History of Hakkas
The ancestors of Hakkas originated from the Central Plains and migrated to the south from the Central Plains, which is a branch of the Han nationality in the south of China. Because I am in a foreign land, I call myself "Heluolang" because I am attached to my hometown Heluo (Luohe Valley centered on Luoyang). On the one hand, Hakka culture retains the mainstream characteristics of Central Plains culture, on the other hand, it contains the cultural essence of the local ethnic groups. Hakka people often take those talented men as examples, inspire and educate their children and grandchildren, and learn from their predecessors who have made great achievements. Some people say: Where there is the sun, there are China people, and where there are China people, there are Hakkas. Others say: where there is sunshine, there are Hakkas; Where there is a piece of land, Hakkas live in groups, work hard and reproduce. Hakkas are known as "Oriental Jews" because they travel all over the world, emigrate to the world, and there are many successful people in overseas business circles.
The first migration to the south was in Qin Shihuang's time. After Qin Shihuang unified China in 22 1 BC, 600,000 troops were sent to "March to the south" for political and military needs. South of Qin Jun, from the Fujian-Guangdong-Jiangxi border into Jieling (that is, Jieyang Mountain, now in Jieyang County North 150), reaching the boundaries of Xingning and Haifeng counties. In 2 14 BC, Qin Shihuang sent another 500,000 soldiers to "defend Wuling in the south" (now Guangdong and Guangxi). These soldiers have long been "guarding the five ridges and crossing the miscellaneous places." After the death of Qin, two groups of Qin soldiers who went south stayed in the local area and became the first Hakkas.
The second southward migration was in the period of "five random China" in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. At that time, in order to take refuge, some Central Plains residents moved to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi. Later, due to the confrontation between the North and the South, about 960,000 people from the Central Plains moved south to both sides of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Part of the population flows into Gannan, and part of it enters Fujian and Guangdong through Ningdu and Shicheng.
The third southward migration was during the Huang Chao Uprising in the late Tang Dynasty. First, the Anshi Rebellion in the Tang Dynasty brought great disasters to the people and forced a large number of Han people in the Central Plains to flee south. During the Huang Chao Uprising in the late Tang Dynasty, a large number of Han people from the Central Plains fled to Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi. For example, Li Meng, the imperial clan, moved from Chang 'an to Bianliang and then moved to Gubi Township, Ninghua, Fujian. Gushi people, Wang Xu and Wang Chao, responded to the Huang Chao Uprising and led five thousand peasant rebels from Guangzhou and Shouzhou to Jiangxi, resulting in a sharp increase in the population along the border of Fujian and Jiangxi.
The fourth southward migration was during the Southern Song Dynasty and the end of the Song Dynasty. Jin people invaded, built Yan Nan Du, and some officials and scholars moved to Taihu Lake basin. Another part of the gentry or crossed Dagengling in the south and entered Nanxiong, Shixing and Shaozhou; Or along the flood, Kyrgyzstan, Qianzhou, and then from Qianzhou to Tingzhou; Or stay in counties in southern Jiangxi. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the Yuan army went south in a big way, and a large number of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Jiangxi Song people fled from Putian to Chaoshan, the coastal area of Guangdong, to Hainan Island.
The fifth southward migration was in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. At that time, the Hakkas living in southern Jiangxi, eastern Guangdong and northern Guangdong migrated to Sichuan, Hunan, Guangxi, Taiwan, central Guangdong and western Guangdong because of their large population and limited land. This large-scale migration is called "Westward Movement" in the history of Hakka immigrants. Hakka in Sichuan basically originated from this "westward movement". At that time, the population of Sichuan decreased sharply due to war, plague and natural disasters, and the Qing government especially encouraged immigrants to fill Sichuan from Huguang.
The sixth southward migration was during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in the middle of19th century. At that time, in order to avoid war, some Hakkas migrated to South Asia, and some were lured into indentured labor and taken to Malaysia, the United States, Panama, Brazil and other places.
In addition to the above six large-scale relocations to the south, some Han people in the Central Plains also migrated to the south because of droughts and floods, and others settled in the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi because of officials' relegation, business and study tours in previous dynasties. However, not all Han people who moved to the south became Hakkas, and only those from Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi departments and people from this department were called Hakkas.
According to statistics, the Hakkas living in Chinese mainland are mainly distributed in Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian, Sichuan, Hunan, Hubei, Guizhou, Taiwan Province, Hong Kong and Macao, with a total population of over 50 million, accounting for 5% of the Han population. Abroad, Hakkas are mainly distributed in more than 80 countries and regions such as Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore in Southeast Asia, Japan and North Korea in East Asia, the United States, Canada, Brazil in America, Britain, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany and Austria in Europe, with a population of10 million.
Hakka ancestors originally lived in the north, and later moved to the south of the Yangtze River, living in Jiangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Hunan, Taiwan and Qiong provinces, and gradually spread abroad and spread all over the world. Gannan is the first stop for Hakka ancestors to move south, and it is also one of the areas with the largest number of Hakka people living in the most concentrated areas. The origin of the title "Hakka" is related to the migration of Hakka ancestors. As far as their place of residence is concerned, these people are "guests" who moved from other places. It can be said that without migration, there would be no such title as "Hakka".
There are many reasons for Hakka migration. In the early days, it was mainly due to the stress of disasters. Such as brutal war, floods, droughts, insects and other catastrophic natural disasters and the epidemic of plague. Every large-scale war in the history of China has almost caused a great migration of Hakkas. According to historical records, there was a great migration of Hakka ancestors in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Just imagine, in the long years, the "Five Hus and Sixteen Countries" are constantly in flames of war and full of sorrow. Can you survive if you don't escape? It is said that it was at that time that our ancestor Chen left his native land in western Henan and moved to Jiangxi and finally settled in Ganxian. "how much brighter the moonlight is at home!", at first, our ancestors may just want to stay for a while, but they will get used to it gradually. So he built houses, reclaimed fields, raised pigs and cattle, and lived for a long time. From temporary guest residence to permanent home. In this way, it will be a Hakka forever!
It is worth mentioning that there is a special way of migration. It is said that in order to build the Epang Palace, Qin Shihuang drove tens of thousands of "wooden guests" to logging in Gannan to rejuvenate the country, but they stayed there after they were not exhausted. This is probably the earliest ancestor of Hakka people in Gannan.
The process of migration must be difficult and dangerous. Help the old and bring the young, travel across mountains and rivers, and settle down in a strange place. Hakka ancestors cut through thorns and overcome obstacles, "opening roads on every mountain and bridging bridges when encountering water". They finally survived, forming a thriving ethnic group with tens of millions of people today.
The last procedure of migration is to build a house and settle down. A Hakka elder said: "The most important thing to settle down is to determine the location of the housing field. How to decide? It depends on feng shui. This geomantic omen is not the geomantic omen that Mr. Geography talks about superstition. Mainly take sunshine, look at the wind direction, be close to the water source, be close to the hard mountain and choose the highland. It is an ideal choice to sit facing south, facing the sun and leeward, with firewood near the water and wide vision. "
People often admire Hakka people for their diligence, courage, perseverance and wit. As a clan group, Hakka naturally experienced social reality and production reality in a more diverse and deeper level than other groups because of the long-distance migration of ancestors for generations, and it was bound to be tempered and nourished more and accumulated more experience in dealing with the relationship with nature and social interpersonal relationships. Therefore, there have been a large number of politicians, scientists, writers and entrepreneurs in the Hakka community ...
There are many theories about the origin of Hakka, the main ones are the theory of Hakka Central Plains and the theory of Hakka aborigines. The theory of Hakka Central Plains holds that the main body of Hakka is immigrants from the Central Plains, while the theory of Hakka aborigines holds that "the Hakka * * * is the same body produced by the amalgamation of the Han people who moved south and the ancient Vietnamese immigrants in the triangle area of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, and its main body is the ancient Vietnamese people living in this land, not a few Central Plains people living in this area". From the Song Dynasty, the Han people in the Central Plains moved southward in a large scale, and arrived in Meizhou through southern Jiangxi and western Fujian, and finally formed a relatively mature and stable Hakka family. Since then, the Hakkas have taken Meizhou as their base and moved abroad in large numbers to the whole country and even all over the world. The "three Hakka States" are Jiaying, Ganzhou and Tingzhou.
When it comes to Hakka, the most famous is their tulou. If you search for Hakka on the Internet, there will be many entries about tulou at the same time. If you are a stamp collector, you should have noticed that one of the Fujian folk houses in the set of stamps of China folk houses is the Hakka earth building. Because most of the Hakkas lived in remote mountainous areas or deep forests, at that time, not only building materials were scarce, wolves, tigers, leopards and thieves were noisy, but also they were afraid of being harassed by local people, so Hakkas built a "defensive" castle-style building house like a tulou. In Fujian, earth buildings are divided into square earth buildings and round earth buildings, while round buildings are relatively rare.
There is a joke about earth buildings. It is said that in the 1960s and 1970s, American spy satellites took photos of China, and they were surprised to find that there were many unknown large buildings, round or square, distributed in the mountainous areas of Fujian Province. After analysis, they were considered as "missile launching bases", and China's military strength should not be underestimated. It was not until the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States that Americans realized that the so-called "missile launching bases" were actually typical Hakka houses-tulou.
Of course, Hakka tofu is also very famous. The most famous tofu in China: Hakka stuffed tofu, Sichuan Mapo tofu and Hunan stinky tofu. The latter two can only be regarded as side dishes and snacks. Only Hakka people upgrade tofu into a big dish and a main course. Even their songs about new houses have tofu, for example, one sings like this:
Newly bought millstones, round bells,
Buy ground soybean milk with all my heart,
In the middle of the night, grinding bean curd,
Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah.
One: Hakka origin
Hakka is a huge ethnic group of Han nationality in China, with a long history and a large number of people. According to the data, there are 55 million Hakkas, including about 45 million in China. Most of them live in some Asian countries, including about1250,000 in Malaysia, about 4 million in Indonesia, about 500,000 in Thailand and about 300,000 in Vietnam.
Hakka ancestors came from the Central Plains. It was because of the large-scale direct migration from the Central Plains in the past dynasties, or moved in, or lived in official positions, relegation, business and other reasons. Its ancestors migrated in the following periods:
(A) Qin and Han Dynasties unified China, and Central Plains immigrants began to move south.
1, in the 25th year of Qin Shihuang (222 BC), Qin Jun 600,000 destroyed Chu, the "king of conquering hundreds of places in the south", and Qin Jun, who gathered the water of Yugan, set up Minzhong County in 22 1 BC, that is, divided his troops and went south, and entered Jieling from the border of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, that is, Jieyang Mountain, now 150 miles north of Jieyang County, and reached Xingning and Haifeng directly.
2. In the thirty-third year of Qin Shihuang, 500,000 people guarded the Five Ridges, that is, Zhao Tuo "defended the Yue with his soldiers". From this point of view, there are two Qin Jun garrisons on the border of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, one is the border of Nanye, and the other is Jieling.
3. In the thirty-fourth year of Qin Shihuang, Zhao Tuo built a city in Erli, across the river, to control the martial waters, and built a city of ten thousand people in Zhongshu Mountain. Zhao Tuo built a city in Longchuan again. The number of these builders is unknown, but those who migrated to the northern border counties during the same period can be tested, ranging from 30 thousand to 50 thousand.
4. In the thirty-sixth year of Qin Shihuang, it was estimated that the immigrants stationed by Qin in Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi accounted for more than one third of the local population.
5. In the fifth year of Emperor Yuan Ding of the Han Dynasty (1 15 BC), a large number of soldiers from the Central Plains were stationed in the south of Lingnan, and they were stationed in counties and military centers.
6. In the first year of the Han Dynasty (BC 1 10), all the people from Fujian and Jieyang (Chaogu and Meigu were the places where Fujian and Vietnam crossed) moved away, leaving only the descendants of the immigrants from Qinzhong County. This shows that since then, the residents in the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi have been mainly immigrants from the Central Plains.
(2) During the period from Jian 'an in the late Han Dynasty to Yongjia in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, people in the Central Plains took refuge, and some people moved into the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the people of the Central Plains took refuge in Jiaozhou, which once set off a climax, and the southward migration mainly came from the sea route.
During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, when the North and the South confronted each other, the people of the Central Plains once again moved to the south on a large scale, with a population of about 960,000. Most of them settled on both sides of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, some of them entered the south of Jiangxi, and some of them entered the border counties of Fujian and Guangdong through Ningdu and Shicheng.
On the occasion of Yongjia, the gentry of the Central Plains flowed into Fujian.
(3) The Anshi Rebellion and the war disaster in the Tang Dynasty brought great disasters to the people, and a large number of people in the Central Plains fled south.
(4) During the Huang Chao Uprising in the late Tang Dynasty, people from the Central Plains fled to Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi in large numbers. For example, Li Meng, the imperial clan, moved from Chang 'an to Bianliang and then moved to Gubi Township, Ninghua, Fujian. Gushi people, Wang Xu and Wang Chao, responded to the Huang Chao Uprising and led five thousand peasant rebels from Guangzhou and Shouzhou to Jiangxi. From the end of the Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, the population of Fujian and Jiangxi provinces surged.
(5) During the Southern Song Dynasty and the end of the Song Dynasty, a large number of people from the Central Plains fled to central Guangdong and the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi.
When Jian Yan crossed the south, some officials and scholars moved to Hangzhou, Xiusu, Suzhou, Changzhou and Lake, that is, Taihu Lake Basin. The other part, and most of them, followed the Emperor Tai Long along Hongzhou, Jizhou and Qianzhou, and the Emperor Tai returned to Lin 'an. These scholars did not follow the conditions of the queen mother, and they could not return to the north, so some of them crossed Dagengling in the south and entered Nanxiong, Shixing and Shaozhou. Part of it entered Tingzhou from Qianzhou. Some of them are stranded in counties in southern Jiangxi.
At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the Yuan army went south in a big way, and a large number of Song people from Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Jiangxi fled from Putian to Chaoshan, the coastal area of Guangdong, to Hainan Island.
(6) In addition to the large-scale southward migration due to the above-mentioned war, the people of the Central Plains fled to the south due to drought and floods, and some officials, relegated, engaged in business and studied in the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi.
From the above historical data, Hakka ancestors mainly came from the Han nationality in the Central Plains. In the process of the formation of Hakka clan, the southern minority groups such as She, Yao, Dan and Muke have been continuously melted and absorbed, and the Hakka team has been strengthened.
Two: Hakka etiquette, customs
(A) the traditional marriage customs
Matchmaker In the past, young Hakka men and women could ask matchmakers to introduce their marriages after they were sixteen. Generally, the male parents entrust the media to the female family, and some female families ask the matchmaker to visit the male family first.
Look at the sister. The two men and women talk through the central media. If both sides are interested, they will agree to "see the sister".
After both parties agree to write Geng Tie, they should tell each other about birthdates. After returning, please ask fortune tellers to "match the eight characters". If the eight characters hit it off and don't collide with each other, write a Geng Tie (a common name wedding list) and put it on the incense table. If there is no ominous sign within three days, the marriage will be settled (if the eight characters don't match, the man will return the Geng Tie to the woman's home).
Making up a red list is also called "opening a red wedding post", or talking about a bride price. The man's parents, clan relatives and matchmaker go to the woman's house together to draw out the bride price that the man wants to give to the woman's house. Some of the red lists should also include gifts for husbands, such as hats, silver flowers, clothes, shoes, socks and so on. In the process of opening a red bill, both parties will bargain and finally finalize it through negotiation. After the red list is opened, both men and women will exchange tokens such as rings and handkerchiefs. Finally, the man came to the woman's house and went back after lunch.
The betrothal is also called "big tie", that is, the marriage is formally confirmed again. Young men and their parents are going to the women's house to send pig heads, fish, meat, etc., and the woman's parents, brothers and sisters-in-law, uncles and grandparents are all going to appear. After lunch, the girls will come out to meet, calling the male parents parents parents, and the two parents call each other in-laws and mothers.
Housekeeping means that the woman goes to the man to see the family, some before the "big tie" and some after the "big tie". Except for girls and their parents, the woman's aunt and sisters will go, and more than a dozen people, large and small, will not take gifts, even if they bring a little, the man will not dare to pick it up.
After the date of marriage is set, the man should ask the fortune teller to choose the date of going home, including the date and time when the bride goes out and the time when she returns home. In addition, the date when the woman cuts the red dress and the man makes the bed should also be chosen at the same time.
One or two days after the bride delivers vegetables and carries a dowry, the man's family should ask the clan to send the dowry and fish, meat, poultry, noodles and other things stipulated in the red list to the woman's family, and bring the dowry and furniture back to the man's family when they come back.
Greeting a bride is also called receiving a bride or going through the door. On the day before the wedding, the man's family will go to the woman's house to pick up relatives, including a drummer band, firecrackers, sedan chairs, incense burners (going to the woman's ancestral temple, temples and social workers to burn incense), a bearer, a guide chicken (a male and a female) at one end, wine and Song Ming at the other end, and a woman will bring the clothes worn by the bride and a wooden basket.
After the bride's family arrives, they eat snacks first, and then the bride's family takes them to the ancestral temple to burn incense and worship their ancestors. At noon or in the evening, the woman's family will hold a banquet to treat them.
The bride usually leaves in the middle of the night or at midnight. The more she walks, the brighter it gets, which symbolizes that she is moving towards the light. If she goes out at night, she will not encounter unlucky things such as carrying coffins. In front of the wedding procession are lanterns, followed by drummers, sedan chairs in the middle, and people who receive the wedding ceremony behind them.
When the bride arrives at the man's house, if it is not yet the prescribed entry time, she must wait at the gate or at the house next to the door. Introduction is usually at seven or eight o'clock in the morning or eight or nine o'clock, and some even have to wait until noon. At the time of entry, the bride will kick the door of the sedan chair, and the man's maid of honor will lead the bride out of the sedan chair, and then "cross the fire" at the gate, and the bride will cross the fire with fir branches before entering the gate.
After the bride entered the hall with the sound of drum music, she began to worship the bride. The hall is decorated with incense tables, with parents and elders in the east, consorts in the west, relatives in the north and juniors in the south. Before meeting the bride, my husband will hang red on the groom and put a five-foot red cloth over him.
I read aloud: "I have five feet of red in my hand, and I am dedicated to playing the groom, so that the groom will have a son, and the son will be the first scholar." When paying homage to the church, the groom stood on the left and the bride stood on the right. Li Sheng called: one worships heaven and earth, the other worships ancestors, the third worships Gaotang, and the four couples worship each other.
Finally, relatives meet and give the bride a red envelope. After the ceremony, the bridesmaid led the bride into the new house with red roses, and the bride and groom sprinkled wedding candy from the door of the house to the hall with firecrackers. Then the bride and groom have a toast. The maid of honor held a chicken on a tray and said while drinking: "Round and round, the walls are connected with beads", "Goddess of mercy gives birth to your son early"; Husband and wife make up, grow old together. (This etiquette is not common in Meizhou, and it has been replaced by modern wedding mode.)
Hold a banquet at noon, eat a wedding banquet, invite guests with loud guns, once every half hour, and let the banquet ring three times when it begins to sit. Then, the gift students sign up for the table, and two people attend the table. According to seniority and closeness, they are arranged to sit at the table first, and then others will sit at the table casually. Male and female guests are seated separately, and the bride and groom are going to propose a toast.
A noisy room is noisy in the lobby, a noisy room in the new house, and a noisy room in the lobby first and then in the new house. During the noisy period, firecrackers are set off every few minutes until midnight.
Back door is also called "turnstile". Generally speaking, on the third or fifth day after marriage, the woman sends the bride's sisters and other harem to invite the bride and groom to be guests together, and the matchmaker and the bride and groom's sisters also go with them, ***7- 14 people, have lunch and come back the same day.
Send the full moon one month after the wedding, the bride's family will come to send the full moon, and at the same time send chickens, vegetables, seeds, seeds, beans, etc., indicating that the grain is abundant and the wealth is prosperous.
(2) Traditional festive customs
1. Birth etiquette
It marks the celebration and blessing of a person's birth and is the beginning etiquette in life.
When a married daughter is pregnant and about to give birth, it is usually one or twenty days before the baby is born. The mother's family will come to her daughter's house with chicken, eggs, noodles and dried noodles to "give birth", which means wishing her a safe birth. If the mother is gone, the sister-in-law will give birth and give a banquet at noon.
After the baby is born, the son-in-law will take chicken, eggs and rice wine (some with dozens of pounds) to Yue's house to report the good news, and the grandmother's house will invite guests, and all relatives and friends will attend to express their congratulations. Grandpa and grandma will give back chickens and red eggs.
To be a child of three dynasties is to be a child of three dynasties. Give the child a bath first and invite the midwife to eat. Grandma will send a rooster, eggs, noodles, glutinous rice flour and so on. To make "three dynasties wine", banquet for grandma and in-laws. In some places, red eggs are also sent to relatives and friends, who will send back chickens, eggs, noodles and other things before the full moon.
When a baby with a full moon is born for one month, it is necessary to have a "full moon". Grandma will send a rooster (many places send big capons) and eggs, as well as clothes, quilts, hats, collars, windbreakers, skirts, silver bracelets and braces for the baby. Female relatives such as uncles, aunts and aunts usually send small hens, eggs, clothes, cloth and so on.
One hundred days after the birth of a child 100 days, we should also celebrate. On this day, grandpa and uncle of the female family will celebrate with roosters, and other relatives usually give red envelopes to babies.
When a one-year-old child is born one year old, it is necessary to be a "week" to celebrate the child's "week". The first birthday is more grand than the full moon, and more guests come to celebrate.
2. Adult etiquette
Hakka's adult etiquette can be divided into two types: male and female. The male's adult etiquette is called "crown ceremony" and the female's adult etiquette is called "gift". (It seems that there is no such etiquette now, at least in my place (Meizhou, the world's guest capital).)
3. Birthday etiquette
Birthday-making Hakkas, like the customs everywhere, have a small birthday every year and a big birthday every ten years, but big birthdays are more common. From the age of ten, it can be called a birthday, and it will last until you are forty or fifty, and when you are over sixty. You should eat noodles and poached eggs for your birthday, indicating that you will live a hundred years. (This custom has also been simplified, and only birthday: over 60 years old)
Birthday birthday, the married daughter will send a big rooster, but also a shroud, a birthday hat, a birthday cake, a birthday shoe and a birthday sock, a whole set from head to toe. The father will celebrate his birthday, and at the same time, he will also send a whole set to his mother. In addition, he will also send a birthday shaft, a happy cannon, a birthday candle, a rooster, a birthday peach, a birthday noodle, a birthday cake, a birthday wine and a birthday meat. Other people come to celebrate their birthdays. Generally, relatives and friends send birthday greetings, birthday couplets, or gifts.
In many places, birthday ceremonies are held for the elderly who are over 70 years old, have many descendants and have a good family.
Hakkas' birthdays and birthdays are gifts given by insiders themselves, and congratulations are given at home, first and then invited; In addition to in-laws and close friends, invitations are sent, and invitations are not invited.
4. Building a house and moving to a new house
Hakka people regard building and moving to a new house as one of the major celebrations, which should be celebrated grandly.
When building a house, please ask Mr. Kan Yu to determine the location of the house and the orientation of the door. When the vertical column is on the beam, you should decorate it with lanterns and paste red couplets. After the new house is completed, it is necessary to "exorcise evil spirits" and "remove evil spirits" the night before entering the house before moving in.
When you move into a new house, you should bring lanterns (or oil lamps), fire cages, scales, etc. into the house, and you should also bring a nest of chickens and steam them into the new house to show that the newcomers are prosperous and full of joy. When you move to a new house, you should hold a "house wine" to entertain relatives and friends, house builders and helpers. There should be leeks, tofu, pig intestines, pig blood and rice cakes in the dishes, indicating a long time and a high fortune.
(C) Hakka wine customs
Hakka people are very hospitable. Whenever relatives and friends come, they like to treat each other with home-brewed rice wine, which is also called "water wine". If it is the wine extracted from the first altar, it is called "Jiuniang". This kind of "wine girl" is delicious, although the degree is not high, but it has great stamina and is easy to intoxicate. When they drink, they pay great attention to etiquette.
Hakka people like to use a square table, commonly known as the "Eight Immortals Table", a wooden table for eight people to sit together. When seated, they attach great importance to the arrangement of seats, and generally sit down according to the pecking order of relatives and friends. The size of the banquet room is arranged in this way. For example, there is only one table in the main hall. At this time, the left side facing the gate is the first, and the right side is the second. Then from left to right, interspersed with preface, the right side facing the main hall is the smallest. If two tables are arranged, at this time, the table on the left is large, the table on the right is small, and the seats are staggered. If three tables are arranged, it is called a "first-class seat". In this case, the chief is respected. If five tables are arranged, they are usually arranged as "plum blossom seats".
The first time you pour wine (also called wine screening) between banquets, you pour wine in order of seniority, and then you pour wine for yourself. After the wine is poured, the hip flask mouth should not be directed at the guests, but at yourself, otherwise it is impolite. When toasting, the toaster should stand up, press his chest with his left hand (to show respect and sincerity), raise a glass with his right hand to say a few auspicious words, and drink first to show respect. If someone is late, they will be fined 1-3 drinks depending on the situation, and half a cup for women. If you leave, you have to drink 1-3 cups before you can leave.
When drinking, Hakka people have the custom of guessing boxing to add to the fun and excitement at various banquet occasions, whether vulgar, elegant, simple or complicated. There are also some rules when guessing boxing. For example, you can't play with your thumb, middle finger and forefinger at three o'clock. For a while, the thumb should be sideways and not upturned. When playing the second game, if you use your thumb and forefinger, you should shoot sideways. You can't point your forefinger at the other side like a light mauser gun to show politeness.
Hakkas' drinking orders are rich in knowledge. The number of guessing fists is from zero to ten, and if the total number of fingers made by both sides is guessed, it is the winner. If both parties guess correctly or fail to guess correctly at the same time, they also use the "four-character" name, for example, when guessing "one", it is called "one product is promoted"; When guessing "two", it is called "two families are reconciled"; When guessing "three", it is called "Samsung is shining high"; When guessing "four", it is called "getting rich in four seasons"; When guessing "five", it is called "five sons get into the exam"; When guessing "six", it is called "six six goes well"; When guessing "seven", it is called "seven clever maps"; When guessing "Eight", it is called "Eight Immortals Celebrating their Birthdays"; When guessing "nine", it is called "nine long"; When you guess "ten", it is called "perfect". So it's auspicious words.
When drinking and guessing boxing, three glasses of wine are usually used as a group. The loser drinks, and after three glasses of wine, he will pass the test. If the afterglow is not over, you can come to another group or groups. If you need to ask someone to replace boxing and wine, you should negotiate with the other party and get the consent of the other party. In addition to guessing fists and fighting for wine, there are also hand-pointing numbers for fighting for wine. The practice is to designate one person as the head at the dinner. According to the total number of fingers given by everyone, whoever counts will have a drink. For example, if everyone gives a finger of six, the drinker will be the sixth. In addition, there are also "turning spoons" to fight for wine. A spoon is placed in the table, and one person turns the spoon. When the spoon stops turning, whoever the handle of the spoon points to will have a drink. In addition to "guessing singles and doubles", put one or two coins in the palm of your hand to let others guess singles and doubles, and the loser drinks.
Hakkas have a variety of wine orders, and educated people like "word orders" (including local specialty orders, agricultural proverbs orders, etc.), "poetry orders", and "general orders" (most of them are ingenious and involve interest, which makes people laugh. ), including guessing. Hakkas like to use wine rules and regulations, an entertainment game loved by the masses, to increase their spirits and eliminate loneliness and drowsiness until they are drunk.