In A.D. 1409 (the seventh year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty), Qiu Fu, the Duke of Qi sent by Cheng Zu, led a hundred thousand troops to conquer Tatar. Because he was alone, he was ambushed by the enemy and was completely annihilated. In order to eliminate the border troubles, Cheng Zu decided to personally expedition. 14 10 In February (the eighth year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty), Cheng Zu mobilized 500,000 troops. On May 8th, the Ming army went to the valley of the Wokan River (now the Krulun River, renamed as "Yinma River" by Cheng Zu), and found out that Khan Tatar Ben Ya lost his army to the west and Prime Minister Arutai fled to the east. Cheng Zu led his soldiers to the west to pursue Benya Lost. On May 13th, the Ming army defeated Benya Lost in nan river (located on the border of Mongolia and Russia today). After Chengzu defeated Benya, he attacked Arutai eastward, and the two sides fought in the northeast of nan river, the Mongolian-Russian border. The Ming army killed countless enemies, and Arutai fell off his horse and fled. At this time, the weather was hot, water was scarce, and food and grass were not good. Cheng Zu ordered the division to move. After the attack of the Ming army, the Tatar Department surrendered to the Ming Empire and paid tribute to the horses of the Ming Emperor. Cheng Zu also gave a generous reward, and his minister Arutai accepted the title of "King of Peace" given by Cheng Zu. After the second expedition of the Ming army to Tatar in 14 10, the Wala department took the opportunity to develop rapidly. In 14 13, the Wala army entered the Kulang River (now Krulun River) to spy on the Central Plains. Ming Chengzu was determined to make a personal expedition again, mobilize troops and raise food expenses. 14 14 In February (the 12th year of Yongle), the Ming army set out from Beijing. On the third day of June, the Ming army defeated a group of rangers from the Wala Department at the mouth of the Three Gorges (now southeast of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia), killing dozens of riders. On the seventh day, the Ming army went to Bulan and suddenly lost temperature (now southeast of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia). The 30,000-strong Wala army, relying on the mountain situation, was divided into three ways. Cheng Zu sent cavalry to attack and lure the enemy soldiers away from the mountain situation. He ordered Liu Sheng to fire and bombard, and he himself personally led the fighters into the enemy line. The Wala army retreated, and Cheng Zu pursued the situation. The soldiers were divided into several ways to attack the Wala army and kill thousands of enemies. In this campaign, Wala was hit hard, and he dared not violate the border for many years. At the same time, the Ming army suffered heavy casualties. The third expedition to Wala was defeated by the Ming army. After several years of development, Tatar became increasingly powerful, thus changing his attachment policy to the Ming Dynasty, insulting or detaining the envoys sent by the Ming Dynasty, and often harassing and looting the borders of the Ming Dynasty. 142 1 year (the 19th year of Yongle) At the beginning of winter, Tatars besieged Xinghe, an important town in the north of Ming Dynasty, and killed Wang Xiang, the commander of the Ming army. In response, Cheng Zu decided to make a third expedition to Mobei AD 1422 (the 20th year of Yongle). In March, Cheng Zu led an army from Beijing to attack Tatar. When its main force arrived at Jiming Mountain in the southeast of Xuanfu (now Xuanhua, Hebei), the Tatar leader Arutai learned that the Ming army was coming and fled Xinghe by night, avoiding war. In July, the Ming army arrived in Shahuyuan, captured Tatar's subordinates, and learned that Arutai had fled, and Chengzu ordered to stop the pursuit. On the way back to Li, the Ming army defeated Wuliangha, and returned to Beijing in September. Chengzu's third attack on Mobei dealt a certain blow to Tatar, but the effect was not great, and it did not completely solve the nuisance caused by the three Mongolian tribes in Mobei to the border of Ming Dynasty. The fourth personal expedition in A.D. 1423 (the 21st year of Yongle), Tatar leader Arutai led his troops to harass the border of the Ming Dynasty again, and Cheng Zu decided to make another personal expedition after hearing about it. The Ming army went to war in early August, and in early September, when the Ming army arrived in Shacheng (now north of Zhangbei, Hebei Province), Arutai's subordinate, A Tuotie Muer, led his troops to surrender to the Ming army, and learned that Arutai was defeated by Wala, and his troops had been scattered, and the Ming army was temporarily stationed; In October, the Ming army continued northward and defeated the army in the west of Tatar in the north of the Yellow River. Prince Tatar also led his troops to surrender to the Ming Dynasty, and Chengzu immediately named Tugan as the brave king. In November, the Ming army moved back to Beijing. During the fifth expedition to Yongle, the class contradictions in the whole country were relatively eased. However, due to excessive state expenditure and heavy taxes and levies, peasant exile and uprisings occurred in some areas, and the Tang Saier Uprising in Shandong in the eighteenth year was one of the larger ones. From January to July in A.D. 1424 (the 22nd year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty), the Ming army fought against the Mongolian Tatar Department. In the first month of that year, Arutai, the leader of the Tatar Department, led an army to invade Datong and Kaiping (now the northeast of Zhenglan Banner in Inner Mongolia) in Shanxi. Cheng Zu then mobilized the soldiers of the five divisions of Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi and Liaodong to stand by in Jingshi (now Beijing) and Xuanfu (now Xuanhua, Hebei). On April 3, Anyuan Hou Liusheng and Sui Anbo Chen Ying were the Zhongjun; Wu 'an Hou Zhengheng and Baoding Hou Yuying are left posts, while Yang Wuhou Xue Lu and Xinning Bo Tan Zhong are right posts. British Gong Zhang Fu and Cheng Guogong Zhu Yong are left-handed, while Chengshan Hou Wangtong and Xing 'an Bo Henry Hsu are right-handed; Hou Chenmao of Ningyang and Wang Jinzhong of Zhongyong, also known as Tugan, took the vanguard and sent troops to the North. On the 25th, when we entered Jining (now south of Guyuan, Hebei), we learned that Arutai had fled to Dalanamuer River (now downstream of Haraha River in Mongolia), and Chengzu ordered the whole army to pursue it rapidly. On June 17, I entered the Nanamur River in Dalan, and there was no sign of the Arutai Department for more than 300 miles around, so I ordered to move troops. On July 18th, Cheng Zu died in Yumuchuan (now northwest of Duolun, Inner Mongolia) on his way back to Beijing. At this point, the Mongolian power was temporarily weakened, and the Ming Dynasty was exhausted and unable to make a large-scale expedition. The reason why the Diaoyutai Battle of Song and Meng surrendered was that the Song Dynasty was over, and there was no need to stick to it.

The Battle of Fishing City, or the Battle of Fishing City, or the Battle of Hezhou. It refers to the war between the Southern Song Dynasty and Mongolia in 1259. 1239, Peng Daya ordered Gan Runchu to build a fishing city when he was appointed as the deputy envoy of Sichuan Manufacturing Company. Later, the Sichuan Manufacturing Company became acquainted with Yu Jie, the capital of Chongqing, and adopted the suggestions of Ran Jin and Ranpu, brothers of Bozhou, and rebuilt the fishing city on 1243, stationing troops to accumulate grain to fight against the Mongolian army invading from the north and serve as a barrier to defend Chongqing. At that time, Mongolia was sweeping Eurasia after the founding of the People's Republic of China. 1258, Mongolian Khan Mongge ordered Kublai Khan to attack Ezhou, Chatar attacked Huaibei and Wulianghatai attacked Yunnan, and he led his troops to Sichuan. 1February, 259, Mongo Khan personally led 40,000 troops to the fishing city, and Mongo sent people to surrender. Wang Jian of Song Zhihe State sternly refused and killed the messenger, and Mongo began to attack the fishing city. However, under the tenacious resistance of Wang Jian, the main commander of the fishing city, and Zhang Jue, the general Wang Dechen died, and Mongo was injured by artillery on the city, and later died in Wenquan Temple, so the Mongolian army retreated. Until 1279, under the leadership of the garrison commander Wang Li, the soldiers and civilians of Fishing City surrendered, officially ending the 36-year resistance history of the Battle of Fishing City. After the Mongolian army swept across Eurasia, Song supported itself for decades and was the last country to die in the Mongolian army. The Song-Mongolian War broke out in an all-round way from 1235 A.D. to the collapse of the Song Dynasty in the Battle of Yashan in 1279, which lasted for nearly half a century. It was the longest and most labor-consuming war encountered by the Mongolian forces after their rise. What was the battle of the civil fort? After the death of Yuan Dynasty, some Mongolian nobles retreated to Mongolia and Northeast China, and were divided into three parts: Tatar, Waci and Wuliangha. Mongolian ministries often invaded the borders of the Ming Dynasty, and Ming Chengzu personally conquered Mongolia five times. In the eighth year of Yongle, Emperor Chengzu of Ming Dynasty took over 500,000 troops to conquer Tatars. After the Ming army arrived at the Giza River (named Yinma River by Cheng Zuci), Cheng Zu went forward on his own, arrived in nan river, defeated the Tatar cavalry, and Khan Tatar fled with only seven riders. After this great defeat and the disintegration of internal rule, the Tatar Department surrendered to the Ming Dynasty. In the tenth year of Yongle (A.D. 14 14), the Mongolian Wala Department attacked and killed Tatar Benya Shili and detained the envoys of the Ming Dynasty. In the twelfth year of Yongle, Cheng Zu led an army to personally levy Wala until Tula River and Mahamu fled and died soon. After this attack, the Wala Department was always under the jurisdiction of the Ming Dynasty in Yongle period. In the 19th year of Yongle, Mongolian Tatars set out to invade Xinghe and other places in the Ming Dynasty. In the twentieth, twenty-first and twenty-second years of Yongle, Ming Chengzu led an army to conquer. These three expeditions failed to achieve the expected purpose. At this time, Chengzu was a 65-year-old man, and died of illness in Yumuchuan on his last trip to Li.

In the fourteenth year of Ming Yingzong's orthodoxy (AD 1449), the Mongolian Wala Department constantly invaded Datong, and Ming Yingzong was prepared to make personal expedition under the temptation of eunuchs. In view of the actual situation at that time, Wang Zhi, the official minister, was unfavorable to the war, so he led his ministers to remonstrate. At that time, Wang Zhen controlled the political power, and Yingzong did not listen to the advice of his ministers, but trusted Wang Zhen and decided to personally expedition. Yingzong ordered Zhang Fu, a British public official, Kuang Yě, a senior minister of the Ministry of War, Wang Zuo, a senior minister of the Ministry of Housing, Cao Nai, Zhang Yi and other civil and military officials to "escort". Zhang Fu was the first civil and military official to join the expedition. During the Yongle period, he led the army to quell the rebellion in the south several times and made outstanding achievements. However, he did not participate in military and political affairs this time, and all military and political affairs were arbitrary by Wang Zhen. This is a strange thing. The military and political ministers of the imperial court are not involved in military and political affairs, but a eunuch acts arbitrarily, which is bound to fail. On July 16th, the 14th year of orthodoxy, Yingzong and Wang Zhen led 500,000 troops from Beijing. Due to improper organization and unstable morale, Yu Qian was like a soldier, and everyone was suspicious and afraid. It was even more stormy, and the troops were already short of food on the March. From the 28th to Yanghe in the northeast of Datong. Ten days ago, Song Ying, the general manager of Datong, and Zhu Mian, the company commander, were in Yanghe against the Wala Army, which was also led first. Because they were restrained by Guo Jing, the eunuch of the prison army, they were not suitable for commanding operations and were completely annihilated. At this time, when the army came to Yanghe, they could still see corpses lying all over the battlefield, which made their morale even lower. When Wang Zhen learned about the fiasco in Qiancheng, he was greatly frightened, and the next day he encouraged the British Sect to move troops. Wang Zhen changed the retreat route of the Ming army at will, so that he was attacked by the Yexian army along the way. On 13th, Yingzong fled to Tumu Fort (now east of Huailai County, Hebei Province). There is no water in the civil fort, and there is no water when digging a well for two feet. The men and women don't drink water for two days, and their hunger and thirst are unbearable. There is a river fifteen miles south of Tumu Fort, which has been occupied by Wala Army. On the 15th, the army retreated first, and sent people to the Ming army to make peace for a pretence. Yingzong ordered Cao Nai to draft the imperial edict, and sent two officials to the military camp first. When Wang Zhen saw that the Yexian army was retreating backward, he ordered to move the camp to the water. Before the Ming army had traveled three or four miles, the Waci army was besieged on all sides, and the Ming army was in chaos. Yingzong and Qinbing broke through on horseback, but could not get out. They had to dismount and sit cross-legged and face south, and became prisoners of the Wala army. In the civil fort melee, more than 50 people, including British Gong Zhang Fu, Xu Duwei Jingyuan, Minister of War Kuang Yě, Minister of Housing Wang Zuo, Cabinet Bachelor Cao Nai, Zhang Yi, Assistant Minister Ding Ming and Wang Yonghe, were killed. More than 200,000 mules and horses and a large number of armor and equipment were all obtained by the first army. Yingzong's 500,000 troops, the elite of the Beijing army in the Ming Dynasty, were almost completely ruined. In fact, there are only 20,000 Wala troops led by Yexian. Defeating 500,000 people with 20,000 people is not because the Waci army can fight, but because of the blind command of the Ming army. In the melee, Wang Zhen was hammered to death by the guard general Fan Zhongyi, saying, "I will punish this thief for the world." First, he captured the Emperor Ming Yingzong in the Battle of Civil Fort, thinking that strange goods were available, and wanted to use Yingzong to lure the cities and customs of the Ming Dynasty and ask for gold and silk property from the Ming Dynasty. However, after the capture of Yingzong in the Ming Dynasty, the ministers decided to make Zhu Qiyu, Yingzong's half-brother, as the monarch, so as to prevent the Waci army from threatening Yingzong. The Empress Dowager agreed to the proposal of the ministers, that is, from Zhu Qiyu to Ming Daizong, with the title of Jingtai. Dai Zong entrusted the important task of fighting and defending to Yu Qian, who resolutely fought the main battle. At that time, the capital of the Ming Dynasty was in a trap, and the rest of it was only 100 thousand, which shocked people. On the second day of accepting the task, Yu Qian immediately called on Dai Zong to transfer the troops from North and South Beijing and Henan to prepare for the operation, the Japanese troops from Shandong and Nanjing coastal areas, the grain transport troops from Jiangbei and Beijing, and the Zhejiang army led by Hou Chenmao in Ningyang to rush to the capital to guard. On the same day, Tongzhou grain was destined to enter Beijing. Troops from all over the country came to the capital one after another, with more food in reserve, and the people in the capital gradually stabilized. On the first day of October in the fourteenth year of orthodoxy, Waci also led an army to attack Beijing with Yingzong bypassing Datong. On the eighth day of the eighth lunar month, Dai Zong ordered Yu Qian to prefect the battalions and horses, and all the soldiers were restrained. Yu Qian immediately dispatched the generals to lead twenty-two armies to array outside the nine gates. When all the troops are deployed outside the city, all the gates will be closed to show their determination to fight to the death. On October 11th, the Wala Army arrived at the gates of Beijing. At first, I thought that the Ming army was vulnerable, and Beijing could fall any day. However, after five days of fierce fighting, they were all defeated, and they were frustrated first, and the morale of the Wala army was low. Since the Ming army joined the war, it has won many victories, and its morale is strong. First, it heard that the reinforcements of the Ming army would gather, fearing that it would cut off its way back, so it dialed the village to the north on the 15th night. The defending war of Beijing organized by Yu Qian and the leading officials finally won. After retreating to Wala first, I felt that it was useless to continue to detain Yingzong. In August of the first year of Jingtai, Yingzong was welcomed back to Beijing by Yang Shan, the right imperial adviser, and became the emperor's father. The battle of the Civil Fort was defeated, and 500,000 elite soldiers were destroyed. It can be seen that the eunuch of the Ming Dynasty was authoritarian and caused endless harm. Later, the capital organized by the hawk faction defended the city and defeated the aggressive Waci army, which showed that the Ming army was still fighting. The battle of civil fort is called "the defeat of civil engineering" in history. What's the matter with "the prince sweeping the north"? Zhu Biao, the eldest son of Zhu Yuanzhang, died young. According to the tradition of passing on the official position, after Zhu Yuanzhang's death, Zhu Yunwen, his great grandson (Zhu Biao's eldest son), succeeded the emperor and was given the title of Jianwen. After Emperor Jianwen ascended the throne, he conspired with the courtiers to cut the vassal, in an attempt to change Zhu Di to Nanchang.

Emperor Jianwen and his cronies, Qi Tai and Huang Zicheng, took a series of measures to reduce vassals. At the same time, troops were deployed around Beiping and in the city, and in the name of preventing the border, the guards of Zhu Di, the fourth son of Ming Taizu, were transferred to the Great Wall to prepare for the removal of the prince.

Zhu Di, the prince of Yan, was dissatisfied with Zhu Yunwen's succession to the throne, so he rebelled under the pretext of "punishing the treacherous court official and clearing the monarch's side". When Emperor Jianwen learned this, he summoned 300,000 soldiers from Shandong, Henan and Shanxi provinces. From the east of Taihang Mountain, Chen Bing was along the Hutuo River in an attempt to stop the prince Zhu Di from going south.

Hundreds of thousands of troops from both sides fought fiercely along the Hutuo River, and the counties belonging to Zhengding Prefecture were the main battlefields of this war. The two sides fought a year-long "seesaw" battle here. Finally, Zhu Di, the prince of Yan, won, the commander-in-chief of the Ming court was captured, and Geng Bingwen, the head coach, fled to Zhengding and stuck to it behind closed doors.

Emperor Jianwen made Li Jinglong a general again, and led 500,000 troops to attack the Prince of Yan, hoping to save the day. However, because most of the soldiers were improvised, the orders were different, and the command was ineffective, and they collapsed in World War I. The prince chased and fought, and successively invaded Nanjing, and Emperor Jianwen set himself on fire and died. 1403 Zhu Di ascended the throne, changed his name to Yongle, and then moved the capital to Beijing for the sake of Ming Chengzu. Historically, it was called "the change of Jing Nan", and it was commonly known as "the prince sweeping the north" among the people.

Extended data

Influence of war

1, changes in imperial clan treatment

After Zhu Di proclaimed himself emperor, on June 18th, the fourth year of Jianwen (1402), the titles of Zhu Cong, king of Zhou Dynasty, and Zhu Cong, king of Qi Dynasty were restored. Subsequently, the titles of Zhu Gui, the acting king, and Zhu Kun, the king of Min, were restored. In the first month of the first year of Yongle (1403), Emperor Chengzu of Ming Dynasty made the four kings of Zhou, Qi, Dai and Min vassal.

On June 26th, Chengzu cancelled the Xingzong Temple of Zhu Biao, the father of Jianwen Emperor, and renamed him Prince Yiwen. On July 12th, Cheng Zu reduced Zhu Yunwen's three younger brothers from prince to county king. In November, Zhu Biao's sons Zhu Yunxuan and Zhu Yunxuan were abolished as Shu Ren and imprisoned in their hometown Fengyang.

2. Strengthen centralized rule.

In order to deal with state affairs more efficiently, on the first day of August in the fourth year of Jianwen (1402), Zhu Di ordered Jie Jin and Huanghuai to join the Wenyuan Pavilion for maintenance. Subsequently, the cabinet was expanded to seven people. From then on, the cabinet began to play an increasingly important role in the politics of the Ming Dynasty, and even the Qing Dynasty still used this system.

On the other hand, because Zhu Di rebelled and proclaimed himself emperor, he was suspicious of the ministers, so he restored the Royal Guards abolished during the Hongwu period and resumed the spy rule of the Ming Dynasty. Subsequently, in the 18th year of Yongle (1420), Zhu Di set up the East Factory, which put the trusted eunuch in power, strengthened the spy rule and improved the eunuch's status. In the Ming dynasty, spy rule almost ran through and became a major feature.

3. Move the capital to Beijing

During the Hongwu period, several border kings (such as Zhu Di and Zhu Quan) were in charge of the defense in the north, but after the defeat, Zhu Di moved to the mainland, which led to the emptiness of defense in North China. Moreover, because of the lessons learned from the Tang Dynasty's defence of the external emptiness and the Song Dynasty's defence of the internal emptiness, militarily, it is very risky for Jinling (Nanjing), its capital, and remote-controlled generals to guard the border.

"The son of heaven guards the country" can solve this problem. On the other hand, due to the great influence of Jianwen Emperor in Nanjing, politically, Beiping, as Zhu Di's base camp, is more suitable as the imperial capital. Therefore, after considering various factors, Zhu Di decided to move the capital to Beijing.

4. cede Daning

At the beginning of Jing Nan, Zhu Di brought all the military forces of Daning (including Duo Yan Sanwei) under his command, and Duo Yan Sanwei played an important role in the subsequent operations. Therefore, after Zhu Di proclaimed himself emperor, he sealed Ning Wang in Nanchang, and in March of the first year of Yongle (1403), he awarded Daning to Duo Yan Sanwei as a reward.

Daning is located at the junction of Liaoning, Mongolia and Hebei provinces, the center of Liaodong-Jizhou-Xuanfu arch, and its military position is very important. In the 13th year of Hongwu (1380), it was recovered and a health center was established, which was abolished.

Daning can be used as a defense outpost in Liaodong, Jizhou, Xuanfu and other places, and affect its defense effect; Without Daning, you can only go through Shanhaiguan and Jinzhou from Shanhaiguan to Liaodong. Since then (especially after the change of civil engineering), the wars in Jiliao have continued. The matter of cutting Daning is often criticized by later generations.

5. Regional economy

The battle of Jing Nan involved the whole North China and East China, and repeated tug-of-war caused great social and economic damage to the north of Huaihe River. After Zhu Di ascended the throne, he reduced or exempted taxes in Hebei, Henan, Shandong and other provinces that had been battlefields to recuperate.