine has a high digestibility of some digestible carbohydrates such as pectin and cellulose without the need for enzymes. Feeding alfalfa grass meal to pigs can have some effects on pigs, pigs fed alfalfa diets have increased feed intake and digestive matter passes through the gastrointestinal tract faster, if the proportion of alfalfa is too high, it will reduce the rate of weight gain of pigs, some changes in colonic microorganisms occur when pigs are fed high fiber alfalfa diets. When pigs were fed diets containing 50% alfalfa grass meal, it was found that the number of colonic microorganisms decreased at the beginning and then gradually recovered, with a significant increase in the number of cellulolytic bacteria, in addition to increased secretion of gastric, bile and pancreatic juices when pigs were fed alfalfa. On the other hand,

1 Nutritional composition of alfalfa

Alfalfa is rich in protein, and the content of the early flowering period to the flowering period is generally in

17% to 20%, due to the different origins and varieties, the alfalfa protein content has a large difference.

In general, the crude protein content of alfalfa dry matter is 2.0 to 2.5 times that of whole-grain corn, more than 1/3 that of high-quality soybean meal, and it is a high-quality grass forage as well as forage crop

Kass (1980) reported that increasing the content of alfalfa grass meal in the diet increased the colonic weights of the pigs

somewhat. Further studies showed that feeding high alfalfa grass meal diets resulted in greater relative weights (percent of live body weight) of liver, heart, stomach, and intestines in adult pigs compared to low alfalfa grass meal diets.

1.4 to 3.3 times. Crude fat content was mostly 2% to 3%. Crude fiber and nitrogen-free leachate,

both of which are saccharides, the former mainly exists in the cell wall, which is a structural sugar, and the latter mainly exists in the cell, which is a non-structural sugar. Plant cell wall with alfalfa fertility delay and thickening, crude fiber content increases, especially neutral detergent fiber, flowering before the alfalfa dry matter content of about 30%, flowering that is more than 35%. Crude ash content is generally about 10%, which contains more calcium and less phosphorus, calcium content of about 1.5%, phosphorus content of 0.1% to 0.3%. The calcium content of high-quality alfalfa meal and high-quality alfalfa grass block is 3 to 5 times that of high-quality grass forage, and compared with the main raw material of corn of full-price matched feed, alfalfa contains more calcium, which is 48 times that of the calcium content of whole grain corn.

Alfalfa is rich in vitamins and trace elements. There are iron, copper, manganese, zinc, cobalt and selenium in trace elements which are essential for livestock and poultry, among which iron and manganese content are more (Li Jiyang, 2001), fresh alfalfa contains 180mg/kg of iron and 28.4mg/kg of manganese; sun-dried alfalfa meal contains 230mg/kg of iron and 27mg/kg of manganese (Geng Huazhu, 1995). The iron and selenium content of alfalfa grass meal is high, about 5-10 times higher than the general livestock and poultry needs, which is a better source of iron and selenium. Alfalfa is rich in vitamins, containing 18.8～161.0mg of carotene, 210mg/vitamin C

2.1 The effect of adding alfalfa grass meal to the diet of growing pigs

Studies have shown that the appropriate proportion of alfalfa grass meal can increase the growth performance of pigs, improve the quality of carcasses of pigs

, increase the lean rate of carcasses, and decrease the fat rate and bone rate. Xu Xiangyang

(2006) added 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% alfalfa grass meal to the diets of long x large binary hybrid pigs weighing about 25 kg, and found that: (1) the addition of 5% and 10% alfalfa grass meal was

conducive to the improvement of the weight gain of the growing pigs and the feed conversion ratio, especially the 10% group's daily weight gain, daily feed intake had a significant improvement over the control group, and the feed conversion efficiency was significantly higher than that of the control group. The daily weight gain and daily feed intake of the 10% group improved significantly compared with the control group, and the feed conversion efficiency increased significantly compared with the control group. The above indexes of the 15% and 20% alfalfa grass meal group were lower than that of the control group. (2) After adding alfalfa grass meal, the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and NDF increased. (3)After adding alfalfa grass meal, the content of serum GH, INS and IGF-2 was significantly increased, and the content of T3,

T4 was significantly decreased; with the increase of the level of alfalfa grass meal, the content of blood urea

nitrogen, triglyceride, glucose and cholesterol was decreasing, and the difference of the content of cholesterol was significant when compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: Adding 10% alfalfa grass meal to growing pig diets has a significant improvement on growing pig performance, nutrient digestibility and blood biochemical indexes. Combined with the actual production, it is recommended to add 10% alfalfa grass meal to the growing pig ration. The high energy content of the feed, if the digestible energy is also enough, even if the proportion of crude fiber in the feed varies greatly, there is not much adverse effect on the growing pigs, once alfalfa in the pig diet accounted for too large a proportion of the energy is diluted, will cause pigs to reduce the rate of weight gain. kass (1980) pointed out that alfalfa inhibits the growth of growing pigs, while oats do not have such an effect. A trial of adding 45% alfalfa to the diet of 50 kg body weight pigs resulted in a lower slaughter rate and daily weight gain, but the pigs were leaner and had a higher carcass

kg, vitamin B 5-6 mg/kg, and vitamin K 150-200 mg/kg.

Alfalfa contains a wide range of amino acids needed by animals and is rich in them and of good quality. The complete alfalfa grass meal harvested at full bloom after artificial drying contains lysine 0.74% to 0.78%, which is 5.7 times higher than that of corn seeds. Lysine, aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, and phenylalanine are more in all kinds of alfalfa, but methionine, tyrosine, and histidine are less

(Geng Huazhu, 1995). The content of essential amino acids is relatively balanced, and it is a kind of harmonization with feeding

Date of receipt:2009-08-18

Author's introduction:Sun Zhenquan (1963-), male, Hailar, Inner Mongolia, senior animal husbandry, Bachelor's Degree, the main research direction is the relationship between nutrition and livestock and poultry.

Body quality is not affected. Tests showed that pigs fed with alfalfa were generally lean and had lower slaughter rates, and pigs fed with high levels of alfalfa had more meat in the hind legs, loins and shoulders, and less fat in both the abdomen and back. Adding 10% dehydrated alfalfa grass meal to the diet fed at 10°C resulted in a 3% reduction in backfat thickness in pigs. Trials in many U.S. states

Feeding alfalfa diets to sows found that dry matter, fiber, energy and nitrogen digestibility decreased with increasing alfalfa content, but sow reproductive performance was not affected. Alfalfa grass meal at 25% of the diet

was found to increase feed efficiency by 12% compared to corn-soybean meal type diets.

Zang Weimin (2005) studied the addition of 0g/kg, 40g/kg,

(1953-1955) to the diets of lactating sows, respectively, and showed that growing and fattening pigs with 5% to 15% of high-quality alfalfa

grass meal within the diets resulted in good production performance of growing pigs. Liu Zhengxue (1985) used alfalfa grass meal to replace 12% of the fattening pig diet in the compound, the average daily weight gain of the whole period (20-90kg body weight) of 617-625g, compared with the full-price compound feed control group there is no significant difference between the slaughter rate, the average thickness of the fat is slightly decreased, the rate of lean meat has increased. The test results of Han Donglu (1992) showed that the daily weight gain of fattening pigs in the alfalfa grass meal group was lower than that of the control group, and the difference was significant. Adding alfalfa grass meal should not be higher than 5%. Fang Liming (1993) added 15% and 10% alfalfa grass meal in pig diets, and the results showed that the difference in daily weight gain was not significant compared with the control group, in which the daily weight gain and feed utilization of the 10% grass meal group was slightly better than that of the 15% grass meal group. Liu Baoshan (1994) added 42% alfalfa grass meal to the diet of the experimental group, and the control group used corn-soybean meal type diet, the results showed that the experimental group compared with the control group, the total feed consumption was slightly higher, the weight gain was slightly slower, and the feed-to-meat ratio was slightly higher, but the difference was not significant, and it could save the cost of pig rearing significantly. High school up (1994) in the growth of fattening pig diets were added 5%, 10%, 15% of alfalfa meal test, the results show that the test group's lean meat rate are significantly higher than the control group, the fat rate and the bone rate have been reduced, the meat quality has no adverse effect on the daily gain to add 10% alfalfa grass meal group with the best performance. The test results of Zheng Jiaming (1999) showed that alfalfa, as a high-quality forage in roughage, can reduce concentrate consumption and feeding cost and improve economic benefits under the condition of appropriate addition ratio. The addition proportion of 10% is optimal and cannot exceed 20%. It means that although alfalfa grass quality is excellent, but after all, for roughage, the proportion is too high to affect the digestion and absorption of concentrate feed, but played a side effect.

Alfalfa grass meal can also be used in piglet diets, Hou Shengzhen (2005) reported that piglets fed 2% alfalfa grass meal instead of rapeseed meal, does not affect the daily weight gain of piglets, and with the increase in the amount of alfalfa grass meal added to the piglet diarrhea was significantly reduced. When the proportion of alfalfa meal substitution increased to 4% and 6%, although it can reduce the rate of diarrhea, but the level of digestive energy and protein in the diet is reduced, which will affect the daily weight gain of piglets. Diarrhea in piglets is mainly due to decreased enzyme activity in the digestive tract, decreased immunity to intestinal villi atrophy and crypt hyperplasia, a small amount and high quality of alfalfa grass meal in the cellulose produced butyrate, can protect the physiological structure of the intestine, so that the intestinal tract to maintain a good shape, while the production of volatile fatty acids can also be affected by the absorption of water and inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms to play a role in the antidiarrheal effect (Xi Weibin, 2000).

The effects of 60g/kg, 80g/kg, 100g/kg and 120g/kg alfalfa grass meal on the production performance, serum indexes and milk composition of York meridian sows

and their piglets showed that: (1) the addition of alfalfa grass meal did not have a significant effect on the time interval between weaning and oestrus of the sows (P>

0.05), but significantly increased the number of weaned piglets and the survival rate of lactating piglets (P

Very significantly increased the feed intake of sows during lactation, weaned litter weight of piglets, litter weight gain, weaned average individual body weight, and average individual daily weight gain (P

100 g/kg is preferred. Alfalfa contains isoflavonoids and unknown growth and reproduction factors

which play an irreplaceable role in the improvement of reproductive performance of sows (Cao Yufeng, 2001; Yang Fuyu, 2000).

With the social and economic development, people's living standards improve, the dietary structure of animal protein from the status of side food to the status of staple food transformed (Lv Guixi and Yang Guoyi, 2001), which requires a developed animal husbandry as a guarantee, so that China's feed protein supply and demand for crude protein is a very serious contradiction. Due to the large number of people and little land, people increase land reduction, protein feed annual shortfall will become larger and larger. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Feed Research Institute experts in the analysis of China's feed industry will face the problem that the shortage of feed raw materials will be a long-term structural contradiction, predicted that in

2010, 2020 China's demand for protein feed resources were 60 million t and 72 million t. The future per capita increase in the amount of animal products can only be increased by improving the efficiency of the conversion

and the opening up of The future increase of animal products per capita can only be realized by improving the conversion efficiency

and opening up non-food feed resources and taking the road of food-saving farming (Hu Yaogao,

1996). In terms of yield, alfalfa artificial grassland with a yield of 1000kg/667m2 of hay has a clear advantage in its

protein yield, which is 5.9 times higher than that of soybeans on the same area (yield of 85.03kg in 667m2) (Hu Yaogao,1992). In terms of energy quality, the standard metabolizable energy (SME) content of fresh alfalfa was 9.96 MJ/kg, and that of dehydrated alfalfa was 9.37 MJ/kg, which was 74.14% and 69.78% of the SME content of maize kernels, respectively. Taking the dry matter yield of alfalfa under northern production cultivation conditions as 15t/hm2, the two indexes of standard metabolizable energy (SME) and crude protein (CP) were

87.74% and 2.411 times higher than that of the same area of wheat-maize two-maturing system, respectively, which showed that the energy was basically comparable and the protein was significantly higher (Hu

Yiu Gao 1996). Moreover, the functional proteins produced by alfalfa, which exist in the stems and leaves, can be directly ingested by livestock and are more easily absorbed by livestock than some storage proteins. If alfalfa, a rich protein resource, is utilized scientifically, it can increase the feed utilization rate by 20% to 30% and save 5 to 12 million tons of grain (Zhang Yufa, 1999), and alfalfa can be returned to the field through the belly to provide sufficient organic manure for agriculture. In the process of realizing the future increase in the amount of animal products per capita, alfalfa as a supplementary protein feed will become one of the most profitable and promising feed production industries. The alfalfa industry is also one of the most important ways to solve the shortage of feed protein, to increase livestock and save food, and to develop the livestock industry. References:

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Cao YF, Li

Y, Xia YD. Application technology of alfalfa in livestock and poultry production[J]. Feeding

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Han Donglu,Zhang Xiaojun. Experiment on adding alfalfa grass meal to the diet of fattening pigs[J]. Modernized Agriculture,

2.2 The effect of adding alfalfa grass powder to the diet of sows

Feeding alfalfa to gestating sows has many benefits, it can improve the reproductive

performance of sows; it can increase the fat content of colostrum and standing milk, which is good for the growth and survival of newborn piglets; it can also prevent abnormal behavior, and it can stop the constipation and postpartum nulliparous syndrome at the time of delivery.

Adult piglets can be fed with colostrum.

Adult pigs have 6.7 times more cellulose-degrading bacteria in their large intestines than growing pigs, and gestating sows can utilize diets containing 96% alfalfa without compromising performance. In addition, high-quality alfalfa meal contains (one or more) factors that are beneficial to reproduction and lactation, which can be stored in the pig's body for a long period of time, and this diet that pigs receive during the growth phase affects the ability of these pigs to become pregnant, give birth, and lactate a few months later. It has been noted that the use of various levels of dehydrated alfalfa grass meal in the diets of pregnant sows has little, if any, effect on reproductive performance. Sows fed alfalfa lost weight during gestation, but the number of piglets farrowed and piglet birth weight were not affected. Use of alfalfa containing 5%, 50%, and 95%

1992,(4):21-22.

(continued on page 128)

Breeding. The chamber was sterilized with glutaraldehyde, and then, using 2% Lysol, the inoculation chamber was disinfected. Two people work together and inoculate with an inoculation gun. The inoculation speed depends on the model of the liquid strain cultivator used, generally more than 800 bags / h. The inoculation speed is the same as that of the liquid strain cultivator used in the liquid strain cultivator. Liquid mycorrhizal inoculation after the cultivation of the bag culture time is greatly reduced, generally placed in a suitable environment of about 25 ℃, after 20d or so mycelium can be hair full of bags.

Mold, streptomyces and so on. Be sure to improve environmental hygiene and disinfection of various utensils, put a good sterilization off, do sterilization time is enough, inoculation room, culture room with formaldehyde and Lysol to thoroughly disinfect, strengthen ventilation, such as the discovery of infected bags of fungi immediately remove clean to prevent recontamination.

2.6 Harvest

Mature ear pieces should be harvested around 8 minutes mature, the standard is the ear piece fully expanded to

2.4 Site selection and management after the bag

Should choose well-drained plots of land, east-west direction to do the bed, the bed on the bed of fine sand 3 ~ 5cm, the bed

after the harvest with a razor blade, in the base of the ear to excise. It's a good idea to put it in a dry place to dry out.

The surface must be flat, to ensure that water does not accumulate. The bed is covered with plastic film, and the film is covered with grass curtains. Good bacteria bag, remove the cotton plug, the surface of the three rows, each row of two "V" shaped mouth, and then in the bottom of the bag to cut a "+" shaped mouth, you can also use the nail eye to keep more than 80 holes per bag. Put the bag upside down on the bed, bag to bag row, cultivation 7 ~ 10d, to be scratched at the black fungus buds present (to the same as the roe), re-set the bag beds, bags under the film with a hammer to break. Each put 20 bags/m2 or so, row spacing 15cm, bag spacing 15cm, watering twice a day.

2.7 drying

Black fungus harvested for drying, drying must be a piece of drying, with a net

up and down the ventilation is good, drying a good one-time sun in the middle of the day do not flip, to prevent the ear piece is pressed deformation affects the quality. After promoting the application of liquid strains, the production process no longer use any hormones, fertilizers, pesticides, efficient and safe, green. Not only the production of dried fungus meets the requirements of green products, the production process will not cause any pollution to the environment. It has certain social benefits.

(Responsibility Editor

Dun Huixia)

Paragraph, the introduction of foreign advanced technology and management experience, and seriously do a good job in the absorption of the introduction of the project will play a powerful role in promoting the construction of forestry ecological projects in Yuanzhou District and even in China. References:

[1][2][3][4][5]

Wang Jiuling. China's forestry ecosystem construction [M]. Beijing: People's Daily Press, 2002. Jiang Chunyun. China's Ecological Evolution and Governance Strategies [M]. Beijing:China Agricultural Press, 2005.Chen

Wei. Policy Suggestions on Returning Agricultural Land to Forests [J]. China Forestry,2006,(9A):25.Shao Jixiang. Japan's Forestry Inspiration to Us[J]. China Forestry, 2006,(9A):27-28. Cheng Jimin, Wan Hui'e. Vegetation Construction and Soil and Water Conservation on the Loess Plateau of China [M]. Beijing: China

2.5 Pest control

The main diseases appearing in black fungus are black propylophora mold, root mold, wood mold, Aspergillus, penicillium

(Previously on page 111)

3.7 Strengthening international cooperation, and actively striving for foreign aid

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Forestry ecological construction has no borders, and forestry problems are global and holistic. Soil erosion, desertification, loss of biodiversity and other ecological problems caused by the reduction of forest resources is not only a local disaster, but also an international public nuisance, many donor countries and international organizations have taken the protection of forest resources, combating desertification, maintenance of biodiversity and other areas closely related to forestry as a priority area to give economic and technical assistance. China is one of the countries in the world facing a serious situation in the restoration of forest resources and the protection of biodiversity, and is actively carrying out foreign scientific and technological exchanges and economic cooperation, and is actively striving for foreign assistance and preferential loans

Forestry Publishing House, 2002.(Responsible Editor Wu Yunxia)

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (Previously on page 118) [13] Zang Weimin, Lian Hongxia, Wang Zhengjing, et al. Effects of different levels of alfalfa grass meal on lactating sows and their [5] Hou Shengzhen,Song Yonghong. Influence of adding different percentages of alfalfa grass meal to diets on piglet performance and serum indexes of piglet weight gain[J]. Journal of Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University (since

Effects[J]. Journal of Qinghai University,2005,(23):57-60.

Natural Science Edition),2005,(2):54-59.

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Xi Weibin. Role of crude fiber in swine diets[J]. Pig Raising,2000,(4):11.

Hu Yaogao. Analysis of China's alfalfa industry development strategy[J]. Grassland Science, 1996,(13):44-50. Taking the road of feed protein development focusing on grass production[J]. Grass Science,

[14][15][16][17]

Zhang Yufa. The status and role of alfalfa production in China's agricultural ternary planting structure adjustment[J]. Grass Science,1999,(2):10-12.

Zhang ZY. Feed science in China[M]. Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2000.438-441.Zheng J. M. Alfalfa Grass Powder Feeding. The effect of alfalfa grass meal feeding on meat pigs[J]. Pig Raising,1999,(2):23.

1992,(9):49-53.

[9]Li JY, Hu YG. Alfalfa production and utilization of 100 questions and answers [M]. Beijing:Taihai Publishing House,2001.[10][11][12]

Liu Baoshan,Zhang Fucheng. Report on the experiment of fattening pigs with alfalfa grass meal[J]. Hebei Animal Husbandry,1994,(10):

KassML,SoestPJ,VanPondWG.Utilizationofdietaryfiberfromalfalfabygrowingswine.1. Apparentdigestibilityofdietcomponentsinspecificsegmentsofthegastrointestinaltract[J].JournalofAnimalScience,1980,(50):175-191.

123-124.

Liu Zhengxue,Wang Huaifan. Research on the development and utilization of alfalfa grass meal and modulation technology[J]. China Grassland,1986,(2):15-19.

Xu Xiangyang, Wang Zhengjing, Yang Yuxin, et al. Effects of alfalfa grass meal on production performance and serum

[18]Li Yan. Biological characteristics and development and utilization of alfalfa[J]. Anhui Agricultural Science,

2007,(1):92-93, 136.(Responsible Editor Hou Xuguang)

Effect of indicators[J]. Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University,2006,(2):164-169.

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(continued from page 124) 15~20cm deep circular ditch around 50cm, do not injure the root system when opening the ditch, using furrow application, irrigation when applying stable fertilizer and marsh residue, covering the soil after fertilizer application.

2.4.6 Pest control The main pests and diseases of Schisandra chinensis are leaf blight, root rot, white

powdery mildew, fruit rot, etc. The prevention and control should be in strict accordance with the national regulations of the pharmaceutical varieties, choose the best time for prevention and treatment and the best amount of medication, in order to prevent and treat diseases, reduce the harm, and improve the quality of the effect.

2.4.4 Pruning the branches of Schisandra can be pruned in spring, summer and fall. Spring

shear in the branches before sprouting, mainly cut off the dense fruiting branches and dead branches, cut off the branches sparse and dense, do not interfere with each other; summer shear in early to mid-May to mid- to late August, mainly cut off the basal branches, rift branches, overlapping branches, diseased branches, etc., at the same time, too dense new branches also need to be pruned or cut off short; fall shear in the leaf drop after the main cut off the trailing branches of the summer pruning. Cutting, to select and retain 2 to 3 nutrient branches, as the main branch, and lead the vine on the shelf.

3 Harvesting and processing

Late August to early October after the fruit is ripe, as ripe as picked. Picking should be light

take light put, to ensure the commercial quality of the fruit. Fruit picking, remove fruit stalks and other impurities, placed on the curtain dry or take drying method of drying, drying, the initial room temperature is maintained at

2.4.5 loosening, weeding, soil cultivation fertility period should be in a timely manner to loosen the soil, weeding, keep the soil at 60 ℃, when the fruit is half-dry temperature will be adjusted down to 40 ~ 50 ℃, to eighty percent dry when moved to the room

Outside the solarization to the dry, rubbing off the stalks, pick out the black grains, can be stored in the storage area. Black grains, can be stored.

(Responsibility Editor

Hou Xuguang)

Loose, no weeds, and in the base of the schizandra good tree disk, easy to irrigate. Before winter, cultivate the soil at the base of the plant to protect the five flavor seeds safe overwintering.