Rehabilitation and the Capital of the Last Days

The Tusi system of the Tang and Song dynasties was the Tusi system, in which the counties controlled by the Tusi were called Tusi Prefecture, and the rule of "inheriting one's position, guarding one's land, and growing one's people" was observed. * The first is to make the city a place for the people to live, and the second is to make the city a place to live.

Starting from the Yuan Dynasty, the local tribes were required to pay taxes to the central ***, but they were not collected directly by the tax officials of the central ***, but by the tribes themselves, and the tribes were handed over to the central *** by the tribes.

Yuan dynasty Guizhou has formed four major families of tusi, in addition to the Yang's tusi in Podcasting State and Tian's tusi in Si State, the remaining two major families that is mentioned above, Shuixian's and Shuidong's Song.

Yuan in accordance with the power and control of the size of the land, the Secretary will be divided into the Secretary for the Secretary, Secretary for the Secretary, Secretary for the Secretary, Secretary for the Secretary, Guizhou *** counted more than 300 large and small Secretary, and Guiyang, that is, in the Shunyuan Road, under the Secretary for the Secretary of the Military and Civilian Pacification with a large number of small Secretary.

The Ming dynasty's system of the Tusi system is more rigorous, the people under the jurisdiction of the Tusi were logged into the "people's households" "military households", respectively, by the Chief Secretary and the jurisdiction of the Commander of the Ming army in the stagecoach along the construction of many of the guards are located in the Tusi jurisdiction, the two do not have each other's command.

Hongwu five years (1372), the water east of the An's and the water west of the Song's **** with the dynasty, the Ming will be the water west of the water east of the water into one, for the Guizhou Xuanhuosi, the An's generations for the Xuanhuosi, Song's generations for the Xuanhuosi Tongzhi. Yongle eleven years (1413), after the establishment of the Chief Secretary of Guizhou, the field tax system is gradually aligned with the national, but all the food difference in the region is still recognized by the Secretary of the soil, and then apportioned by its subordinate soil eye, the soil people level by level.

Water East Song's Matouzhai

Tianqi first year (1621), the Ming dynasty wants to transfer water Xi'an 10,000 soldiers to help the war, for fear of attracting contradictions and stop, and ready to transfer and water Xi'an always love each other to kill the Yongning luxury clan to lead 30,000 to aid the Liao, Yongning luxury leader luxury Chongming and his son-in-law Fan Long conspired to rebel, Tianqi two years, water Xi'an's Anbang Yan hostage of their nephews to respond to the luxury of the Generalissimo An bit of the rebellion, known as the luxury An rebellion, the history of the rebellion. The history is known as the luxury of the An Rebellion.

Chongzhen three years (1630) An bit to surrender, the water Xi'an's direct water outside the six eyes (now Qingzhen, Guiyang), Chongzhen four years, but also because of the water East Song's Yin help奢, an insurgency, will be the Guizhou consul Tongzhi Song Si Yin dismissed, will be the water East Song's direct Hongbian twelve head of the land to the flow of the Kaiju (now Guiyang Kaiyang).

After the Qing dynasty occupied the north, since Chongzhen 17 years (1644) to Hongguang two years (1646), the Ming dynasty old ministers have embraced the King of Fu in Nanjing to establish the Hongguang regime, in Shaoxing to the King of Lu as the Supervisor of the establishment of the Shaoxing regime, in Fuzhou to the King of Tang as the emperor of the establishment of the Longwu regime in Zhaoqing, Guangdong, the King of Gui as the emperor of the establishment of the Yongli regime, the King of Wang Wang in Guangzhou to the King of Tang's younger brother as emperor of the establishment of the Shaowu regime, in addition to the Yongli regime in the Ming dynasty, the old ministers and remnants of the Great Western Army. In addition to the Yongli regime in the Ming Dynasty, the old ministers and the Daxijun remnants of the emperor's support to Yongli fifteen years (1661) before being eliminated by the Qing dynasty, the other regimes, or busy fighting for legitimacy, or the champion of the struggle for power and profit, in the Qing dynasty's offensive, and soon all failed.

For four of the fifteen short Yongli 15 years (1651-1656), which witnessed the final moments of the Ming dynasty's demise, Guiyang existed as the capital of the Yongli dynasty of the Southern Ming.

In 1646, the Hongguang Dynasty and the Longwu regime were defeated, and the former Ming Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, Ding Kui Chu, Guangxi Governor Qu Shi, and Royal Inspector Wang Huacheng, who had embraced the King of Gui, Zhu Yuhang, as the Supervisor of the Kingdom in Zhaoqing, Guangdong, and had the support of the Governor of Hunan and Guangxi, Ho Tengjiao, formally embraced the King of Gui as the Supervisor of the Kingdom on October 14th, 1646, and soon afterward proclaimed himself emperor, taking 1647 as the first year of the Yonglixi reign.

Hongguang two years in the same year, Zhang Xianzhong was killed by the Manchu Qing Dynasty, the remaining generals Sun Kewang, Li Dingguo, Liu Wenshou, Ai Qineng return to the Ming anti-Qing Dynasty, Yongli three years, Sun Kewang from Chongqing to Guizhou, under the Zunyi Tongzi County, and routed the Ming army in the Wujiang River fortification, crossing the Wujiang River, and then the junction of Guiyang, Anshun, Qiuxi Huishui County, and then conquered Guiyang, this is expected to march to Guangxi to meet with Gui King of the Yongli Dynasty *** anti-Qing Dynasty. * * * resistance to the Qing army.

Coinciding with the chaos in Yunnan, Shiping Tusi Long Zaitian asked for help, and Sun Kewang suddenly changed his plan and marched into Yunnan. With Sun Kewang's two-pronged personality, the reason for the sudden change of plan was probably because Sun Kewang saw an opportunity to expand his territory, and it is highly likely that he was only using the King of Gui and the Yongli dynasty as political chips in his hands from the very beginning.

After the occupation of Yunnan by the army of the West, Sun Kewang called himself the King of Pingdong, and soon called himself the "Lord of the Country", and even used the stem and branch of the year, casting the "Xingzhao Tongbao", and in the planning of the original Yunnan deputy envoy of the Ming Dynasty, Yang Daizhi, Sun Kewang returned to the regime of the Yongli Dynasty, and presented a table to claim the title of subject, but still insisted on asking the Yongli Dynasty for the money. Still insisted on asking the Yongli court for the title of "King of Qin".

From 1647 to 1650, when He Tengjiao was captured and failed, and Guilin fell, the Yongli Emperor lost half of his Ming army troops, and the only one left was Sun Kewang, who was still showing him kindness. Yongli court has nowhere to go, Yongli five years in December, the Qing Kong Youde Department pushed into Nanning, Yongli six years in January, the king of Gui arrived in Guangnan, Sun Kewang sent the Generalissimo Wang Aixiu went to meet the driving force, wrote that: I line in the lone place in secluded Guangdong, once again to welcome the invitation, did not give permission to travel ...... I think again and again, the only Anlong Dian, Qian, Guangdong three provinces will be the district, the city and castle solid, the palace repair, all the grain storage, the city and the palace repair, the city and the palace repair, all the food storage. The palace repair, all the food storage, can be sent to the night, this is appropriate.

Yongli five years in the first month, the Yongli emperor and his entourage from Guangnan, after more than ten days of trekking, arrived at Guiyang hundreds of kilometers away from Anlong (now Qianxi Autonomous Prefecture, Anlong is not in the five major post roads in Qiandi Yuan, the resettlement of the plan can also be seen on Sun's plan to take over from the South Ming Dynasty is a plan early), and Sun Kewang is sitting alone in Guiyang, the official beginning of the history of the Yongli dynasty in Guiyang.

The Yongli regime of the Southern Ming Dynasty was briefly capitalized in Guiyang

In the second year of the Yongli era, in order to break the siege of Yunnan and Guizhou by the Qing army, Sun Kewang stayed in Yunnan, and Li Dingguo led an army of 100,000 troops to Hunan, and Liu Wenshou led an army of 50,000 troops to Sichuan. Liu, Li strong military potential, Liu's Department of Yibin, Leshan, Chengdu, Chongqing, and Li Dingguo first divided into two attack on Hunan, and then combined forces in Guangxi, Guangxi, captured the whole territory of Guangxi, forcing Kong Youde in Guilin self-immolation and death.

Sun Kewang saw Li Dingguo's impressive record of war, the heart of suspicion, worried about their own position is threatened, the same year, Sun Kewang transferred the occupation of Sichuan's troops into Qian, marching into Hunan. Yongli seven years to eight years, Li Dingguo war in Guangdong and Guangxi, repeated victories, while Sun Kewang has repeatedly designed plots to attack Li Dingguo, unsuccessful.

Sun Kewang and returned to Guiyang, premeditated to get his dream of the throne. Yongli eight years in the spring, the Yongli Emperor sent people to call Li Dingguo to Anlong into the guard, by Sun Kewang realized that the premeditation of this matter will be eighteen ministers to "steal the treasure and pretend, deceiving the king and wronging the country," the charge of all the deaths. In addition to Wu Yuzhen by the Yongli Emperor's intercession to hang, the rest of all the death by lynching.

In June of the same year, Sun Kewang rushed to Kunming to claim the title of emperor, due to the small size of the crown and failed to attempt, Yongli nine years, sent Guan Youcai to lead the troops to Nanning to attack Li Dingguo, Li Dingguo in the rout of Guan Youcai after the Department of the Yongli ten years to reach the Anlong, escorting the Yongli emperor from Guizhou Panxian into Yunnan, the end of the history of the Yongli regime in Guiyang.

Eventually, the Yongli regime was overthrown by Wu Sangui, who surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, and with the Qing Dynasty's rule firmly in place, the southwestern Tusi came to an end.

Shunzhi seventeen years (1660), Wu Sangui to "water West Secretary An Kun has long been storing conspiracies, nearly heard of the criminal sacrifice of ghosts, will be unruly" please completely change the flow of water West, the Qing Parliamentary King's Ministers Conference decided "water West Secretary An Kun, Manai Secretary Long Jizhao, Usha Secretary An Chong Sheng, etc., Yang Shun Yin Reverse, in the evil intentions. The Chinese have malicious intentions. Should be as requested, careful planning, camera annihilation."

Kangxi three years, the Qing court ordered Wu Sangui attack the water west, with ten town forces siege, An Kun, An Chong Sheng captured, completely remove the water west of the Secretary of State. In four years, Wu Sangui asked the water West and Usha Tusi land to set up Dading, Pingyuan, Qianxi, Weining four, to be Wu Sangui rebellion, water West Tusi An Kun surviving son of An Sheng Zu got clan support, led the troops to help the Qing dynasty to put down the rebels, the Qing dynasty restored the water West Tusi, and An Sheng Zu heir, according to the policy of heirless Tusi stop the inheritance of the water West Tusi completely withdrawn from the stage of Guizhou's history.

After the defeat of the Wu Sangui regime, the Secretary of State system continues to develop in the direction of centralization, the early Qing dynasty to take the "Yunnan-Guizhou Secretary of State from its customs" policy, but to limit the constraints of the Secretary of State, but still the implementation of four measures:

First, strictly regulate the system of inheritance in order to prevent the fight against the attack, risking the attack on the Secretary of State. Secondly, it is clear that there are three major obligations of the Secretary of State, namely, "only tribute, only assignment, only soldiers". Third, with the central civil service to the work of the Secretary for the audit, "merit will be reclassified, guilty will be dealt with", every three years an assessment. Fourthly, it promulgated the "Miao Border Prohibition Law", stipulating that the Tushi must be controlled by the same level of officials. In addition, the provisions of the heirless landlord to stop the succession, the guilty landlord or demoted or dismissed.

Yongzheng four years, Yunnan, Guangxi Governor Ertai on the "land to the flow of rust", the general principle of land to the flow of rust is to cut its big and save its small, all the fields of the Secretary of the land, all the people into the household, for the fight against the central authority of the Secretary of the land resolutely abolished. Compared with the previous generation, Qian, Yunnan Tushi political power has declined to the lowest point in history.

Folklore from eleven provinces

Since the Ming and Qing dynasties, Guiyang has been a city of immigrants for 400 years, and the customs of Guiyang are a mixture of immigrants from different provinces.

The nine guilds of the eleven provinces mentioned above, these outsiders have brought all their native beliefs to Guiyang, and there is no one from a certain province or place that dominates the culture, which is the reason why Guiyang people have never been able to feel that Guiyang has a culture of this kind of city, because the dominant folklore in the immigrant city has been melted down by the city, which doesn't stop the culture of the immigrant people from ever lying quietly. In Guiyang's place names and once history.

The Hubei Guild Hall, which was built as a place for the Hubei people to worship Dayu, is located on Tianjia Lane in present-day Guiyang.

The famous area of Guiyang old city, Zilinan, is because the Hunan people good to build Shoufu Temple, built in the suburbs of Guiyang at that time "Chuheng Villa", so the place is quite a field, became the first meeting place of the Guiyang literati during the late Qing Dynasty, so called Zilinan. During the war, the national *** move to Chongqing, immigrants once again flocked to Guiyang, opened up the area of Zilinan for outsiders to live, the field scenery of the Zilinan then did not exist.

Today's Purple Forest Nunnery

And the remains of the Jiangxi people still exist, the Jiangxi people worship the Taoist priest Xu Xun of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, in Guiyang all over the big building of the Manshou Palace, Guiyang city of Manshou Palace in Taiping Street, the Manshou Palace built in Guiyang Qingyan is also so, and is still in existence today.

Sichuan people worship Li Bing father and son and good to build worship Li Bing father and son of the Chuanzu Temple, in the late Qing Dynasty in Guiyang Province has also been all over the Chuanzu Temple. And the Fujian people worship Mazu, in the city of Guiyang also built Mazu temple.

From this record alone, the Han Chinese also have a diversity of beliefs, and beliefs in the spiritual world of the Han Chinese also occupies a great position, otherwise it would not have left home for thousands of miles, to be in the remote hinterland of Southwest China to worship their hometown gods and rituals.

As for the old immigrants, they built the Yangming Shrine and the Yin Daozhen Shrine on Fufeng Mountain in Guiyang. They are dedicated to Wang Yangming, who practiced in his hometown of Shuixi, and to Yin Daozhen, who was a great scholar in Qianjiang during the Eastern Han Dynasty, in order to commemorate their great work in opening up Qianjiang for culture and education.

In addition to the diverse Han beliefs, the beliefs of the Miao, the Buyi, and all the ethnic minorities in the neighborhood of Guiyang also existed in Guiyang at the same time***.

One of the most well-known events in the past, and one that is still unknown to Guiyangites and even to the Miao people in Guiyang, is the April 8 festival of the Miao people in Guiyang.

Legends of the Miao in Guiyang, in the Song Dynasty, a chief called Guru sad Zan led the Miao ancestors to the Yi occupation of the Black Sheep Turnip near the reclamation, overworked and died, and his successor, Sailu Yujiu, still overworked and died, according to legend, that is, buried in the center of Guiyang's old city of the Grand Cross (the fountain area, the Republic of China, is the place where the bronze statue of Zhou Xicheng is known as the Bronze Statue Terrace, and now fountains are still the financial center of Guiyang, once a commodities center), the old city of Guiyang, and the old city of Guiyang. (financial center, once the commodity center), Miao descendants to record the previous pioneering work, agreed to Guiyang near the Miao, regardless of near and far, regardless of men and women, young and old, regardless of the wind and rain, every year on April 8, we must bring glutinous rice to the Bronze Statue Terrace, Guangdong Street around the graves, and then this activity outside the sacrifice gradually with the nature of the entertainment, April 8, the day of the day, the Miao people of Guiyang must gather in the Bronze Statue Terrace near the songs and dances.

The Miao people of Qingyan, Huaxi and Longli near Guiyang are also a blessing for Chinese anthropology. As early as the late Qing Dynasty, the famous anthropologist Torii Ryuzo, came to Southwest China alone in 1902 for an anthropological expedition, stayed in Guizhou for 40 days, took a lot of photos of the Miao in Qingyan and Huaxi in Guizhou as well as the natural scenery and customs along the way, and then published the "Investigation and Research on the Miao" after returning to China.

Yan Yinliang inscribed plaque

And these four people are all young people out of school or long in the field, Guiyang and even Guizhou is not able to cultivate them, and now Guiyang, even if compared to Guangxi's Liugao, Nanning Second High School, but also to be inferior, want to bend the road to overtake the high school without a strong enough to intimidate the Southwest education sector is not enough strength.

The second major problem is the laxity of the people, Guiyang people are accustomed to comfort, prefer to play, the best daily clothes, food two things, the spirit of backwardness, and even sometimes with the excuse of "good at enjoying life" in the state of spiritual and cultural deprivation, short-sightedness is the norm in Guiyang people. Taobao 2018 made by the provincial capital city women online shopping clothing consumption ranking, Guiyang girls ranked seventh.

Where the city life is like a personal life, own development and maturity of the stage, of course, as the individual life in general, the growth of fast and slow, Guiyang is located in the plateau mountainous area, the stage of its infants and young children have been insufficient nutrition, and Guiyang is now just beginning, like 16-year-old high school students in general, and in the modern scientific and technological conditions, which nutrition is absolutely sufficient.

The city is like an adult, and it takes time to grow up and shine. Guiyang people, although comfortable and lazy, but this city is the same place that produced the Lao Ganma, Lao Ganma courageous struggle, know that backward but confident, resilient, fearless of others' vision of the spirit of the same is also Guiyang people in Guizhou people **** have the spirit of the spirit.

Guiyang people and see that the 17th century or Hongbian twelve horse headland Kaizhou is not also born Zhu Qi Inscription, that 1940s reclamation of Nanming District is now the housing volume rate is even comparable to that of Hong Kong, but with the abundant nutrition and Guiyang people now hidden toughness, play the borderland of the barbaric bravery, Guiyang will not let the world and the future disappointment!