Medicinal wines are applied to prevent and control diseases, and have been in an important position in the history of medicine in China, becoming one of the traditional dosage forms with a long history, and so far enjoying a higher reputation in the domestic and foreign health care undertakings.
Medicinal wine is a selection of appropriate Chinese medicine, after the necessary processing, with the appropriate degree of liquor or yellow wine as a solvent, leaching its active ingredients, and made of clear liquid. In the tradition, there are also in the brewing process, adding appropriate Chinese medicine, brewed. Medicinal wine is a kind of wine with the addition of traditional Chinese medicine.
The origin of medicinal wine is inseparable from wine. China is the earliest country to make wine artificially, and many pottery wine vessels have been found as early as the Late Neolithic Longshan Culture site. The earliest written record of wine-making can be found in the "Strategies of the Warring States? Wei Ce II: "In the past, the emperor's daughter caused Yi Di to make wine and make it beautiful, and she brought it to Yu, who drank it and sweetened it." In addition, the Shiben also says: "Shaokang made broomcorn millet wine." Shao Kang, or Du Kang, was the fifth ruler of the Xia Dynasty. These records show that more than 4,000 years ago in the Xia Dynasty, the brewing industry had already developed to a certain level, which is why the later generations had "Yi Di made wine" and "What can be done to relieve sorrow? Only Dukang" (Cao Cao's "Short Song"). Here Dukang became synonymous with wine. During the Shang and Yin Dynasties, winemaking became more common. At that time, the technology of brewing wine with a cork had been mastered, such as "Shangshu? Said life chapter" in the Shang Wang Wuding said "if the wine sweet, Erwei cork" of the exposition. In the Yin ruins of Henan Anyang Xiaotun village unearthed in the period of the Shang Dynasty Wuding (12阗 years ago), in nearly two hundred pieces of bronze ceremonial objects, a variety of wine accounted for about 70%. Among the excavated artifacts, there are a large number of drinking utensils and wine containers, which shows that the wind of drinking was quite popular at that time. From the records of the oracle bones, it can be seen that the Shang Dynasty treasured wine as an important sacrificial offering. It is worth noting that in Luo Zhenyu test "Yin ruins book deed before the" oracle bone "sacrificial spirit of wine" records, compared to the Han Dynasty Ban Gu "Baihu Tongyi? The "Kao Dai" had released "sacrificial spirit, to the fragrance of the grass, Yu Jin and brewed into a sacrificial spirit," indicating that in the Shang Dynasty, there was already a medicinal wine.
The Zhou Dynasty, drinking alcohol is more and more common, there is a special management of wine officials, called "wine positive", the technology of winemaking has been perfected. (Zhou Li) recorded brewing six tips: broomcorn millet rice must be Qi (raw materials to be selected), the crank must be time (fermentation should be limited), Cham Chrysanthemum must be clean (amalgamation steamer to be clean), water springs must be fragrant (water quality to be sweet and mellow), pottery must be good (used to ferment the cellar, porcelain tank to be good), fire Qi must be (brewing when the steaming and roasting of the fire to be appropriate), the brewing should be noted that all the points are said to be. Western Zhou period, there has been a better medical sub-specialties and medical system, set up "food doctors sergeant two, palm and the king of the six food, six drink, six spectrum ...... of Qi (agent)". Among them, the food doctor, that is, in charge of diet and nutrition of the doctor. Six drinks, that is, water, pulp, sweet (wine), cool, sauce, elixir. It can be seen that the Zhou Dynasty has been included in the management of wine in health care. Xu Shen in the Han Dynasty (Shuowen Jiezi), more clearly put forward: wine, so the treatment of disease, the "Zhouli" has "medical wine". This shows that the use of wine in the Zhou Dynasty is also quite common.
China's most ancient medicinal wine brewing formula, is in the 1973 Mawangdui excavated silk book "health formula" and "miscellaneous therapeutic formula". There are six recognizable medicinal wine formulas*** from the surviving text of the Nourishing Life Formula. (1) The medicinal wine made from maitong (i.e., banshee) with broomcorn millet (original title: "Banshee as a syrup formula" for "old people can't afford to get up"). (ii) The medicinal wine made from corn and rice ("for sweet formula" for "old age"). (iii) with wine and wheat X (not known what medicine) and other medicinal wine. (4) Medicinal wine made from gypsum, ligustrum and hyssop. ⑤ Medicinal wine made with lacquer and the drug Wu Beak (乌喙). ⑥ Medicinal wine brewed with lacquer, knots (yuzhu), millet, rice, and wuzhu (乌喙). Miscellaneous therapeutic formula" in the brewing of medicinal wine only one side, that is, with wisdom (unknown) and Ficus Lili root and other drugs put people bottle (an ancient cooking steamer) made of sweet wine. Most of the information is not available, but the more complete one is the second formula of "Mash Li Zhong" (Health Prescription). The party includes the whole process of making medicinal wine, taking methods, functions and treatments, etc., is the earliest complete record of the brewing process of medicinal wine, but also the history of China's pharmacy important historical materials.
During the pre-Qin period, the development of Chinese medicine has reached a sizable degree, the medical representative of this period of time, "Huang Di Nei Jing", the role of wine in medicine, has done a thematic discussion. In the "Suwen? Tangliu mash sweet theory", first of all, about the production of mash sweet "must be rice, cooking rice pay, rice is complete, rice pay for the firm", that is, with complete rice as raw materials, strong rice poles as fuel brewed, mash is cloudy wine, sweet is sweet wine. "Since the ancient sages work soup liquid mash sweet person, thought to prepare the ear ...... in the ancient times, morality is slightly weakened, the evil gas when the time comes, serve the million", indicating that the ancients on the use of alcohol to cure the disease is very important. The Historical Records? Magpie Cangong Liezhuan" in the "its in the stomach and intestines, wine and mash and also", recorded the magpie that can be used wine and mash treatment of gastrointestinal diseases of the view.
During the Han Dynasty, with the development of traditional Chinese medicine, medicinal wine gradually became a part of the performance is the clinical application of the targeted greatly strengthened, so its therapeutic efficacy has been further improved, such as the "Records of the Grand Historian? Magpie Canggong Lianzhuan" contains the Western Han Dynasty famous doctor Chun Yuyi's twenty-five medical cases, which is the earliest medical case record seen in China, which lists two cases of curing diseases with medicinal wine, one of which is the King of Jibei who suffered from the disease of "wind prostration and chest fullness", and served Chun Yuyi's three-stone medicinal wine, which was cured. The other case was that a king's beauty in Zhuochuan suffered from obstructed labor, which was cured by Chun Yu Yi's scopolamine wine, and gave birth to a baby. Eastern Han Dynasty? Zhang Zhongjing "typhoid miscellaneous disease theory", contains "women sixty-two kinds of wind, abdominal blood qi stabbing pain, red and blue flower wine main". Safflower function of blood blood, with wine decoction to strengthen the efficacy of the drug, so that the blood and qi smooth, the abdominal pain since the end. In addition, gua gua vulgaris scallion white wine soup, is also a kind of medicinal wine, through the wine gas light, can lead the medicine upward, to achieve the yang dispersal of knots, exclude phlegm and expel the purpose of the drink, in order to treat thoracic paralysis. As for his book records to wine decoctions or medicines, it is more common.
In the Sui and Tang dynasties, the use of medicinal wine is more widely used in the period, the most abundant records of Sun Simiao's "Thousand Gold Formulas", *** more than 80 medicinal wine, involving tonic and strong, internal, external, gynecological and so on several aspects. The "Thousand Gold Formula" has more than 80 medicinal wine prescriptions. Wind Poison Foot "in the special "wine sweet" section, *** contains 16 wine formula, "Qianjin wing formula? Wine" wine party 20, is China's existing medical writings, the earliest on the topic of wine synthesis.
In addition, "Qianjin Fang" on the wine and wine agent toxic side effects, there has been a certain understanding that "wine is hot, things are not to be added, cum long drinking, sound Xing does not solve the problem, and then make the triple jiao fierce heat, the five viscera dry," "there is no thirst". Therefore, for some of the wine indulgence at that time due to a variety of symptoms, the development of a number of corresponding antidote formula, such as the treatment of drinking headache Fang, the treatment of drinking poisoning Fang, the treatment of drunkenness does not wake up Fang and so on.
In the Song and Yuan Dynasties, due to the development of science and technology, the wine-making business has also developed, Zhu Yizhong in the years of Zhenghe wrote the "Wine Classic", also known as "North Mountain Wine Classic", which is following the Northern Wei Dynasty "Qimin Essentials" after a monograph on the production of music and winemaking. The upper volume of the book is on wine, the middle volume on the song, the lower volume on the brewing method, which can be seen at that time on the processing of raw materials and operation technology of the song-making has made new progress. "Cooking wine" section talks about heating and sterilization to store the liquor method, hundreds of years earlier than Europe, the first for our country.
At this time, due to the invention of engraving and printing, coupled with the government's attention to the cause of medicine, so that the clinical and theoretical development of Chinese medicine at that time. Therefore, the efficacy of medicinal wine, also gradually from clinical to theoretical. For example, "Taiping Shenghui Fang? Medicine and wine preface" that "the wine, the essence of grain tiller, and nourish the spirit, nature is only lisping, the work is very changeable, can be declared beneficial to the stomach and intestines, the good guide medicine potential. Sheng Ji General Records? Treatment? Soup sweet" that "the evil of the injury has shallow and deep, the medicine of the attack on the evil has a light and heavy, the beginning of the disease, when the soup to cure its micro. Disease has been a long time, is to mash sweet attack its very. And there are shape number of panic, the meridians do not work, the disease was born in the unkind, wine to mash medicine, so see the evil is deep, the meridians are closed, non-mash medicine to disseminate the evil, it is desirable to pass the bloodstream, and can be healed....... Wine nature of the heat, the potential for immediate implementation of the drug, so the patient has a deficiency of blood and gas stagnation, Chen cold cold cold, parched and not with the partial blight, the contractures of paralysis and so on, all the appropriate to always serve, are to take the gradual impregnation of the power! also. And the ancient method of medicine, more wine, not only declared through the blood gas, but also to raise the sun also". The scope of treatment of medicinal wines is also relatively centralized and developed towards health care, for example, "22 general-purpose wine-soaking medicines for all winds" and "14 general-purpose wine-soaking medicines for wind, waist and foot pains." In the special prescription of medicinal wine, there were more prescriptions for health care and beauty care. At that time, the trend of using medicinal herbs to make quatu had already begun to prevail, and thirteen kinds of medicinal quatu were recorded in Beishan Wine Classic alone. For example, Xiang Gui Qu was made with medicines such as Muxiang, Guan Gui, Fenghuang, and Almond. Yaoquan Qu, with medicines such as fengfeng, white aconite, betel nut, pepper, cinnamon, cloves, ginseng, tiannanxing, poria, angelica dahurica, chuanxiong, nutmeg and so on. And that to do medicinal wine to Dongyang wine is the best, "with the system of all medicines good", its wine since ancient times, the reputation, the fragrance of far away, the color of gold, drink to drunkenness, not a headache, not a dry mouth, not for diarrhea, its water is said to be heavier than other water, the neighboring towns are not made, are the beauty of the soil and water also. Li Shizhen explained: Dongyang wine is Jinhua wine, the ancient Lanling also, Li Taibai poem called: "Lanling wine Yu Jin Xiang." That is, often drink people medicine are good.
With the continuous development and improvement of the brewing process, some of the medicinal wine not only has the advantages of health care, treatment of diseases, and mellow flavor, become popular for a while, and become the Palace Imperial Wine. The Yuan Dynasty, with its capital in Beijing, was the most prosperous capital of the world at that time. With the endless flow of merchants from all over the country and from Eurasian countries, domestic and foreign famous wines were gathered, which became the specialties of the Yuan Dynasty court. Qiang's Chinese wolfberry wine, yellow wine; desert north and south of the antlers around the wine, lamb wine; Northeast tribes of the pine knot wine, pine root wine, tiger bone wine; the south of the wine, poria wine; Southwest of the chicken wine, blubber umbilical cord wine and so on were popular at the time of the famous wine. Ming Dynasty Palace was built in the Imperial House of Wine, specializing in manufacturing a variety of wine, there are still "Imperial medicinal wine five flavors of soup, the real pearl red, Changchun wine". Such as the then-famous Golden Palace of the "full of incense" on the white atractylodes, white sandalwood, shrinking nuts, patchouli, licorice, incense, cloves and other drugs, and white flour, glutinous rice flour and other brewing and become. At that time, the folk workshop also has a lot of medicinal wine production for sale, such as Coix lacryma wine, lamb wine. Some other people brew their own wine, such as the first month of the pepper cudgel wine, calamus wine at the Dragon Boat Festival, the mid-autumn osmanthus wine, chrysanthemum wine at the Chung Yeung Festival, have become the traditional festive wines often brewed by the people, and a lot of them are medicinal wines.