Okra is also known as okra and croissant. It belongs to Millet of Malvaceae, native to Africa, and there are also wild species in China. At present, it is widely cultivated in tropical areas such as Europe, Africa, Middle East, India and Southeast Asia. The tender and smooth pods can be used for food, such as stir-frying, cold salad, soup, pickles, canned food and so on. They are rich in nutrition. Every 100g young pod contains 2.5g of protein, A660 international units of vitamin, 0.2mg of vitamin b/kloc-0, 44mg of vitamin c and 8 1mg of calcium. Its tender pods contain viscous juice, which can strengthen the stomach, moisten the intestines, protect the liver and strengthen the kidney if eaten frequently. ; Seeds have special fragrance and can be used as a substitute for coffee. In recent years, it is very popular in Japanese, Taiwan Province, Hongkong, Shanghai and other markets, and it is a healthy vegetable with great development potential.
I. Characteristics
Developed root system, strong absorption, erect stem, 1-2.5 meters high; Leaves palmately divided, petiole slender; Hollow; Flowers and plants are brightly colored and have ornamental value; The fruit is a capsule, like a horn, 8-20 cm long, green or red; The seeds are spherical, gray-black, and the 1000-grain weight is about 55g.
Okra is warm, heat-resistant and cold-resistant. The optimum temperature for seed germination, growth and development is 25-30℃, and the optimum temperature for flowering and fruiting is 26-28℃. The monthly average temperature is lower than 17℃, which affects flowering and fruiting, and the night temperature is lower than 14℃, which leads to poor growth. Okra likes light, which requires not only long illumination time, but also certain illumination intensity, sufficient illumination, favorable growth and development, high fruit setting rate, rapid fruit development, high yield and good quality. Okra is drought-tolerant, moisture-tolerant and waterlogging-tolerant, and it needs enough water in the fruiting period to be beneficial to fruit development, otherwise, the plant growth is poor and the fruit quality is poor; Okra has wide adaptability to soil, but loam or sandy loam with deep soil layer, rich and loose soil layer and strong water and fertility conservation is suitable. Fertilizer requires complete nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, mainly in the early growth stage and mainly in the middle and late stage. Plants with too much nitrogen fertilizer tend to grow poorly and delay flowering and fruiting, while plants with insufficient nitrogen fertilizer tend to grow poorly and reduce production.
Second, the cultivation techniques
1. Farming season. In the Yangtze River valley and South China, okra can be planted in spring, summer and autumn, but mainly in spring. Sowing in March-April and harvesting in May-September; Sowing in May-June and harvesting in July-June; Sow in July and harvest in September-165438+1October. Early sowing should be cultivated in greenhouse, small arch shed or plastic film mulching, and open cultivation should be the main method in the season.
2. Variety selection. Varieties such as Five Blessingg, Tokyo Wujiao and Meiliwujiao should be selected in the Yangtze River Basin and South China, and the average yield per 667m2 is 1000-2000kg.
3. Prepare the soil for the boundary (open the compartment). Apply base fertilizer. After the previous crop is harvested, Kangtu should be deeply ploughed for 65,438+00-65,438+05 days, and the border should be raked flat, generally with a spacing of 65,438+0.3 meters (4 feet); The depth of the compartment groove is 25-30cm; 2,000 kg of decomposed human and animal manure and 30-40 kg of compound fertilizer should be applied to every 667 m hole, and the rich soil should be fully mixed, and then planted or colonized after 3-5 days.
4. Sow and raise seedlings. Okra is a direct root system, and its root regeneration ability is weak. Direct seeding is often used for open field cultivation in spring. The seed coat of okra is hard. Before sowing, the seeds must be soaked for 24 hours, washed for L times every 5- 16 hours, taken out and placed at 25-30℃ to accelerate germination, and the seeds can be sown in about 3- 14 days. It is suitable to sow in holes, with 3- 14 seeds per nest and covered with 2 cm thick soil, which can germinate in about 5- 16 days. Seedling raising and transplanting can be used in protected cultivation in early spring, and the seedling age is 30-40 days.
5. sow or plant. After the seedlings are unearthed, the weak seedlings should be pulled out in time. When the seedlings grow to 2-3 true leaves, they should be fixed or planted. Two rows should be planted in each compartment, with a row spacing of 66 cm and a nest spacing of 40-50 cm. 2,000-2,500 nests should be planted every 667 meters, and 2 strong seedlings should be planted in each nest. After planting, the soil should be cultivated 1 times, and sufficient root water should be applied after planting to facilitate survival.
6. On-site management. Okra plants are tall and prone to lodging, so in the early stage of production, Qin Ying cultivated weeds and cultivated the soil for 2-3 times until the box was sealed. Top dressing is mainly organic fertilizer, and appropriate amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is applied: seedling fertilizer is applied 5- 17 days after seedling planting, and decomposed human and animal manure 1 0,000 kg and urea 3-5 kg are applied every 667 meters; At the early stage of flowering and fruiting (25-30 days after seedling emergence or colonization), apply secondary topdressing, and apply decomposed human and animal manure 1500 kg and potassium chloride 5-8 kg every 667 meters; Re-apply 1 topdressing at the peak of flowering and fruiting, and apply 2000 kg of decomposed human and animal manure and 8- 10 kg of potassium chloride every 667 meters. In the future, topdressing should be appropriate according to the plant growth, but it should not be applied indiscriminately to avoid imbalance between vegetative growth and reproductive growth. In the flowering and fruiting period, "in order to improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions, the old leaves should be cut off in time for the harvested young fruits." Okra likes humidity and needs high air and soil humidity, especially when it blooms and bears fruit. It is necessary to replenish enough water in time to promote the rapid expansion and development of young fruits, but the water should not be too much. After the heavy rain, it is necessary to drain water in time to facilitate the normal growth of plants and increase the yield per unit area.
7. Pest control. Okra has strong disease resistance and few general diseases; Insect pests are mainly aphids, which are controlled by 2000-3000 times of 50% pirimicarb wettable powder or 6000 times of 2 1% disinfectant.
8. Harvest. Okra begins to blossom and bear fruit from the 4th to 8th festival. Under suitable temperature conditions, young fruits can be harvested 2 14 days after flowering. Generally, young fruits can be harvested when they grow to 6-8cm long and weigh about 12g. Premature harvesting leads to low yield and inedible fiber. Generally, it is harvested every 2 13 days at the initial harvest, every day or every other day at the peak harvest, and every 3-4 days at the middle and late harvest. China, seed, remind you that there are bristles or thorns on the stems, leaves and fruits of okra. Wear gloves when harvesting, otherwise your skin will be punctured and unbearable. Generally, the output per 667m2 is 1000-2000kg.