Planting techniques of vegetables in plastic greenhouse
Before planting, it is necessary to dig deep into the land as soon as possible and let it freeze in the sun, which is conducive to improving the soil and eliminating some germs and pests. Combined with ploughing land, organic fertilizer should be the main base fertilizer. Generally, 5000 kilograms of high-quality organic fertilizer is applied every 667 square meters. On the one hand, a large number of organic fertilizers are used as fertilizers for vegetables, on the other hand, a large amount of carbon dioxide is released through microbial interpretation, thus increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the greenhouse and achieving the purpose of increasing production. In order to prevent excessive growth and diseases, we should pay attention to increasing the application amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, 50 kg of NPK compound fertilizer, 40 kg of phosphate fertilizer and 0/5 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer/KLOC-. 7 ~ 10 days before planting, the plastic film is buckled, with the ridge width of 80 cm, the groove width of 40 cm and the ridge height of 20 cm, and the ridge surface is covered with plastic film to improve the temperature and ground temperature in the shed. Generally, it is better to plant a single plant, and the planting density should not be too dense in principle. Plant1500 ~ 2,500 eggplant per 667 square meters; 2500 ~ 3000 pepper plants and 3500 pepper plants; 2,800 tomatoes; 3600 ~ 4000 cucumbers; 1700 ~ 2000 gourd is more suitable.
Temperature management
Generally, the greenhouse will be closed within 4 ~ 5 days after planting to improve the temperature and humidity and accelerate the delay of seedling emergence. After the seedlings survive, before fruit setting, the greenhouse should be ventilated when the temperature rises above 28 degrees Celsius during the day and closed when the temperature drops to 28 degrees Celsius in the afternoon. In the fruiting period, 32 degrees Celsius is considered as the critical temperature for ventilation and shed closure. The minimum temperature at night is above 16℃, and it is ventilated day and night. Low temperature freezing injury often occurs in early spring. How to prevent it? First, covering with plastic film can significantly increase the ground temperature, reduce the humidity in the shed, and also have a good effect on improving the shed temperature; Second, cover the shed with a small shed, which can increase the temperature by 2 ~ 3 degrees Celsius. Cover the shed with a straw curtain at night for better heat insulation.
water management
The principle of vegetable moisture management in greenhouse is to control watering in the early stage to avoid low temperature and high humidity in greenhouse; Sufficient water supply should be provided during the fruit-bearing period, with sufficient water for planting, less water for promoting seedlings and more water for promoting fruits. On the basis of pouring the bottom water, be sure to pour enough planting water when planting. Generally, we don't water after planting slowly, and only water less when it is dry. If we water it too early, the crops will grow in vain, affecting the results, and even failing to bear fruit seriously, resulting in a large number? Turn melons into fruits? . Only after 70% ~ 80% of crops bear fruit can watering be started. If watering is delayed, it will affect the fruit growth and thus affect the yield. In the normal growing season, the soil should be watered evenly to make the soil have a dry, wet and wet process, which not only meets the needs of crops for water, but also ensures a good ventilation state of the soil. The intuitive indicator is that the land is not covered. White? Watered again.
Fertilization management
Before planting vegetables, only one seedling fertilizer can be lightly applied as appropriate. After picking the fruits, apply compound fertilizer to the ridges and holes, applying 15 kg ~ 20 kg every 667 square meters, and then applying fertilizer every 10 day ~ 15 day. Compound fertilizer and urea are used alternately, each time about 10 kg to 667 square meters. Ammonium bicarbonate should never be used as topdressing. At the same time, it can be combined with spraying pesticides and foliar fertilizers to promote fruit expansion.
control of insect
The main diseases in the early stage of greenhouse are gray mold and soot disease. The prevention and control measures during the growth period are as follows: disinfect the soil of seeds and seedbeds, and even disinfect the soil before planting in greenhouse. 20 g of 25% carbendazim wettable powder was mixed with dry fine soil per square meter 1 kg and sprinkled on the edge of greenhouse. You can also use 0.5 kg of copper sulfate mixed with 100 kg to 150 kg of water to pour the soil. Implement formula fertilization and increase the application amount of phosphorus and potassium. Attention should be paid to ventilation and dehumidification in greenhouse, and plastic film mulching can reduce the harm of soil-borne diseases.
Other management.
In the early stage of growth, the side branches with vigorous growth at the base of plants should be pulled out in time; In the middle and late stage, the thin and weak branches that are too dense in the plant are removed. In the early stage, because of the low night temperature, plants grow too fast and often drop flowers. Spraying anti-falling agent on flowers can protect flowers and fruits. However, herbicides should not be sprayed on leaves, especially on the growth points of buds at the top of plants, so as to avoid phytotoxicity.
Summer management
After entering June, in order to prevent high temperature hazards, the skirt membrane should be removed in time, only the top membrane should be kept, and the greenhouse should be ventilated day and night. Retaining the ceiling film can prevent rain, reduce the temperature and greatly reduce the incidence. Covering the ceiling film with a sunshade net in summer can shade and cool down, which can be reduced by 4 ~ 6 degrees Celsius at the highest.
Planting techniques of vegetables in plastic greenhouses 1. Using high temperature stuffy shed to remove the source of vegetable diseases in plastic greenhouse.
Long-term cultivation of greenhouse vegetables, all kinds of germs and bacteria, especially root-knot nematodes, are increasing. Year after year, diseases and insect pests become more and more serious, and the income decreases year by year, even causing great economic losses. Many vegetable farmers are at a loss and blindly adopt pesticide control, which not only increases the planting cost, but also produces toxic vegetables. In order to solve this problem, a wonderful trick of high temperature stuffy shed is specially made for you, and it is recommended that the majority of vegetable farmers give it a try.
The best time for high-temperature stuffy shed is July 20th every year? During August 10, the temperature is the highest and the effect is the best, and it is also the stage of changing seasons. The specific method is divided into three steps. First, check the damage of the greenhouse film. If it is damaged, it must be sealed. Second, with the help of pesticides, two people must operate at the same time. One person sprinkled 500 grams of dichlorvos on the soil surface of the greenhouse evenly, and the other lit 3? Four small haystacks sprinkled with sulfur powder. The third is to seal the greenhouse, so that the temperature in the greenhouse reaches above 70 degrees, the soil temperature reaches above 60 degrees, and the sealing time is half a day. All kinds of germs, bacteria and root-knot nematodes in the greenhouse can be completely eliminated through high temperature stuffy shed. For example, root-knot nematodes in greenhouses can be eliminated as long as the temperature rises to 55? It can be killed in 8 minutes at 58 degrees, laying a good foundation for planting vegetables in the next year.
Second, use geothermal nutrition bowl to raise seedlings to ensure the success of raising seedlings in winter.
Cultivation of greenhouse vegetables in early spring requires seedling raising in winter. Winter in our county is the coldest season, and the sunshine is insufficient, so it is difficult to raise the temperature in the shed. The low ground temperature can't satisfy the root growth of vegetable seedlings, even the root rot, so it is especially difficult to raise seedlings. Many vegetable farmers missed the high price of vegetables and low economic benefits because of unsuccessful seedling raising, and lost confidence in growing vegetables in greenhouses. ? Successful seedling raising, income? Become a sentimental greenhouse vegetable farmer. Few people in our town can successfully raise seedlings in winter, and it is difficult for most vegetable farmers to succeed. In order to solve this problem, I specially made a coup, hotline and nutrition bowl for you to successfully raise seedlings.
The practice of cultivating greenhouse vegetables in early spring proves that there are only two kinds of cultivated varieties with the most economic value, namely tomatoes and cucumbers. Tomato seedling time is 10 from the end of the first year to the beginning of winter, and the growth period on the seedbed must be more than 50 days. Cucumber seedling time is from the end of winter to the beginning of twelfth month in the first year, and the seedbed growth period is about 40 days. The specific practice of geothermal hotline and nutrition bowl seedling cultivation is divided into six steps. One is seed selection and scalding. Many pathogens are the primary infection sources of plant diseases, such as cucumber wilt, bacterial angular leaf spot, anthracnose and scab. Bacteria spread by seeds are the main source of infection. Vegetable farmers must choose good seeds to blanch and eliminate germs. The specific operation method is: soak the selected seeds in hot water at 55℃ for 15 minutes, then take them out and air dry to sow. The second is to prepare nutritious soil. The best proportion of nutrient soil is: chicken manure 1 serving, decomposed sawdust 3, fine soil 6, without chemical fertilizer. All kinds of vegetables use little fertilizer at seedling stage, and a little fertilizer is enough. The third is the disinfection of nutrient soil. Spraying the prepared nutrient soil with 2% avermectin15ml +96% hymexazol 5g+30kg of water. The fourth is pot sowing. Put the prepared nutrient soil into a nutrient bowl to 8? 9 copies, then sowing, and covering the seeds with 1 cm nutrient soil. The fifth is to arrange seedbeds, lay hotlines and put nutrition bowls. Sixth, seedling management. When the temperature is too low, turn on the geothermal line to increase the ground temperature and promote the growth of seedlings. When the vegetable seedlings grow to 2? After three real leaves, spray the leaves with 30 kg of water +5 g of 96% hymexazol +25 g of Tianda 2 1 16 Zhuangmiaoling +20 ml of Zhuangzhun. According to this method, the seedlings not only grow well and vigorously, but also are not stiff and deathless, which lays a solid foundation for early spring cultivation.
Thirdly, shallow tillage is used to reduce the loss of water and fertilizer in greenhouse.
When greenhouse vegetables are cultivated in early spring, the soil temperature is about 8 degrees lower than the air temperature. Because the ground temperature is low, crops don't take root. It is not advisable for many vegetable farmers to cultivate intensively, resulting in a lot of waste of water and fertilizer. The correct operation method is shallow turning 20 cm deep, which is conducive to maintaining fertilizer and water and root growth.
Fourth, apply fertilizer reasonably and scientifically to ensure the healthy growth of vegetables.
Long-term use of greenhouses, the soil is not short of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer, but lack of organic matter. By applying a large amount of organic fertilizer, a large amount of carbon dioxide can be released for crop photosynthesis through organic fertilizer fermentation. This can reduce the cost and obtain a high and stable yield. At the same time, the application of base fertilizer should not be excessive, which is easy to cause seedling burning. Too much chemical fertilizer is easy to cause soil hardening, soil salinization or acidification. The correct dosage is: 1 mu of manure, 3 cubic meters, cattle and horse manure, 5? It is enough for plants to grow to fruiting stage. When applying base fertilizer, biological agent fertilizer can also be applied appropriately. Biological fertilizer can fix nitrogen, dissolve phosphorus and potassium, which is beneficial to the reuse of nutrient elements in soil. When the plants grow to the fruiting stage, the organic fertilizer applied in the early stage has almost decomposed. At this time, there is no carbon dioxide for plant photosynthesis in the shed, so it is necessary to apply organic fertilizer. The biogas slurry of 1: 1 can be used as topdressing, and the biogas slurry of 1: 2 can also be used as foliar topdressing. Top dressing time is sunny and early morning, so the tuyere must be opened to release ammonia. Apply it once every half month.
Fifth, do a good job in pest control to ensure stable vegetable production.
What vegetable farmers are most worried about is pest control in greenhouse vegetable planting. At present, all vegetable farmers have three misunderstandings in pest control: first, they neglect to eliminate the source of the disease. The diseased plants are unclear, and the diseased leaves and fruits are littered everywhere, which leads to the spread of germs. Second, we don't pay attention to adjusting the temperature and humidity in greenhouses, but only pay attention to the omnipotence of pesticides. Third, it is not the right medicine, the medication is unreasonable, and it does not prevent diseases, but it leads to phytotoxicity. There are three conditions for plant disease: first, there is a source of disease. Second, the growth of plants is poor. Third, environmental conditions are suitable for the growth of pests and diseases. The optimum temperature of plant diseases is 15? 25 degrees. Therefore, vegetable farmers should focus on three aspects in the management of vegetable diseases and insect pests in greenhouse: first, remove the source of disease, dig holes to bury diseased plants, diseased leaves and diseased fruits. The second is to improve the disease resistance of plants, apply more phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, and improve immunity. The third is to improve environmental conditions and adjust the temperature and humidity of the greenhouse. Taking cucumber as an example, cucumber Fusarium wilt, bacterial angular leaf spot, powdery mildew, anthracnose, scab, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, gray mold and Fusarium wilt can be prevented by adjusting temperature and humidity. Strengthening field management, controlling watering, outdoor air and dehumidification, and avoiding long-term high temperature and high humidity conditions in greenhouse can effectively control the occurrence of diseases. For cucumber downy mildew, you can choose to close the greenhouse at noon on a sunny day, let the temperature of cucumber growing point in the greenhouse rise to 45 degrees for 2 hours, and then let the air cool down. Repeated several times in cucumber growth period can achieve good results. If the vegetables in the greenhouse get sick, we should pay attention to eight aspects in chemical control: First, scientifically choose medicines, suit the remedy to the case, mix them reasonably, and choose pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity, safety and no pollution. The second is to use drugs alternately to prevent plants from producing drug resistance and reduce the control effect. Third, don't use drugs repeatedly, so as not to cause drug harm. Fourthly, biological pesticides or hormone pesticides are selected for pest control. Fifth, in order to improve the quality of dispensing and spraying, Tianda 2 1 16 or Tianda silica gel can be added to non-alkaline pesticides to improve the efficacy. Sixth, spraying drugs should be timely and timely, so that prevention is more important than treatment. Seventh, to completely eliminate pests and diseases, we can carry out high-temperature stuffy shed. Eighth, it is forbidden to use pesticides with high residues and high toxicity.
Sixth, adopt high temperature management to reduce the incidence of pests and diseases.
At present, vegetable farmers have misunderstandings about greenhouse temperature management and implement low temperature management. Whenever the weather is fine and the temperature in the greenhouse is slightly higher than the atmospheric temperature, they immediately open the hood to cool down, fearing that the plants will be damaged. In fact, high temperature management is better than low temperature management. Daejeon is an example. Every July and August, there are often 35? At the temperature of 37 degrees, plants still grow well. The implementation of high temperature management has less diseases, strong growth, high yield and good benefits, especially solving the problem of vegetable diseases. When the temperature in the shed exceeds 30 degrees, there are few plant diseases, and when it exceeds 32 degrees, plants are basically not sick. Tomato and cucumber are two main greenhouse vegetable varieties cultivated in Zhou Ye town in early spring, which can stabilize the greenhouse temperature at 30? 32 degrees, no more than 34 degrees, cucumber can be stable to 33? 34 degrees, no more than 35 degrees.