Please attach the relevant article, and then help you answer.

Common rhetorical devices are: metaphor, simile (divided into anthropomorphism, anthropomorphism), borrowing, hyperbole, couplets, prose, questioning, rhetorical questioning (also known as questioning, cross-examination, cross-examination), quoting, antithesis, contrast, repetition, pun, association, top truth, empathy, intertextual, back to the loop, empathy, call out and so on.

1. Simile:

It is a rhetorical method of using a concrete, superficial and familiar thing or situation to illustrate another abstract, profound and rustic thing or situation.

Simile consists of three parts: 〈1〉body, 〈2〉metaphor, and 〈3〉simile

(The biggest difference between simile and metonymy is that simile contains a metaphor, and metonymy does not.)

Role: to express the content of the vivid and concrete image, to give a person a clear and deep impression, according to the similarity of things, with specific, shallow, common things on the esoteric things to explain, that is, to play the analogy, to help a person in-depth understanding. (There are similarities between things)

Metaphor is divided into three forms: explicit, implicit and borrowed. The form of explicit metaphor can be abbreviated as follows: A (the body) such as (metaphor: like, like, if, as if, as if, as if) B (metaphor). The form of the implicit metaphor can be abbreviated as follows: A is (Metonymy: to become, to turn into, to become, to take as, to be made into) B. The explicit metaphors are similar in form, while the implicit metaphors are conjunctive. Borrowed metaphors: only the metaphor appears, the body and the metaphor do not appear. Such as: the bird of prey know the will of the great swan! See the table below:

Category Feature Ontology Metaphor Metaphor Example

Metaphor A is like B. Like, as if, as if, as if, as if, as if, as if That little girl is like a flower.

Concealed Metaphor A is B appears is, becomes appears That thick and verdant landscape is simply a painting of green mountains and green water.

Borrowed Metaphors A is in place of B does not appear No appears The ground shoots up countless arrows, and thousands of waterfalls fall from the roofs of the houses.

Example sentence: The whole thing is an ethereal blue crystal. --Lao She, "Winter in Jinan"

2. Comparison:

With the help of rich imagination, write about things as if they were people, or people as if they were things, or write about things as if they were things.

Role: can inspire the reader to imagine, make the article more vivid.

Comparison is divided into anthropomorphism and anthropomorphism

(1) Anthropomorphism:

Writing things as if they were human beings, giving them human actions, behaviors, thoughts, feelings, and activities, and describing them with the words used for describing human beings.

Function: to write beasts, birds, insects, flowers, plants, trees or other inanimate things as if they were human beings, so as to make the concrete things personified and the language vivid and graphic.

Example sentences:

〈1〉Peach trees, apricot trees, pear trees, you don't let me, I don't let you, are full of flowers to catch a trip. -- "Spring" Zhu Ziqing

〈2〉Flower splashes tears when feeling the time, hate to say goodbye to the bird alarmed. -- "Spring Hope" Du Fu

〈3〉The sun's face is red. -- "Spring" by Zhu Ziqing

(2) Mimicry (borrowing things as a metaphor for people):

1) comparing people to crops, or writing about this object as if it were another object.

Example sentences:

〈1〉The crowd surged in spite of everything.

〈2〉At the hoots and hollers of the crowd, the bully fled with his tail between his legs.

②Write about Thing A as if it were Thing B.

Example sentences:

〈1〉The volcano let out a roar.

〈2〉They saw not far away, beneath the broad, fat lotus leaves, a man's face, the lower half of his body growing in the water. ("Lotus Dian" Sun Li)

3. Borrowing:

Not to directly name the person or thing to be expressed, but to borrow and it is closely related to the person or thing to replace. Types of borrowing: characteristics instead of things, concrete instead of abstract, part instead of the whole, the whole instead of part.

Function: to highlight the essential characteristics of things, enhance the image of language, so that the writing is simple and concise, the language is rich in change and a sense of humor; to attract associations, so that the expression of the image of prominent, distinctive, concrete and vivid effect.

Methods:

①Part for the whole. That is, the representative part of things on behalf of the body of things.

For example: the two sides of the green mountains relative to each other out, a lone sail a piece of the sun. That is, with the borrowed body (people or things) features, signs to replace the name of the body of things.

For example: the round gauge turned back angrily on one side, and rambled on the other side, slowly walking out ...... -- "Hometown"

③ Concrete instead of abstract

For example: the southern beacon is ten years. -- "Three Chapters on the Plum Ridge"

④Instrumental substitutes for ontological.

For example, by the time the season of hibernation and a plow's soil is over, eight out of ten families have already lit up the bottom of their hoards and can't open their pots and pans.

5) Proper name instead of generic name. To replace the name of a thing with the specialized name of a typical person or thing.

For example, if you kill one Li Gongpu, millions of them will stand up! --The Last Lecture

4. Exaggeration:

A rhetorical method of deliberately exaggerating or minimizing the depiction of a thing's image, nature, characteristics, role, degree, etc.

Role: hint at the nature of things, set the mood, strengthen the rendering power, cause associative effect.

(1) Expanded exaggeration: to exaggerate the shape, nature, characteristics, role, degree and so on.

Example sentence: The asphalt road melted in the sun, and even the bronze plaques in front of the stores seemed to melt in the sun.

(2) Narrowing and exaggerating: to narrow down the image, nature, characteristics, function and degree of something.

Example sentence: You can only see a piece of heaven and earth as big as the palm of your hand.

(3)Superlative exaggeration: to describe what appears after as appearing first, and to describe what appears first as appearing after.

Example sentence: she was drunk before she had even reached her glass.

5. Pair:

A pair of phrases or sentences with equal number of words, the same or similar structural form, and symmetrical meaning, arranged symmetrically to express two opposite or similar meanings.

Function: neat and well-proportioned, strong sense of rhythm, highly generalized, easy to remember, musical beauty.

The main way:

〈1〉Positive pair. The upper and lower sentences are similar in meaning, similar, complementary, and contrasting in the form of pairs.

For example: reeds on the wall, head-heavy and shallow roots; bamboo shoots in the mountains, the mouth is sharp, thick skin, empty belly.

〈2〉Opposition. The pairing form in which the upper and lower sentences are opposite or relative in meaning.

For example. The opposite eyebrow is cold to a thousand fingers, and the head is willing to be a child's cow.

〈3〉String pair (running water pair). The meaning of the upper and lower sentences have the relationship of succession, progression, cause and effect, hypothesis, conditions and other forms of couples.

Example sentence: . I only drank the water of the Yangtze River, and then I ate Wuchang fish.

6. Prologue:

Arranging three or more sentences that are similar in structure and length, consistent in tone, and related or identical in meaning.　　

Function: to strengthen the momentum, language atmosphere, so that the rhythm of the article to strengthen the sense of organization, better, more conducive to the expression of strong feelings (or enhance the effect of expression).

Example sentence: Their quality is so pure and noble, their will is so tough and strong, their temperament is so simple and humble, their bosom is so beautiful and broad.

7. Questioning:

In order to attract the attention of others or to highlight what is being said, it is expressed in the form of a question. That is, deliberately ask a question first and then answer it yourself.

Role: to attract attention, inspire the reader to think; help hierarchical, compact structure; can better describe the character's thought activities.

Example sentence: Why is the flower so red? There is its material basis in the first place.

8. Rhetorical questions (provocation, cross-examination, interrogation):

Expressing certainty in the form of a question, using the affirmative form of a rhetorical question to express the negative, using the negative form of a rhetorical question to express the affirmative, only questions are asked and not answered, and the answer is implied in the rhetorical question.

Role: strengthen the tone, thought-provoking, stimulate the reader's feelings, deepen the reader's impression, and enhance the momentum and persuasive power of the text.

Example sentence: what about me, don't I have something to blame?

9. Citation:

Citation of ready-made words (idioms, poems, aphorisms, allusions, etc.) to improve the effect of language expression, divided into two kinds of explicit and implicit citation.

Function: to make the argument conclusive and sufficient to enhance the persuasive power, rich inspiration, and the language is refined, subtle and elegant.

〈1〉Open quote (direct quote).

Example sentence: Confucius said: "Three people, there must be my teacher." Therefore, a disciple need not be like a teacher, and a teacher need not be more virtuous than a disciple.　　

〈2〉暗引(间接引用).

Example sentence: Failure is the mother of success, you must not be discouraged.

10. antithesis:

That is, what is usually called "saying the opposite", with the opposite of the intended meaning of the words or sentences to express the intended meaning, in order to say the opposite way to strengthen the expression of the effect. Some are sarcastic and revealing, while others express intimate and friendly feelings.

E.g.: (Qing students) also have dissolved the braid, coiled flat, except for the cap, the oil can be seen, just like a little girl's hair bun, but also the neck will be twisted a few times, it is really standard.

11. Comparison:

Contrast is to put two different things or two aspects of the same thing, put together to compare each other a rhetoric.

For example: there are those who are alive, who are dead; there are those who are dead, who are still alive. -- "Some People" by Zang Kejia

To use contrast, one must have a deep understanding of the contradictory nature of the thing to be expressed. The two things contrasted, or the two aspects of the same thing, should have a relationship of mutual antagonism, otherwise they cannot constitute a contrast.　　

12. Repetition:

In order to emphasize the meaning of a certain expression of a certain feeling, that is, according to the expression of the need to make the same word or sentence again and again.

〈1〉Continuous repetition (no other words in between).

Example sentence: The valley echoes, he just left, he just left.

〈2〉Interval repetition (with other words in between).

Example sentence: As if the loss of the three provinces, the party state fell more and more like a country, the loss of the three eastern provinces who did not sound, the party state fell more and more like a country.

Function: It is mainly used in poems and plays the role of repeated chanting to express strong emotions. At the same time, the rhetorical device of repetition can also make the format of the poem neat and orderly, but also the ups and downs of the loop, full of linguistic beauty.

13. pun:

The use of words with multiple meanings and homophonic (or near-sound) conditions, intentionally make the statement has a double meaning, the words in this and the meaning of the other, is pun.

Function: can make the language expression implicit, humor, and can deepen the meaning, give a person a deep impression.

〈1〉Harmonic puns.

For example, "I lost my pride in the willow, and the willow soared straight up to the sky." ("Yang" actually refers to Yang Kaihui, and "Liu" actually refers to Liu Zhixun)

"Silkworms are not finished until they die, and wax torches are not dried until they turn to ashes." ("Silk" is the meaning of "thought", as an expression of love between men and women)

〈2〉Phonetic puns.

It is a kind of rhetorical way which intentionally causes words to be used in this way but mean something else according to the condition of multiple meanings of words. This kind of rhetoric is often found in hiatus.

For example:

The dumplings are cooked in a teapot - in the heart of the mouth can not be poured out

The old lady smeared lipstick - to give you some color to see

14. association:

Seeing something, thereby associate something with it, that is, to imagine.

For example, the sun came out and the ground seemed to be on fire.

15. top truth:

Top truth is also known as thimble.

Using the end of the previous text as the beginning of the following, the first and the end of more than two times, so that the neighboring statements or fragments or chapters to pass down to the next, the first and the end of a succession of links, with the symbols expressed in the "ABC, CDE". This rhetorical device, called the top of the real, also known as the thimble or linkage.

The use of the top of the real rhetorical device, not only can make the sentence structure neat, coherent tone, but also can highlight the organic link between things interlocking.

Example sentence:

Friendship is a flower that attracts swarms of butterflies.

Friendship is a butterfly, and the two dance.

Friendship is a dance that brings out the fire of passion.

Friendship is a fire that burns eternally.

Dreams are wings, flying in the eternal blue sky.

Dreams are the sky, covering the vast ocean.

Dreams are the sea, or small boat leisurely.

Dreams are boats, riding the waves at sea.

Love is the wind that rolls in thick clouds;

Love is the clouds that turn into timely rain;

Love is the rain that moisturizes the long-drought trees;

Love is the trees that hold up the green shade for you.

16. Generalization:

The so-called generalization is a rhetorical way of using the psychological phenomenon of mutual traffic of all kinds of senses to describe the expression of another kind of senses by one kind of senses.

Role:The use of the sense can receive the effect of evocative, its expression is irreplaceable. It can transform abstraction into image, so that readers better understand; it can be from this to the other, evoking people's rich associations; it can be unconventional, lively lines; it can be accurately expressed, far-reaching meaning; it can enrich the mood of the poem, constituting a special artistic beauty.　　The most typical example: "The breeze passes by, sending a wisp of fragrance, as if the distant high building remote singing." (Zhu Ziqing, "Moonlight in the Lotus Pond") The fragrance is the sense of smell, the song is the sense of hearing, the author will be two senses of interoperability, that is, for the general sense.　　

Additionally:

"The morning bell is wet outside the clouds" (Du Fu, "Kui Zhou rain wet shall not be made on the shore") to "wet" word to describe the sound of the bell, the sound of the bell heard, through the rain, through the clouds, so "wet", tactile and auditory senses. ", the sense of touch and hearing communicate with each other.

"The sound of the zither is good, lofty as a high mountain, and soupy as flowing water" (Lüshi Chunqiu? This Taste") Listening to the sound of the zither and knowing that one's aspirations are in high mountains and flowing water, hearing and seeing communicate with each other.

17. Intertext:

With repair intertext, also known as mutual rhetoric, is a rhetorical method often used in ancient poetry and literature.　　In ancient texts, the meaning belonging to one sentence (or phrase) is divided into two sentences (or phrases), and the meaning of the upper and lower sentences should be complemented with each other when explaining, that is intertext.

Anciently, it is explained as "to refer to each other as a text, to contain and to see the text." Specifically, it is a form in which the two sentences above and below, or the two parts of a sentence, seem to say one thing each, but in fact they echo each other, elucidate each other, complement each other, and say one thing.

For example:

Qin Shi Ming Yue Han Shi Guan.

The smoke covers the cold water and the moon covers the sand.

Generals die in a hundred battles, strong men return in ten years.

The master dismounted from his horse and the guests boarded the boat, and they raised their wine without any strings.

When reading ancient prose works, it is often easy to overlook some sentences that use intertextual techniques if they are not carefully thought out and savored.

For example:

(1) Smiling sweetly, he confuses Yangcheng and charms Xia Cai. (Song Yu's "Dengtu Zi Lustful Fugue") means, "Her slight smile bewitched all the gentry in Yangcheng and Xia Cai."

(2) Zi Jian recited the documents as if he were reciting from his mouth, while Zhong Xuan lifted his pen as if he were constructing a book. (《文心雕龙？ Shen Si") means, "When Cao Zhi and Wang Ch'ang laid down their paper and took up their pens to write, it was as if they had written it beforehand and memorized it."

(3) Qi and Wei were forced to garrison, and Jing and Han were called up. (Li Hua, "Essay on Hanging Ancient Battlefields") Qi, Wei, Jing (Chu) Han and other Warring States period monarchs recruited soldiers for the purpose of corvée guarding the borders."

(4) The humongous officials come to our township, clamoring to the east and west, co?oing to the north and south. (Liu Zongyuan's "The Snake Catcher's Sayings") means, "Fierce and violent officials come to our village, shouting and clamoring everywhere and harassing the people everywhere." The phrase "east, west, south, north and south" here refers to "everywhere" in general.

(5) Not to be happy with things, not to be sad. (Fan Zhongyan's "The Records of Yueyang Tower") means, "Not to be happy or sad because of the influence of external objects, nor to be happy or sad because of one's personal situation, good or bad."

18. Loop:

You can read it forward or backward, but both are fluent and not incoherent!　

For example:

The water of the pool rings in the pool of ringing water; the gold in the valley of yellow gold.

Foshan Xiang honors Xiangshan Buddha; Wengyuan Milk raises Wengyuan Weng.

Star Island Harbor welcomes the star of Hong Kong Island.

Customer on the natural residence, actually heavenly guest.

People pass by the Great Buddha Temple, the Temple Buddha is bigger than people.

19. empathy:

In order to emphasize some kind of strong feelings, the writer consciously gives some objective things with their own feelings, but in fact does not exist, such a rhetorical device is called empathy.

Using the rhetorical device of empathy, the subjective feelings are firstly moved to the things, and in turn the infected things are used to set off the subjective emotions, so that the things and people are one and the same, which can better express the strong feelings of the human being and play the rhetorical effect.

For example:

①The dew is white from tonight, and the moon is bright in the hometown.

(Du Fu's "Moonlight Night Memories of Sherbrooke")

②The flowers spattered with tears when I feel the time, and the birds startled when I hate to say goodbye.

(Du Fu, "Spring Hope")

3) The clear and merciless, the sadness of the time alone to the east.

(Du Fu's "Twenty Miscellaneous Poems of Qinzhou")

④The traveling palace is sad when it sees the moon,

and the bells break my heart when I hear them in the night rain.

(Bai Juyi's "Song of Long Hate"

⑤Turning to the vermilion pavilion, lowering to the beautiful house, illuminating the sleeplessness, there should be no hatred, why should it be rounded in the direction of the other time? (Su Shi's "Song of Water")

6) The red beans are too much to look at, and the eyes are full of tears of longing.

(Niu Xi Ji's "Sheng Zha Zi")

The meaning of the two lines of the above example is that the dew is especially white from tonight onwards, and the moon is especially bright because it is from the hometown. Why is this so? Because the poet Du Fu experienced the great turmoil of the Anshi Rebellion, in the country's future, personal destiny is constantly being hit, had to abandon his post in the fall of 759 BC to Qinzhou (present-day Tianshui, Gansu Province) guest house. In this cold and desert border town, the poet moved his feelings of missing his hometown to the dew color and moonlight, and in turn used the infected dew color and moonlight to set off the poet's feelings of missing his hometown, so as to make the matter and the person as one, thus better expressing the poet's strong feelings of missing his hometown. The meaning of the two lines in Example 2 is: lamenting the loss of the country, the flowers shed tears of sadness; hating the family's displacement and dispersal, the birds' call stirs the heart of sorrow. Flowers and birds are natural phenomena, there is no human emotion, the poet used the rhetorical technique of empathy, in order to write such touching poems. Example (3) says that the water of the Weihe River only goes east when people are sad; Example (4) says that the moon emits a light that makes people sad, and the bell rings a sound that makes people break their hearts; Example (5) says that the moon emits a light that makes people sad; Example (6) says that the moon emits a light that makes people sad. Example 4 says that the moon emits a light that makes people look sad, and the bell rings a sound that makes people listen to the sound of "broken hearts"; Example 5 says that the moon often becomes round when people part; Example 6 says that the red bean is not a red bean, but a tear of "lovesickness". All of the above examples use the rhetorical device of empathy, moving human feelings to things. In this way, human feelings and things become one, which can better express people's strong feelings.

The difference between empathy and shift is that: empathy is to move the subjective feelings of people to the objective things, and in turn, the objective things infected with set off the subjective emotions, so that things and people as a whole, to be able to express strong feelings more centrally; shift is that A and B are two things related to the original belonging to the description of A things (or people) of the rhetorical language to belong to the things of the B is a kind of words to live in the rhetorical device. In short, the former is "to move human feelings and things"; the latter is "to move the words describing, A things (or people) to describe B things."

The difference between empathy and anthropomorphism is that the former is "to move human feelings and things"; the latter is "to write about things as if they were people".

20. Calling out:

When writing an essay, calling out directly to a person or thing that is not in front of you and talking to him or her is a rhetorical device called calling out.

The use of calling out can increase the lyrical effect and strengthen the infectious force.

Example (1): the rat! The rats! No food for my millet. --Shi Jing. The Fruitful Mouse"

Example (2): Oh my God! Why are you doing this to me?

Example (3): Autumn, I hear you have come.