Zhuang nationality is the most populous ethnic group in China, mainly living in Guangxi and Wenshan, Yunnan province, and also distributed in Lianshan, Guangdong, Congjiang, Guizhou and Jianghua, Hunan. Most Zhuang costumes are the same as those of the Han nationality, but they are still traditional in rural areas where Zhuang people live in concentrated communities, especially in remote mountainous areas. Most of them are dark blue fabrics that are self-spun, self-woven and self-dyed. Women often wear collarless, left-padded jackets, wide-leg pants or pleated skirts. Zhuang women in Longzhou and Pingxiang in the southwest like to wrap square black handkerchief on their heads, while Zhuang women in the northwest like to embroider and roll edges on their clothes, wear embroidered shoes and wear silver jewelry. Men wear double-breasted collarless shirts and wide-leg pants, and some wrap their heads with cloth. Now young people wear the same clothes as Han people.

In terms of diet, rice and corn are the staple foods, and they like to eat pickled and sour food. Some of them take sashimi as their delicacies. During festivals, they like to make colorful rice or cakes with glutinous rice. In some areas, there are traditional customs of chewing betel nuts and entertaining guests with betel nuts.

Residence: In the past, Zhuang people's houses were mainly "dry-column" buildings (divided into full-column and half-column) and three-bay bungalows with bamboo and wood structures, but in recent years they were gradually replaced by brick houses.

Marriage custom: Before marriage, men and women are free to fall in love. Generally, feelings are established in the form of singing duets, throwing hydrangeas, playing wooden slots, etc. After both parties agree, they will ask the matchmaker to reconcile. In some areas, there is a custom of recruiting husbands to come to the door.

Funeral: Burial is generally carried out in rural areas, and some areas have the custom of stopping coffin burial or reburying after bone examination.

Taboo: No killing on the first day of the first lunar month; Young women in some areas do not eat beef and dog meat; Women are forbidden to visit outsiders within three days after delivery (seven days in some places); Women can't visit other people's homes before the full moon. Zhuang nationality is the most populous ethnic group in China, mainly living in Guangxi and Wenshan, Yunnan province, and also distributed in Lianshan, Guangdong, Congjiang, Guizhou and Jianghua, Hunan. Population15,489,600 (1the fourth population census in 1990).

Zhuang language belongs to Zhuang-Dai branch of Zhuang-Dong language family of Sino-Tibetan language family, which is divided into two dialects: North and South. In the Southern Song Dynasty, "vernacular characters" were created on the basis of Chinese characters, but they were not widely used, and more Chinese characters were used. 1955 created Zhuang language based on Latin alphabet. 1957 1 1 month, the 63rd plenary meeting of the government Council, chaired by Premier Zhou Enlai himself, approved the Zhuang Language Program, ending the history that the Zhuang people did not have their own legal language.

On the basis of concentrating the national folk literature, music, dance and skills, the Zhuang people created Zhuang opera. Tonggu is the most representative folk musical instrument of Zhuang nationality.

Zhuang nationality is called "bump", "boy" and "(child+child)" in the historical records of Song Dynasty. After liberation, it was called "Tong". 19651October 12, approved by the people's Committee of Guangxi Yi Autonomous Region, it was renamed "Zhuang". The Zhuang people have launched peasant uprisings against feudalism and oppression many times, and Jintian Village in Guiping, Guangxi is the place where the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom took place. 19291February to 1932, the Zuoyoujiang Revolutionary Base established in Guangxi contributed to the China Revolution.

Zhuang people are taboo to kill animals on the first day of the first lunar month; Young women in some areas avoid eating beef and dog meat; For the first three days (some for the first seven days), women are forbidden to let outsiders in; Women who have not yet given birth to a full moon are forbidden to visit their homes.

Agriculture is the mainstay of Zhuang nationality, and the well-known Sanqi, Gecko and fennel oil are well-known specialties in Zhuang area. Sugarcane production ranks first in the country. Zhuang people believe in primitive religion, offering sacrifices to their ancestors, and some people believe in Catholicism and Christianity. Famous festivals include the annual "March 3rd" Song Festival. When guests arrive home, they will give them the best accommodation as far as they can, especially for the elderly and new guests. When eating, you must wait for the oldest old man to sit down before you can eat; The younger generation must not eat the dishes that the elders have not moved; When serving tea and rice to elders and guests, you must hold it with both hands, and you can't hand it to your elders in front of the guests or behind your back. Those who finish eating first should say "eat slowly" to their elders and guests one by one before leaving; The younger generation can't eat after the whole table. Old people in Lu Yu should be called "father-in-law" for men and "grandmother" or old lady for women. Lu Yu guests or people with heavy burdens should take the initiative to give way. If they meet with elderly people with heavy burdens, they should take the initiative to help them to take the burden and send them to the parting place.

After liberation, 19521February 9, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region was established in the western half of Guangxi, and 1956 was changed into an autonomous prefecture in the spring. 1On March 5, 958, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region was established with the former Guangxi province as its scope. 1 April 19581day established Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan,1September 26, 1962 established Lianshan Zhuang and Yao Autonomous County in Guangdong.

Daily Eating Habits Zhuang people in most areas are used to eating three meals by solar eclipse, and Zhuang people in a few areas also eat four meals, that is, adding a small meal between lunch and dinner. Breakfast and Chinese food are relatively simple, generally porridge is eaten, dinner is dinner, dry rice is eaten more, and dishes are more abundant. Rice and corn are abundant grains in Zhuang areas and naturally become their staple food. There are many ways to make rice, such as indica rice, japonica rice and glutinous rice. Usually used for cooking, porridge, but also often steamed into rice noodles (similar to noodles, soup food, fried food) to eat, delicious. Japonica rice and glutinous rice can also be soaked into sweet rice wine, that is, mash (the method is the same as that of Han nationality). Rich in nutrition, often eaten in winter, can play a role in keeping out the cold and nourishing. Glutinous rice is often used as Ciba, Zongzi, five-color glutinous rice, etc. It is an essential food for Zhuang festivals. Corn is also different from organic corn and waxy corn. Machine corn is used for porridge and sometimes fried into tortillas. Corn porridge is the most commonly eaten by Zhuang people in the mountains. In some places, there is also the habit of eating pumpkin porridge, that is, first boil the melon and add corn flour to cook it. After the glutinous corn is ground into flour, it can be made into glutinous corn cake, or kneaded into egg-sized dough (which can be filled with sugar, sesame seeds, peanuts and other fillings), then cooked with water and eaten with clear soup, which is equivalent to the Han Lantern Festival, which is beautiful in color and taste. Sweet food is another feature of Zhuang people's food customs. Ciba, five-color rice, crystal buns (a kind of steamed stuffed bun stuffed with diced fat and white sugar) all need sugar, and even corn porridge is often added with sugar. The daily vegetables include green vegetables, melon seedlings, melon leaves, Beijing cabbage (Chinese cabbage), Chinese cabbage, rape, mustard, lettuce, celery, spinach, kale, water spinach, radish, bitter gourd, and even bean leaves, sweet potato leaves, pumpkin seedlings, pumpkin flowers and pea seedlings can also be vegetables. Boiling is the most common, and there is also the habit of pickling vegetables, such as pickled cabbage, sour bamboo shoots, salted radish, kohlrabi and so on. Add lard, salt and chopped green onion when cooking. Zhuang people can't help eating any kind of livestock meat, such as pork, beef, mutton, chicken, duck, goose, etc. In some areas, they also love eating dog meat. Pork is also cooked in whole, then cut into square pieces, and then returned to the pot with seasoning. Zhuang people are used to making fresh chicken, duck, fish and vegetables into 70-80% maturity, and then frying the vegetables in a hot pot and then taking them out of the pot, which can keep the delicious taste of the dishes. Zhuang people also brew rice wine, sweet potato wine and cassava wine, all of which are not too high. Among them, rice wine is the main drink for festivals and hospitality, and some rice wine is called chicken gall wine with chicken offal, chicken offal wine with pig liver. Drink chicken offal wine and pork liver wine in one gulp, and chew the chicken offal and pork liver left in your mouth slowly, which can not only relieve hangover, but also serve as a dish.

Festivals, Etiquette and Food Customs The most solemn festival of the Zhuang people is the Spring Festival, followed by the Ghost Festival on July 15th, the Tomb-sweeping Day on March 3rd, the Mid-Autumn Festival on August 15th, and the Dragon Boat Festival, the Double Ninth Festival, the New Year Tasting, the Winter Solstice, the Cow Soul, the Cooking Stove, etc., which are celebrated almost every month. During the Spring Festival, preparations are usually started after the delivery of the stove on the 23rd day of the twelfth lunar month. The house should be cleaned in a bright and clean way, with 27 pigs slaughtered, 28 packages of zongzi and 29 zanba made. On New Year's Eve, the most distinctive dish is the whole boiled rooster, which is a must for every family. Zhuang people believe that it is not a New Year without chickens. On the first day of the lunar new year, you can drink glutinous rice wine and eat glutinous rice balls (a kind of Lantern Festival without stuffing, with sugar in the water when cooking). After the second day of the lunar new year, you can visit relatives and friends and pay New Year greetings to each other. The food given to each other includes Zanba, Zongzi and rice candy, which lasts until the fifteenth Lantern Festival. In some places, the whole Spring Festival is not over until the thirtieth day of the first month. According to the past custom, March 3rd is the day to visit graves. At that time, every household will send people with colorful glutinous rice and eggs to the ancestral graves to worship and clean the graves, and the elders will preach the ancestral family history and clan rules and have a picnic. There are also folk songs that are very lively. 1940 years later, this tradition has gradually developed into an organized song competition, and the atmosphere is more grand and warm. Other festivals also have their own food customs, such as eating ducks in Zhongyuan, eating zongzi in Dragon Boat Festival, eating rice cakes in Chongyang and so on. Zhuang people's zongzi are divided into rice dumplings (wrapped with soaked glutinous rice) and cake dumplings (soaked glutinous rice is ground into pulp and filtered into "cakes" before being wrapped. "Cabbage", also known as "Bao Sheng Fan", is a popular holiday food in many Zhuang areas on March 3 and April 8 (Cattle Soul Festival). The method is fresh and unique, that is, a small bite of rice is wrapped in the wide tender leaves of "lettuce" and chewed in the mouth. It has a unique flavor.

Zhuang nationality is a hospitable nation. In the past, guests who visited any family in Zhuang village were regarded as guests of the whole village. Often, several families took turns to invite them to dinner, and sometimes five or six families ate a meal. No matter the distant relatives and neighbors come to visit, they should greet them with courtesy and receive them warmly. At ordinary times, we have the habit of visiting each other. For example, if a family kills pigs, we must invite one person from each household in the village to have a meal. Be sure to prepare wine on the table to entertain guests, which will be grand. The custom of toasting is to "drink a cup". In fact, a white porcelain spoon is used instead of a cup. The two scooped a spoonful from each wine bowl, exchanged drinks with each other, and looked at each other sincerely. Weddings, funerals and weddings, building houses, and children's full moon, one-year-old and other red and white weddings, all should be set up and drunk. Generally, there are 8 or 10 dishes such as braised pork, rice flour meat, boiled white meat, pork liver, boiled chicken, roast suckling pig, tofu balls, fried paste (processed with oily tofu), bamboo shoots and raw fish. Men and women are divided into seats, but generally they are not ranked, and they can sit at the same table regardless of their seniority. And according to the rules, even a nursing baby is counted as one when he sits at the table, and a dish is kept by his parents, wrapped in clean broad leaves and taken home, which means equal treatment. Every time a dish is picked up, the host of a table will pick up the best dish and send it to the guests' dishes, and then others can eat chopsticks. Most funeral banquets of Zhuang nationality are vegetarian dishes, and meat can only be eaten after the funeral.

In the past, the Zhuang people believed in polytheism, worshipped nature and believed that everything was animistic. If there was a towering tree in the village, it was often regarded as the patron saint of the whole village and worshipped. Anyone who was seriously ill must go to the tree to burn incense and paper and pray for blessing. There is a cliff dragon cave behind the village, which is also considered as the holy land of apparition or the habitat of ghosts and gods, and often goes to burn incense to cross over and sacrifice ghosts to eliminate disasters. More is to offer sacrifices to the land gods. Almost every village in Zhuang area has set up a land temple at the foot of the mountain not far from the village. Whenever pigs are killed on holidays or at ordinary times, they have to go there with the whole boiled pig head. If they are roast pigs, they will carry the whole pig to worship. Family gods must be sacrificed at every festival, and offerings such as wine, meat and whole chicken can only be eaten after the sacrifice. The biggest festival in a year is the Mid-Autumn Festival on the 15th day of the seventh lunar month. During the Mid-Autumn Festival, every family will kill chickens and ducks, steam five-color glutinous rice, and offer sacrifices to ancestors and ghosts in order to avoid disasters. The Festival of the Soul of Cattle is usually held on the day after spring ploughing, and in some places it is held on the eighth day of the fourth lunar month. On this day, each family brought a basket of five-color glutinous rice and a bunch of fresh grass to the cowshed to sacrifice the soul of the cow, and then gave half of the food and fresh grass to the cattle. In the past, Zhuang people in southwest Guangxi wanted to kill chickens and geese, make rice cakes and steam glutinous rice on first frost Festival, and gather at Yuyin Temple for offering sacrifices. According to legend, first frost Festival is a festival to commemorate the heroes who fought against foreign aggression, with a history of more than 360 years.

There are many famous dishes and snacks in the typical food Zhuang nationality, including: ① horseshoe pole, a special food of Zhuang nationality in Wenshan, Yunnan Province, made of glutinous rice with shredded bacon and other seasonings, which is as strong as a horseshoe; (2) Raw fish, which used to be served on Zhuang festivals or entertaining guests; ③ Roasted suckling pig, a famous dish of Zhuang nationality, roasted with piglets; (4) Five-color glutinous rice, also known as flower glutinous rice and colorful glutinous rice, is steamed with high-quality glutinous rice and various plant pigments or edible pigments. It is a traditional seasonal food of the Zhuang (Yao) ethnic group and has a history of hundreds of years. Every holiday, friends and relatives should give each other five-color glutinous rice to show their kindness and respect, wish good luck, happiness, and the finished product has the effects of clearing away heat and toxic materials, invigorating the stomach and strengthening the body; ⑤ Ningming Zhuangzong, a traditional food specially made by Zhuang people during the Spring Festival, is a kind of big zongzi cake cooked with glutinous rice, pork, etc. The zongzi cake in Ningming, Guangxi is the most distinctive, hence the name. Zhuang people living in Yuexiwei and Hurun, Xijing, Guangxi, also have the habit of eating this kind of big zongzi cake every Spring Festival, which is called "Feng Mo Fan" locally. According to legend, the habit of eating rice without wind began in the Northern Song Dynasty and was often made a few days before the Spring Festival. The well-made Ningming Zhuang Zongzi is used to worship ancestors on the first day of the lunar new year; ⑥ Champion firewood, which is made of stewed duck and leeks. ⑦ White-cut dog meat, a famous dish of Zhuang nationality in Guangxi, is cooked with dog meat and mixed with seasonings. When friends get together, sometimes they just rely on this dish to guess fists and drink, so it is nicknamed "one-legged dish" (Zhuang nationality has the habit of eating dog meat); ⑧ Zhuangjia Crispy Chicken, a traditional dish of Zhuang nationality in central Guangxi, is made of chicken as the main raw material and processed after frying. It is a regular dish of Zhuang nationality on holidays and has a history of more than 100 years. Pet-name ruby stewed broken face dog, a traditional dish of Zhuang nationality in Yunnan, is made by stewing broken face dog meat in a casserole over water. Broken-faced dog: also known as a fence and a gray face, the whole body hair is composed of black and white, and the black and white lines on the head are prominent, so it is named a broken-faced dog, which belongs to a small and medium-sized beast in the mountains. Attending "Dragon Pump Sanjia", a traditional dish of Zhuang nationality in northwest Guangxi, is called "Pig Dragon Pump". A cold pot dish is made of pig liver and pork vermicelli with a pig dragon pump. When eating, three pieces of * * * are picked and eaten together, hence the name. It has a history of more than 300 years, and it is a pressing dish for local festive banquets. In addition, there are tofu dishes, which are popular dishes of Zhuang people in Hechi, Guangxi, and also the flavor dishes of Mulao and Maonan people. I hope they can help you and hope to adopt them.