Cultivation techniques of vetch
Vetch, also known as ox-hair broad, is a plant of the family of Zizyphus, the scientific name of Zizyphus, is a perennial herbaceous plant, brittle texture, taste and less fiber, containing protein, organic minerals and a variety of vitamins, in the international community enjoys the "non-polluting vegetable" reputation. The young leaves of purple stalks are rich in nutrients, blanched and dehairing rubbed into dried vetch. Can be eaten fresh or made of dried vegetables, with a unique flavor, crisp and tasty, eaten for a long time, and can be used as medicine. The tender flavor of the curly unspread is especially good for food, boiling water immersion, rinsing, after removing the earthy flavor, can be fried, can be stir-fried, stir-fried, cold, make soup, add fried food, etc., there are disease cure, no disease prevention. Therefore, normal people often eat a great benefit.
Vegetable per 100 grams of carbohydrates 4.3 grams, protein 2.2 grams, 0.19 grams of fat, carotene 1.68 milligrams, also contains vitamin C and a variety of minerals. Vegetable also contains alonzo glucoside and flavonoids, has the effect of moisturizing the lungs and regulating the qi, tonifying the deficiency of Shu Lu, clearing away heat and detoxification. The main treatment of vomiting blood, red diarrhea and blood, uterine functional bleeding, spermatorrhea and other diseases.
Shortly after the peach blossom blooms in early spring, young buds are issued, and the leaf stems grow tall in May-June, so they are collected in time. After the collection of vetch after boiling water, kneading drying and other processes will be made into dried products, commonly known as vetch dry. In addition to food, it can also be used as medicine.
The Physical Characteristics of Vegetable
Vegetable belongs to the family of ferns Zizyphiaceae, and the height of the plant is generally 60-100 centimeters. There are nutritive leaves and sporophytes. Nutritional leaves, also known as sterile leaves, clustered at the top of the rhizome, triangular broadly ovate, the top of the following two pinnate, leaflets rectangular; sporophytes also into fertile leaves, the nutrient leaves sprouted earlier, generally in the middle of the plant, pinnately divided, pinnules curled into a strip, which is densely populated with brown sporocysts along both sides of the main veins. The rhizome is short and thick, erect or oblique.
Vetch is widely adapted to the rhizome in late April each year began to sprout new leaves, young leaves grow extremely rapidly. Spores mature in late May, in the appropriate environmental conditions, after germination into gametophytes, fertilized eggs in the neck ovipositor developed into embryos, embryos then developed into independent living sporophytes. To the beginning of the month when the temperature is higher than 20 ℃ slow growth, the end of June to stop growing, the end of September began to wither.
Vegetables like shade and humidity, intolerant of drought and high temperatures, shade can promote the emergence of growth. In humus-rich fertile soil yield and quality greatly improved.
The growing environment of vetch
Vetch's adaptability to temperature is wide, when the local temperature reaches 8 ℃ can begin to sprout, 15 ℃ or so, the fastest growth rate of the leaf, higher than 20 ℃, the growth of the beginning of the slow, 30 ℃ above the growth stop. Underground roots can safely overwinter. Vegetables have strict requirements for water. It prefers humidity and does not tolerate drought. Vegetable like acidic soil, but in the loose humid humus-rich soil on the growth of better.
The distribution and growth of vetch
The processed product of the young leaves of the sporophyte of the stalks of the family Ziziphus of the ferns is known as vetch, and the traditional Chinese medicine name is Ziziphus guanzhong. There are two kinds of dried vetch, red and green, i.e. "red dry" and "green dry", which is one of the most important vegetables for exporting and earning foreign exchange in China, exporting 1 million kilograms of products every year, and earning foreign exchange of more than 10 million U.S. dollars. Vegetable is suitable to grow in the low and middle mountainous areas at an altitude of about 800 meters, and the Wuling Mountain area is one of the four major producing areas of China. The five counties in Qianjiang District of Chongqing and its neighboring Enshi Prefecture of Hubei, Tongren District of Guizhou and Xiangxi Prefecture of Hunan are extremely rich in wild resources of vetch. Vegetable in Chongqing has a long history of collection and use of edible history, in recent years, the development and utilization of attention, fresh packaging and dried products by the market is generally welcomed, and has been exported to Japan. The main production areas of Chongqing Wei Cai in Chengkou, Youyang, Qianjiang, Wulong and Nanchuan and other places, the annual output of about 100,000 kilograms of dried products, of which Chengkou roughly tens of thousands of kilograms of dried products exported each year, Youyang County has begun to carry out artificial cultivation. The development and utilization of vetch is becoming a road to prosperity for farmers in mountainous areas, and as long as the relationship between resource development and protection is well handled, the prospects for the development and utilization of vetch are quite optimistic.
The planting technology of the vetch
One, the preparation before transplanting
1. Preparation for seedling *** root and stem ****. ①Vietnamese spore seedling *** sexual reproduction ****. Utilizing the characteristics of the large number of vetch spores. With the method of sexual reproduction, through artificial control of the environment and a series of measures to promote the growth of roots, stems and leaves, after 2 to 3 years of artificial cultivation, directly for field cultivation. Through the vetch spore factory two-stage nursery technology. It can effectively reduce the cost of nursery, shorten the nursery time and improve the seedling rate. The nursery is highly technical and specialized, and must be carried out under the guidance of professional technicians. Seedling height of 15 cm or more, more than 3 petioles of plants can be used as field transplanting spare seedlings.
②Wild vetch root and branch reproduction *** asexual reproduction ****. Wild vetch has more than two "buds" root and stem can be divided with a knife to ensure that the diameter of each bud is more than 4 centimeters. When dividing the root and stem, take care to protect the buds and the intact fibrous roots. The most suitable time for digging the root and stem of wild vetch should be in the year when the above ground part of vetch seedlings basically die to the next spring before sprouting and at the same time with the ground preparation. It is not suitable for digging root and stem when it snows and the ground is not prepared. After digging back the root and stem of wild vetch, it should not be exposed to the sun, and attention should be paid to shading, heat preservation and moisture preservation to prevent the root system from losing water, and the root and stem should be artificially graded and reserved. The time between the digging and transplanting of wild vetch root and stem should be shortened as much as possible to improve its survival rate.
2. Selection of land. The growth of vetch needs an acidic environment. You should choose an acidic soil with a pH value of 5-6, deep, fertile soil and high organic matter content, and the slope should be less than 25 degrees. Vetch prefers diffuse light, and the barren slopes planned to be reclaimed should preferably have good water and fertilizer retention performance, as well as not being easily impregnated, which is conducive to reclaiming the land for cultivation. The entire cultivation site should have good water conditions and be favorable for irrigation during the growing period. In addition, the reclamation and cultivation of barren hills must be in line with the national forestry policy. It can only be implemented after approval by the forestry authorities. In the Wuling Mountains, the most suitable area for artificial cultivation of vetch is the area with an altitude of 800-1500 meters.
3. Land preparation. The weeds and shrubs must be fully removed before the planting of vetch. And make a cleanup of plant roots and stones in the soil. The field can be left a small amount of woods or moderate planting of economic forests, generally should not exceed 20 plants per acre, otherwise the powdery mildew of vetch is relatively heavy, will have an impact on the growth and development of vetch. The soil needs to be y turned over no less than 30 centimeters, and the large soil clods should be rectified and fine, so as to facilitate the growth of the root system of vetch. Single-crop vetch compartments should not be too wide, to facilitate the producer's management, generally 1.2 meters to open the compartment is appropriate. The box ditch is 25 centimeters wide and 20 centimeters deep. It is best to open the compartment in an east-west direction, which is favorable to the photosynthesis of vetch.
4. In the 1.2 meters of vetch planting compartments dug 15 cm deep, 40 cm wide ditch, ditch fertilizer. 2000-2500 kg of rotted organic fertilizer per mu. Or 200 kg of rapeseed cake fertilizer *** or 200 kg of chicken manure *** and 50 kg of 45% compound fertilizer per mu.
5. Rise. Transplanting vetch spore seedlings in the field,***
Two, transplanting
1. timely transplanting. The best transplanting period *** 800-1500 meters above sea level *** for the middle of October each year to the following year in mid-March, this stage of the dormant period of the vetch, transplanting a high rate of survival, when the temperature drops to 0 ℃ and snow days should not be transplanted. Vetch can also be transplanted during the growing period, but the survival rate is affected to a certain extent, and the management is difficult and costly. The transplanting of vetch spore seedlings should be carried out after furrowing and fertilizing the ridges, and any plant that is more than two years old, with a seedling height of more than 15 cm and more than three petioles can be transplanted to the field. When transplanting, be sure to use both hands to compact the soil around the root and stem of the vetch. Wild vetch root and stem transplantation should be carried out in the open ditch fertilizer covered with 3 cm of fine soil, placed vetch root and stem and then covered with 5 cm of fine soil. After transplanting, water the roots once if possible. To improve the survival rate. Transplanting, whether it is vetch spore seedlings or wild vetch root and stem, should be implemented graded transplanting, which is conducive to the management of the later stage.
2. Reasonable dense planting. According to the results of many years of exploration in order to achieve high yields early, the vetch spore seedling monoculture, monoculture double row mu transplantation of about 5,000 suitable ****1.2 meters open compartment, the row compartment on the two rows of the row spacing of 22 cm × 40 cm ****. Wild vetch root and stem single single-row double-row mu 4000 suitable ****1.2 meters open box. The spacing between the two rows on the ridge is 27cm x 40cm***. If too dense will increase inputs, good results in the early stage, poor results in the late stage; too thin unit area within the low yield, can not achieve the best economic benefits.