In the old days, most folk villages lived in groups. For example, Hongcun Village and Xidi Village in yi county, Huangshan City, which still preserve the architectural features of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, are connected by villagers' houses, facing north and south. There is a clan ancestral hall in the village, and corridors are left in front of each household to lead to a road in front of the village. A few villages are built with walls near the mountains, and the village river is excavated at the flat place. The system is like the old castle cottage, which is easy to prevent fire, theft and theft. It is difficult for strangers to enter the village easily, and it is difficult to find a way to escape. Its disadvantages are traffic congestion and inconvenient access.
* * * After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the buildings where people live together were gradually dismantled, and each account liked to build single-family rooms, such as building three, five and seven houses side by side, or a "bright three and dark five" style room with a hall in the middle, two rooms in the left and right, and a front yard and a back yard. Most of them are adobe houses, and a few of them have green brick walls; Poor households build mud walls and huts to cover their roofs. After the 1990s, most rural households have built two-story (a few are three or four-story) red brick cement slab roof buildings. At the beginning of the 21st century, the government advocated the activities of immigrants to build towns, that is, the scattered farmers in each village were uniformly zoned to build urban multi-storey rooms on both sides of the highway, so as to develop the old house site into fertile land and save land, water and material resources.
In the old days, towns were built with east-west opposite doors and north-south opposite bedrooms or storefronts, with the middle street running through and the corridors on both sides connected. Wealthy households build deep mansions with three or five floors, with corridors connecting the entrances, patios for lighting in the middle, wings for living rooms on both sides, and front hall, hall, back hall and main hall waiting for guests or family reunion. * * * After the founding of the People's Republic of China, a small number of urban people lived in unit buildings; After the 1980s, the old city was rebuilt. Most of the streets were built with uniform high-rise buildings, and urban people mainly lived in apartment buildings. Since the 1990s, community construction has gradually become a climate.
Baizihui
People who believe in Buddhism collectively face the mountain, and the number of people over 100 is called the "Hundred Philosophers' Association", and the number of people over 200 is the Double Hundred Philosophers' Association; Less than 100 people call it a small hundred schools. People facing the mountain are all wearing gray coats, green trousers and yellow bibs with the words "pilgrimage to the mountain" printed on them. Under the leadership of Xiang Shou, they walk up the mountain, beating gongs and singing praises along the way, and worshiping at the temple. Most of the activities are the most prosperous on the birthday of the earth treasure king (July 30 th of the lunar calendar), and they are proud to be able to get to the Jiuhua Mountain Body Hall on this night to sit quietly and "guard the tower" all night. There are also some pilgrims who go up the mountain to worship incense for their dead parents. They wear the shroud of the dead, and their greatest wish is to get the seal of the King of Earth and Tibet to sacrifice to the dead. According to Buddhist mythology, with this seal, the dead have the privilege of unimpeded travel in the underworld.
Make incense on New Year's Eve. Anhui Chizhou Folk Customs
After the New Year's Eve reunion dinner, the residents of Jiuhua Mountain watch TV to watch the New Year's Eve, or entertain, until the new year's clock strikes, some of them are sent out by the whole family, and some are representatives of the householders. First, they wash their faces and gargle, set off firecrackers and fireworks, which is called "travel"; Then bring the incense, firecrackers and fireworks prepared in advance to the body hall (or to the nearby temple in the distance) for incense. On the way to pilgrimages, even if you meet acquaintances, you don't say anything, and you can greet each other when you go home after pilgrimages. Pilgrimage on New Year's Eve is to pray for peace and fulfillment in the new year. It is said that if you burn the first incense stick, it will be the most auspicious. Now it has become a must-have custom in the local New Year.
Labazhou. Anhui Chizhou Folk Customs
On the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month, the Buddhist community regards it as the day of Buddha's enlightenment. Monks and nuns in the temple often cook "eight-treasure porridge" with eight kinds of food, such as glutinous rice, sesame seeds, coix seed, longan, red dates, mushrooms and lotus seeds, and invite the surrounding villagers to join the holy communion and give alms to the people, old and young, to show their respect for the Buddha. Later, it gradually became a folk custom of cooking eight-treasure porridge (called Laba porridge).
Dragon lantern. Anhui Chizhou folk customs
When Jiuhua Mountain and its neighbors celebrate or celebrate major festivals, they celebrate with dragon lanterns and lion lanterns. Dragon lanterns are arched with bamboo sticks, with one arch and one board, each board is about 1.5 meters long, and candles are burned internally, ranging from nine boards to dozens of boards (all odd numbers), and each board 1 person dances with gongs and drums. Dragon lanterns are a large-scale collective activity for folk celebrations, and visitors everywhere are like tides.
Hunnian Sunian. Anhui Chizhou Folk Customs
All previous dynasties paid great attention to maintaining the dignity of the Buddha's land in Jiuhua Mountain, and prohibited all kinds of evils, such as occupying the Buddha's land as a stall, building hotels to block traffic, slaughtering pigs and sheep, and filthy teachings, which led to the formation of a vegetarian lifestyle. From the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, merchants in Jiuhua Street moved in, mixed with mountain people, Buddhism was not strictly banned, and the ban on meat was relaxed, resulting in a mixture of monks being vegetarian and mountain people eating meat.
Situation, gradually become accustomed to. However, in order to respect historical customs, local residents celebrate the Year of the Hun first and then the Year of the Vegetarian. In the year of Hun, on the 28th day of the twelfth lunar month (the 27th day of the second lunar month), local residents took a family to eat meat. The next day, plant ash scrubbed the pots and pans clean and began to be vegetarian. On the 30th (the 29th of the second month), we will cook vegetarian food to celebrate the New Year, eat vegetarian food, or worship our ancestors, or keep the old age, or entertain, or make incense, and vegetarian food will last until the third day of the first month of the new year. The year of meat and vegetable has become one of the important winter tours in Jiuhua Mountain.
Huaibei Flower Drum Opera. Folk customs of Huaibei City, Anhui Province
Huaibei Huagu Opera is a kind of drama developed on the basis of folk songs and dances in Huaibei area, Anhui Province. It originated in Huaibei area, where the male actor plays with the flower drum on his back and the band plays with the flower drum as the main music, so it is called Huaibei Huagu Opera. Popular in northern Anhui and the border area between Anhui, Henan and Jiangsu, it can be roughly divided into three roads: North Road (Xuzhou, Cao Zhou, Dangshan, Xiaoxian, Kaifeng and Pixian), Middle Road (Suxian, Lingbi, Sihong, Guoyang, Mengcheng and Fuyang) and South Road (Bengbu, Huainan and Shouxian).
The original form of Huaibei Huagu Opera is small folk songs and dances. Working people amuse themselves during the slack season, and sometimes these folk songs are accompanied by dancing. These dances are based on the content of folk songs and imitate the movements in production and life. Later, some folk acrobatics were absorbed in the dance, such as "four doors and eight forks" and "topping people", which made the dance more active and attractive. At the same time, some short stories with story lines, such as the Three Kingdoms section in the West Chamber section, were compiled and sung, and gradually from singing short paragraphs to singing long paragraphs, from singing by one person to performing by two people (once a clown is played by a man). Later, after the long-term practice of Hua Gu Opera people, they changed the story of singing in content, began to sing a series of dramas, and the number of actors increased, and the singing and performing arts gradually improved. After liberation, they reached a rich and colorful and increasingly perfect level.
Xiangshan Temple Fair. Folk customs of Huaibei City, Anhui Province
Every year on March 18th of the lunar calendar, it is the Temple Fair of the Ancient Xiangshan Mountain. In ancient times, every spring and autumn, local officials in our city went to Xiangshan Xiantong Temple to hold a sacrificial ceremony, praying for the gods to bless peace and bring benefits to the people. The surrounding people come to this temple to offer incense around March 18 of the lunar calendar. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the temple fair was changed into a material exchange meeting. At the peak, there were ten Yu Sheng cities, hundreds of thousands of merchants and people rushing to the meeting. In recent years, catching the temple fair has gradually developed into a traditional cultural activity of leisure and outing.
Shu Xi. Folk customs in Qianshan County, Anqing, Anhui Province
Also known as: Longshu Gongxi
Origin: Qianshan County, Anqing
Raw materials: Bambusa microphylla is the best one for the preparation of sleeping mats.
Technology: Bambusa bambusa used for preparing a comfortable mat must be free from wind, tail, knots, scars and hair growth, cut from 1 1 month to February of the following year, and then go through more than a dozen strict procedures such as cutting, scraping, boiling and drying before preparing a comfortable mat; In the process of compiling, ancient and modern calligraphy and painting, landscape figures, flowers, plants, fish and insects can also be compiled into the seats, and the compiled patterns have distinct layers and appropriate shades of colors, which are extremely artistic.
Features: smooth, thin, tough, wear-resistant, non-corrosive, and constantly folded.
Good products: sleeping mat, pillow mat, seat, table mat, screen, wall mat, tatami, etc.
Related verse: Li He: "I only hate dancing with thin shirts, but I know a little about the cold flowers."
Pick flowers. Folk customs in Wangjiang County, Anqing, Anhui Province
Origin: Wangjiang County, Anqing
Raw materials: Traditional embroidery is based on homespun cloth, but now it is based on plain cloth or silk cloth, and it is embroidered with embroidery thread on the cloth eye according to a certain stitch.
Needle method: There are two main needle methods for picking flowers, namely, swimming flowers (also called spreading flowers) and praising flowers (also called cross flowers).
Flower-swimming: There are two kinds of flower-swimming patterns, one is that the patterns on both sides are divided into yin and yang, and the other is not divided into yin and yang. The artistic effects of the two patterns are interesting.
Patterns: Flower-picking is rich in pattern themes, including not only various patterns of animals and plants, celebrations and longevity, but also various colorful patterns such as pavilions, myths and legends.
Development: The folk flower-picking craft in Wangjiang can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty more than 1000 years ago. At first, it was just a slack season. With their own wisdom and talent, women made headscarves, handkerchiefs, belts, purses, aprons, waistcoats, etc., which were both practical and beautiful. Later, in modern times, Wangjiang flower picking not only entered the Great Hall of the People, but also entered the international market. Moreover, the famous Luyang flower cloth was designed according to Wangjiang flower picking and Hefei flower picking.
Good products: handkerchiefs, purses, headscarves, belts, aprons, back girdles, waistcoats, cushions, armrests, sheets, etc.
Marriage customs. Folk customs in Hefei, Anhui Province
Hefei folk always attach importance to marriage, which is regarded as a lifelong event for people. In the old days, the marriage of young men and women in Hefei was bound by feudal ethics, and most of them were arranged or controlled by parents. Before marriage, it must be introduced by the matchmaker or "matchmaker", paying attention to the fact that the matchmaker is married. As the saying goes, "There is no cloud or rain in the sky, and there is no marriage on the ground." After the agreement is made, the wedding date can be agreed, commonly known as "engagement" and "betrothal". The specific method is: the male family entertains the matchmaker and the woman's parents, drinks betrothal wine and eats betrothal dinner, and through the matchmaker, the specific wedding date and the bride price demanded by the woman's family are negotiated with both parties. The so-called "men plan their money and women demand financial gifts". After everything is settled, the man writes the wedding date as a formal post, together with the bride price, and sends it to the woman's family through the matchmaker, which is called "the next single", also called "the next day", "the red" and "the gift to the moon", so that the woman's family can prepare the dowry as scheduled and marry the woman at the right time.
The wedding day is for men and women to live in wedding date, and its wedding is both lively and grand, with many customs. In the old days, people in Hefei often invited matchmakers early in the morning, bringing bride price (mostly four pairs of carrying poles, including birds, fish, meat, cigarettes, wine, etc.), sedan chairs, drummers and boys and girls who accompanied the bride, and so on, all the way to the women's house to celebrate the wedding. On the wedding day, the bride bathes, dresses, wears flowers and updates her colorful clothes. It is recited by elderly relatives with complete longevity, and every time they do something, they have a blessing. When the bride's family heard of the arrival of the wedding procession, she immediately set off firecrackers to welcome her, but the bride's door could not be closed. At this time, the man's family or matchmaker should hand in the door money from the crack of the door, commonly known as "door money." There are many tricks such as "hair money", "firecracker money" and "face money" for the money under the door, so the bride's door will not be opened without handing the money three times and five times. This practice is not only the last chance for the woman to ask the man for money, but also shows that the bride is worthy, not an ordinary woman that the man can easily marry.
As soon as the bride's door is opened, the bride is carried out by one of her brothers. It is said that this is to avoid letting the bride's feet get dirty and take away her wealth. When getting up, the bride should cry in the sedan chair to show her deep affection for her parents. His mother also sent her away in tears, saying that she was reluctant to give up her daughter, which was called "crying marriage". After the sedan chair leaves, the custom of the female family is to splash a basin of water outside the door, which is called "married girl, spilled water". I wish my daughter will always be like a clear water, pure as washing. The dowry of the bride's family follows the sedan chair, and the bride's brother sends the sedan chair on the road, usually to the end of the village road and then returns.
To welcome the bride's sedan chair, after blowing all the way, when the man's house is approaching, the man who greeted him will set off firecrackers to greet him. After the sedan chair landed in front of the men's house, an elderly woman and a beautiful young woman often came forward to uncover the curtain, help the bride get off the sedan chair, and lead the bride to step on the mat (rice bag) laid by the men's house and enter the room. The rice bag is handed down on the floor, which is called "generation". To the front of the hall, we should pay homage to the ancestors of heaven and earth and the high hall, and then a candle holder will guide the bride and groom into the bridal chamber and drink a glass of wine.
After the wedding banquet that day, there will be a "noisy room" activity in the bridal chamber. When having sex, regardless of men, women and children, regardless of the younger generation, the bride and groom are not allowed to get angry even if they are in trouble. In the meantime, there are many and miscellaneous practices and sayings with rich feudal superstitions, which are hard to record. However, the main purpose of the noisy room is to promote the bride and groom to integrate their emotions, because in the old days, most marriages between men and women were arranged.
On the wedding day, gifts are often peanuts and fruits, which means wishing the bride an early birth and prosperity. On the day after their wedding, the bride began to meet her relatives and friends, Uncle Lang, in the morning. On the third day, I cooked, made dishes and presented them to Aunt Weng, and gave them a washing gift.
After a man and a woman are newly married, it is customary to "see three things", that is, on the third day after marriage, the bride will go back to her parents' home and the groom will visit her parents-in-law. The female family calls this "taking the girl back to the door" and "delivering the baby". On that day, the woman's family will prepare a banquet for her new uncle (new son-in-law) and invite her close relatives and elders to accompany her. During the dinner, there were some vulgar people who played tricks on the new uncle. The way to do this is: when the new uncle is not paying attention, add rice and vegetables to his bowl, and consciously put the spicy and salty dishes in the new uncle's bowl. Once the food is put in the new uncle's bowl, the new uncle must eat it and not leave it, otherwise it will be disrespectful to the companion. If the new uncle is really hard to follow, the guests will pour the food into the new uncle's pocket according to the saying "more than one can bear". This kind of practice, the purpose is to see the appearance of the new son-in-law, to amuse. In addition, there are rouge, lipstick, etc., which are forcibly applied to the face of the new uncle, and they are not allowed to wash off. This kind of drama is noisy, and the customs are not divided into men, women and children. Although it has gone too far, the new children have to be happy to accept it, just for fun.
Lu Opera. Folk customs in Hefei, Anhui Province
Lu Opera: Formerly called "Daoqi Opera", it is one of the main local operas in Anhui Province, and it is popular in Jianghuai area and Dabie Mountain area around Hefei, including Lu 'an, Huainan, Chaohu, Chuzhou and Wuhu. Hefei was called Luzhou in ancient times, so it was renamed in 1955. According to legend, Lu Opera has a history of about 200 years, and there were professional class clubs during the years of Qing Qianlong and Jiaqing. In the early days, it was mostly performed in stalls, mainly in three small plays. At the beginning, it was based on the folk songs in Dabie Mountain and the songs and dances between Jianghuai and Jianghuai. In the development, it absorbed the singing and repertoires of Haizi Opera in Funan, Duangong Opera in Shouxian and Fengyang, Huizhou Opera without doing anything, and gate songs in Feidong and Chaohu. Some class clubs also performed together with Huizhou Opera and Peking Opera respectively, and were influenced by them, and gradually developed into Lu Opera.
The aria of Lu Opera can be divided into two categories: main melody and coloratura. The main tunes are "Erliang", "Sanqi", "Cold Tune", "Shendiao", "Laosheng Tune", "Laodan Tune" and "Ugly Tune", which are the main vocals for singing this and Zhezi operas, and are also the special tunes for expressing different professions. They are good at narration, lyricism and touching. Flower tune is a fixed tune of small play, mostly folk minor, relaxed and lively, used to sing small plays of life. The characteristics of singing are: singing in falsetto constantly, called "small voice"; Singing Chinese accent, that is, singing in chorus by actors on and after the scene at a certain time, with a high voice, so as to set off the plot and dye the atmosphere; Every line of Lu opera has one or several unique vocals, which can't be used in other lines. The popularity of Lu Opera is influenced by people's language, life and appreciation habits in different regions, and its singing art is divided into three ways: East, Middle and West, each with its own characteristics.
East Road is centered on Wuhu and Dangtu, and its singing is soft and euphemistic. The middle road is centered on Hefei and Chaohu, and the singing is delicate; West Road, centered on Huoshan and Lu 'an, sings loudly and loudly. Lu Opera is lively and lively in performing arts. After singing for a while, it dances with percussion instruments, with beautiful dance and new designs. The accompaniment of Lu opera used to be only percussion instruments, but after the founding of the People's Republic of China, stringed instruments and plucked instruments were added. Percussion music is very rich, which is almost a kind of drama and a prize for gongs and drums. It is commonly called "a full set of gongs and drums and a half set of drama". After the division of labor, the business of Lu Opera is also a farewell business, such as the old man and the old man, and the clown and the old man.
There are more than 200 plays of Lu Opera, which are divided into Ben Opera, Zhezi Opera and Coloratura Opera. This drama, including Liantai drama, focuses on case-solving, love and family joys and sorrows, such as Qin Xuemei and Hugh Lilac. Most of the passbook plays are independent highlights extracted from this play, such as "Piercing a Gun in the Garden" and "Playing Reed Flowers". Coloratura plays mainly reflect the life interest and love of working people, as well as some farce and satirical comedies, such as Begging for Learning Money and Borrowing Luo Yi. "Borrowing Luo Yi" has also been put on the screen, and famous actors such as Wang Benyin, Ding Yulan, Wu Keying, Sun Bangdong, Bao Zhiyuan and Li Daozhou have emerged.
Door songs. Folk customs in Hefei, Anhui Province
Door song is a popular folk song in central and southern Anhui. The lyrics are generally "looking at the willow". If you see a willow in front of someone else's door, you can sing "A willow in front of the boss's door, put down the willow and fight the basketry, measure the barley and brew soju, and make friends in all corners of the country." Humorous and full of local flavor. According to the lyrics, the content can be divided into labor songs, love songs, life songs, ritual songs, etc. According to the expression techniques, there are metaphors, exaggerations, descriptions, contrasts and so on. The performance of door songs is one of singing from door to door, and the other is singing when playing with lanterns and rowing dry boats on holidays. Door songs also have a form of singing, in which all the people chip in and sing in one place for a few days, like storytelling, singing a series of Taiwanese dramas, such as butterfly lovers. Jia Deyun, who lives in Daying Village, Luogang Town, Baohe District, Hefei, is the best singer.
Jia Deyun was born in 1928. He loved door songs since he was a child. Whenever a door singer came to the village, he followed the singer and heard from one village to another. 12-year-old monk Wei Da (the name of the widowed man who had no money to marry a wife in the old society) sang a door song. Because he has lived in the countryside for a long time, he knows the local spoken language, allusions and folklore like the back of his hand, so his lyrics are simple, fresh and natural. After liberation, Jia Deyun took part in the work, entered the literacy class, engaged in trade union propaganda work for a long time in the unit, had rich stage performance experience, and was diligent in research and extremely talented, so his works reached a higher artistic realm.
The folk songs created by Jia Deyun come from life, from the people and from his own experience. The door song "Transplanting Song" "If you don't do it when the neem tree blooms, the Polygonum hydropiper will stamp its feet when it blooms." The lyrics come from a famous warning saying which is well-known to women and children in the Jianghuai area. It is a metaphor that people seize the farming season and do not miss the crops by taking the different flowering seasons of two common plants in rural areas.
The door song "Little Long-term Worker" contrasts the inequality between the rich and the poor in the old society with a strong contrast, and tells the tragic life of the little long-term worker: "In July, the sun race was burning, the owner held a light umbrella, and the sun shone on the little long-term worker. It snows heavily to compete with goose feathers, and the owner is covered with a silk quilt, and the long-term straw is used as a quilt tube. "
The folk song "Wu Xiaolin's proposal" uses various artistic techniques to express the feelings of young men and women who love each other, confide in each other and yearn for freedom. The man sang, "How many dark nights I walked for my sister, how many cold walls I touched, how many cobwebs I touched with my head, and how many cow dung stumps I stepped on." Here, four parallel sentences are used in succession, followed by exaggeration, "The high hills flatten the road and the small ridges trample the grass into pits". After the woman should sing, the man sang again: "For Lang, I am afraid of being seen, squatting and being bitten by mosquitoes. There are four or two mosquitoes in my hand and half a catty in my foot." The lyrics are vivid, exaggerated and true, and the contrast does not reveal the traces of carving.
The props used in the door song performance are extremely simple, with a drum and a gong. In the 1990s, Huangshan Audio-visual Publishing House boldly tried to accompany Jia Deyun's songs with erhu and flute, and accompanied by female voice, and achieved good results.
Jia Deyun's door songs have the charm of Lu Opera and the lingering sound of Jiangnan tea picking tune. Tone ups and downs with the content of the lyrics, lasting appeal, lingering sound, earthy fragrance of every word, hometown sound of every sentence, giving people a beautiful enjoyment.