Kamchatka volcano is one of the most famous volcanic areas in the world. It has a high density of active volcanoes of different types and characteristics. Five distinctive volcanoes make up the unique landscape of kamchatka peninsula. This peninsula, located between the European continent and the Pacific Ocean, has also shown the world the extraordinary characteristics of the ever-developing volcanic activities and distinctive volcanic types here. In addition to its geological features, Kamchatka volcano is also famous for its beautiful landscape and numerous wild animals.
Location: kamchatka peninsula is located in the cold and distant eastern suburb of Siberia, extending from the easternmost part of Siberia to the south, covered with snow and ice, with rolling mountains and isolated from the world. Administratively, it belongs to Russian kamchatka peninsula, where the Kamchatka Volcano Group is very famous. Its total area is about 33,000 square kilometers, and its altitude is between sea level and 362 1 m. Kamchatka Volcano Group is located in the Pacific volcanic belt. There are more than 300 active and extinct volcanoes here, including 28 active volcanoes such as Klyuchev, Awacha, Korjak and Bezmone, which is the most concentrated place in the world. These volcanoes are distributed in Buestrin Ski Nature Park, Kronokee National Nature Reserve, Narchevo Nature Park, South Kamchatka Nature Park and South Kamchatka National Nature Reserve.
Krichev volcano is 4750 meters above sea level, and it is the most active volcano with the highest altitude in the Asian continent. It will erupt violently every 25 ~ 30 years (another data: every 5 ~ 30 years), and the latest eruption was in 1972 ~ 1974.
The active volcano in Krunuki National Nature Reserve is extremely active and often erupts. The Krunuki National Nature Reserve includes the conical Krunuki volcano at an altitude of 3,528 meters, the Awacha volcano at an altitude of 274 1 meter, and the Colliac volcano at an altitude of 3,456 meters. It is the center of "the world's beautiful volcano". Volcanologists call the Kronucky volcano "the most beautiful volcano in the world". Compared with other areas, the volcanic activities in South Kamchatka Nature Park and South Kamchatka National Nature Reserve are more frequent, including the famous Mutnov volcano at an altitude of 2,323 meters and the Cligny Cen volcano at an altitude of 1.829 meters.
1907, the ash from the Shqiubielia volcano covered the whole of kamchatka peninsula and covered the sky over Petropavlovsk, which is 0/00 km away from/kloc. Together with 56 volcanoes in the Thousand Islands, these volcanoes constitute the most active volcanic belt in the Pacific fire circle, and the number of active volcanoes accounts for one tenth of the world's active volcanoes.
Earthquakes often occur on the peninsula, with 150 times in the past 200 years. 1952110/0 A major earthquake occurred in October, and the magnitude of Daric was 8.4, making it the second largest earthquake on record.
Volcanic characteristics: Kamchatka Volcano Group is characterized by high volcanic density and various eruption forms. The landform here is very complicated, including tortuous caves, overlapping strata, geysers, hot springs and fountains. Strange volcanic landforms and various springs are famous scenic spots here. There are 25 geysers in the geyser canyon near the Kronokee active volcano. The minerals contained in the geysers dye the surrounding rocks red, pink, blue, purple and brown. The largest geyser is called Kong Wei. The column of boiling water and steam is as high as 49 meters, and it is sprayed for about four minutes every three hours.
Geyser Canyon is located in the scenic Kronokee National Nature Reserve, with an area of about 10300 square kilometers. Lake Crookee is the largest lake in kamchatka peninsula, located at the foot of Huoshan Mountain in Crookee.
Climate: The center of kamchatka peninsula is surrounded by two mountains, forming a continental climate, and other areas are greatly influenced by the ocean. Sea level, 65438+ 10, the monthly average temperature is minus 8 degrees Celsius, and the July average temperature is 10 degrees. Due to the cold sea of Okhotsk, the temperature on the west coast is obviously low. The precipitation situation in different areas of kamchatka peninsula is quite different: the average annual precipitation in the central area is less than 400 mm, the west coast 1 1,000 mm, and the south can reach 2000 mm. Winter in kamchatka peninsula is long, cold and snowy, while summer is short, cool and rainy. Due to the injection of hot springs, many sections of the Kamchatka River are not frozen all year round. Kamchatka peninsula separates the Sea of Okhotsk from the Pacific Ocean. The reserve consists of five independent reserves, all of which are part of kamchatka peninsula. Because kamchatka peninsula is almost surrounded by the sea, the climate is humid and cool, so the vegetation is lush. The development of human beings here is not very strong, which makes the natural environment basically retain its original appearance.
Plants: The climate and soil of Kamchatka Volcano Group are suitable for plant growth. Although there are frequent volcanic activities here, there are quite rich biological species growing here. There are more than 800 kinds of plants, and mountain plants have been distributed to the seaside. Coniferous forests such as birch, spruce and larch mainly grow in valleys. On the impact soil by the river, there are patches of poplar, alder and willow, and other vegetation, including peat bogs, subalpine shrubs and alpine tundra, are widely distributed, even reaching a vast coastal wetland with a width of 50 kilometers.
Animals: kamchatka peninsula's animals mainly include brown bear, moose, elk, reindeer, Siberian bighorn sheep, snow sheep, mink, sable, arctic fox, blue fox, silver fox, black-capped woodchuck, muskrat, Canadian beaver, Kamchatka star crow, Shan Ying, hazel chicken, salmon and so on. Some of them are endangered species in the world. Bears, snow sheep, northern deer, sable and wolverine are typical animal types in this area. All kinds of birds have everything, countless.
In order to strengthen the protection of migratory birds, Russia and Japan signed an agreement to establish a joint nature reserve in 1973, and the South Kamchatka Lake National Nature Reserve came into being. 50% of the Aleutian terns in the world live in kamchatka peninsula. Almost all the rivers on the island, especially the unpolluted rivers, are inhabited by salmon, which is a key link in the food chain of carnivorous birds and mammals. However, in recent years, illegal fishing near the seashore has been repeatedly banned, and modern industry has posed a great threat to the spawning grounds of salmon, so they have now been included in the list of endangered species in Russia.
Tourism: kamchatka peninsula officially belonged to Russian in 1699, and its description first appeared in 1742. It was not until the beginning of the18th century that few immigrants settled here in the central and southern parts of the peninsula. They mainly made a living by fishing.
During the period of 1995, the number of tourists in kamchatka peninsula exceeded 15000, including more than 4000 foreign tourists. There is a helicopter landing field in Geyser Valley, and the number of visitors here is about 2,000 every year. Major cities in kamchatka peninsula can take planes or ships, and helicopters are generally used to enter nature reserves.
Because of kamchatka peninsula's cold climate and its remote border, the word "Kamchatka" was as horrible as Siberian exiles in the Russian Empire. In the past, naughty students who were sent to the back seat of the classroom were often teased as "Kamchatka people". In fact, according to historical records, no criminals have ever been released to kamchatka peninsula, because no guards are willing to accompany the prisoners to live in that cold, desolate and dangerous place.
Race: kamchatka peninsula's indigenous races are Colliac and Chukchi, but by the18th century, they were almost completely wiped out by the Tsar's Cossacks. Today, some descendants of indigenous people still thrive on this peninsula. Kamchatka people mainly live on fur and fish. At present, Petropavlovsk has about 240,000 residents and is a major fishing port. Although there are modern transportation and trade on the peninsula, most areas have not yet been developed.
How was kamchatka peninsula? Kamchatka peninsula travel guide
Volcano Fountain Death Valley kamchatka peninsula is an excellent place to visit. What natural landscapes can you see? What are the characteristics of these own landscapes? Next, Bian Xiao combed some related contents. Come and have a look!
Kamchatka peninsula is located in the Russian Far East, bordering the Sea of Okhotsk in the west and the Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea in the east. The length from north to south is about 1200 km, the widest point is about 480 km, and the area is about 370,000 square kilometers.
volcano
Kamchatka peninsula is one of the most active places of volcanic activity in the world. Various volcanic phenomena such as geysers and mineral-rich hot springs can fully prove this point. There are more than 300 volcanoes on the peninsula (including caldera, volcano, exovolcano and mixed volcano), of which 29 are very active. Fukaya volcano in Liu Qie is the highest volcano in Eurasia, with an altitude of 4,750 meters. There are many extinct volcanoes in Croskey Nature Reserve in the south.
Kamchatka Volcano Group is one of the most famous volcanic areas in the world. It has different types and characteristics of high-density active volcanoes. Five distinctive volcanoes make up the unique landscape of kamchatka peninsula.
source
There are many hot and cold fountains on the peninsula, including 85 hot fountains and rare geysers, most of which are in Croskey Nature Reserve. Fountains have different components, such as acid springs, sulfur springs and ammonia-alkali springs. Among the geysers, "Giant Spring" is the most spectacular.
Although the eruption time this spring is not long, it is very strong. First, the spring water fills the outlet and then bubbles and boils. Finally, a huge water column suddenly rises, and the jet height can reach 10 m ~ 15 m, and the whole valley is shrouded in clouds. At the moment, the river is gurgling, the spring is gurgling, the steam is steaming, and the underground rumbles, which is thrilling. In the tributary area of Shunaya River, where geysers are dense, springs are rushing to spew, one after another, and clouds are lingering, which is another scenery.
Death valley
Death Valley is located in the foothills of Kikhpinech volcano in the upper reaches of the Hot Fountain River, in the south of Croskey Nature Reserve. The canyon is 2000 meters long, with a width of 100 to 300 meters and an altitude of 1000 meters. There are mountain streams flowing through the valley, and the flowing water is crystal clear. The valley is surrounded by steep cliffs, and the top of the mountain is covered with snow. Here, the western hills are covered with lush vegetation, but the east is bare. The canyon is often shrouded in mist.
30 Interesting Facts about kamchatka peninsula: King Crab is not a crab.
Remote and desolate, mysterious and harsh, is basically the world's impression of kamchatka peninsula. Just like the documentary "kamchatka peninsula-Forgotten Peninsula" filmed by VDud in 2020, it is mysterious and forgotten.
This article introduces 30 interesting facts about kamchatka peninsula:
1. kamchatka peninsula covers an area of about 270,000 square kilometers, which is similar to that of New Zealand.
2. kamchatka peninsula (ключевскаясопка) is the highest volcano in Eurasia, with a height of 4,835 meters. It is worth mentioning that, generally speaking, all the volcanoes here are called hills by the locals.
3. The whole peninsula, together with a part of the mainland, belongs to kamchatka peninsula administratively, and only about 300,000 people live here, accounting for only 42% of the total population of Moscow. The population density here is one of the lowest in the world, with only 0.68 people per square kilometer.
Many things in kamchatka peninsula are more expensive than those in Moscow. The reason is simple: every pair of jeans, every can of soda and every bar of chocolate have to be transported from far away, and the transportation cost is included in the final price of the goods.
There are about 300 volcanoes in kamchatka peninsula, but many of them have been dormant for a long time. According to observation and prediction, only 28 to 36 volcanoes are active and erupt from time to time. For example, Liu Zhishan erupted about five times in a hundred years.
6. The famous Pacific Rim volcanic belt runs through kamchatka peninsula, which is the region with the most volcanoes and frequent earthquakes on the earth. According to many characteristics, kamchatka peninsula is one of the most seismically active areas.
Despite the harsh climate in the interior of the peninsula, ancient humans lived here in the Stone Age. There are Koryak, Itemian, Ainu and so on.
During the Soviet period, foreigners were forbidden to visit the peninsula because of the naval base in kamchatka peninsula. In addition, even Soviet citizens must obtain special documents to visit.
9. More than half of kamchatka peninsula's population lives in Petropavlovsk, the capital of Kamchatka, the largest city on the peninsula. This is one of the oldest Russian cities in the Far East, which was built in 1740.
10. Contrary to popular belief, the climate in kamchatka peninsula is not absolutely bad, but to some extent, it can be said to be pleasant. In coastal areas, the highest and lowest temperatures are only +30℃ and -30℃, which is much better than Siberia. But in the interior of the peninsula, the climate is much worse than that along the coast.
1 1. Visitors arriving in kamchatka peninsula are usually taken to the visitor center by helicopter. Most helicopters are very old, left over from the Soviet era. They have retired from the army, but they are serving in tourist attractions. Dare you sit down?
12. Visitors to kamchatka peninsula are not allowed to wander anywhere alone, nor can they walk out of the fence of the tourist base without armed hunters. As you can guess, there are many bears here!
13. The world-famous Geyser Valley, located in kamchatka peninsula, is one of the largest geyser fields in the world. Due to the unique microclimate, with the passage of time, an equally unique ecosystem has been formed here.
14. Russians first arrived in kamchatka peninsula in 165 1 year. However, many years have passed and it is still undeveloped here.
15. Now everyone can fly to kamchatka peninsula, which is convenient and quick. However, in the past, it usually took passengers 8- 12 months to get here from the European part of Russia to kamchatka peninsula.
16. The name of kamchatka peninsula comes from the local Kamchatka River. Kamchatka River is considered as one of the cleanest rivers in the world, because they are unpolluted and originate from glaciers.
17. Although the temperature in kamchatka peninsula is not very warm, there are salamanders, lizards and frogs here. They are the only amphibians on the peninsula. Among them, the grass frog only appeared here in 2005 and was brought from Moscow.
18. In kamchatka peninsula, there are often small depressions on the ground where liquid mud surges and boils. From above, they are sometimes covered with a layer of dry dust, so sometimes they may not be noticed. However, the steam bubbling above will expose them.
There are many brown bears here. They are similar to their relatives in temperate zones in many ways, but they have different taste preferences: they like to eat fish caught in local rivers.
20. Some people think that kamchatka peninsula is a wasteland with little vegetation. But the fact is surprising: there are more than 1200 different kinds of higher plants growing here, and about 700 kinds of fish have been found in the oceans, rivers and lakes around the peninsula.
2 1. kamchatka peninsula's ancient volcano Wuzong Volcano has already calmed down, and the lake formed by its crater is one of the most toxic chloride lakes in the world. The waters around it are full of chemical elements flowing from volcanoes, so only a few bacteria and primitive unicellular algae can survive in them. Any water flowing from the chloride lake is essentially a diluted sulfuric acid solution.
22. A large part of kamchatka peninsula has been designated as a protected area. There are eight protected areas: five nature parks and three protected areas.
23. Compared with Chukchi, there are trees here, and the most interesting one is Yue Hua (берёзаэрмана). It is the most durable wood in the world, and even a steel axe will be very durable during cutting.
Administratively, the territory of Kamchatka also includes Commander Island. Russian navigator Vitesse Bering is buried here. He made two expeditions to the coast of kamchatka peninsula and died on the second expedition.
25. The nature reserves here are very strict. But basically, except poachers, they are rarely threatened because there are almost no people here. There are as many natural wonders on the peninsula as 105.
26. The coast of kamchatka peninsula is surrounded by the Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea, but on the old maps of Russia, they are sometimes called the Sea of Kamchatka, which is often confused by Russians.
27. There are all kinds of carnivores in kamchatka peninsula, but most of them are very small, not much bigger than wolves, wolverines and lynxes. The largest local carnivore is the brown bear.
28. Many cities in Russia and former Soviet republics have streets called "Kamchatka". However, some of them were renamed after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Although far from the European part of Russia, there were even Cossacks in kamchatka peninsula a long time ago! The first Cossack came here on an expedition in 1699.
30. Everyone has heard of the famous king crab of Kamchatka. But few people know that in fact, from the zoological point of view, Kamchatka crabs do not belong to crabs, but belong to Lithopoda family, and are confused by their appearance.
What should I pay attention to when I want to travel to kamchatka peninsula?
zone
Kamchatka peninsula
Geologically, it belongs to Cenozoic Alps fold belt. The Central Mountains and the Vostonnek Mountains run through the north and south. The former extends along the axis of the peninsula and the latter is parallel to the east coast. Between these two mountains is the central lowland of Kamchatka, where the Kamchatka River flows. The crust is unstable, volcanoes are active, earthquakes are frequent, and there are many hot springs and geysers. This peninsula is surrounded by volcanoes.
(Volcano 160, including 29 active volcanoes), with Kamchatka River and valley in the middle. It belongs to the region with the most frequent volcanic activity in the world. Among them, 19 is a world natural heritage. Among them, Mount Liu Ke Cut, located in the middle of Mount Vostonnek, is the highest active volcano on the peninsula at an altitude of 4,750 meters.
trait
Due to the complex surface structure and several different landforms in kamchatka peninsula, as well as the influence of volcanic activity and adjacent oceans, special climatic conditions different from those in other parts of Russia are formed. There are amazing places all year round: in winter, the cold in the northern part of the peninsula can reach MINUS 50 degrees, and in summer, sometimes you can take a sea bath in the southern part of the island.
The most striking feature of the climate here is that there are many climatic regions and the weather conditions are changeable. The climate in winter is not only very different between coastal areas and inland areas, but also very different within the same climate zone.
Winter and spring season
The weather in winter is very unstable: it often snows suddenly or blows strongly. Sometimes the snowfall in one day and night can reach or even exceed the monthly average.
Index. The coldest area on the peninsula is the central lowland, 1 the monthly average temperature is -22℃. If winter begins when the earth is covered with snow and ends when the average temperature is above zero during the day, then the winter in the south of the island lasts from 1 12 in October to March 28th (*** 137 days). What is the coldest month
The average temperature in January and February is MINUS 7.5 degrees Celsius. The notable feature of winter is heavy snow, which forms thick snow. In kamchatka peninsula, the temperature in spring is low and the delay is long. Spring is characterized by a large temperature difference between day and night, sometimes reaching 5-7℃.
Summer and autumn season
The summer temperature in the south of the island is also not high: the average temperature is below zero 1 1.4℃, and the warmest August can reach 13.5℃. In summer, the sea breeze is constant during the day, and the sky is mostly covered by clouds. But if the wind speed is much smaller than that in winter and spring, the average wind speed is below 4 meters per second. Summer precipitation is relatively small, not more than 250 mm, but sometimes it is more than 50 mm in one day and night. Autumn is from mid-September to165438+1early October. During this period, precipitation increased and wind speed increased. The average wind speed in June 5438+ 10 is 6m/s, while the average temperature in September is 7.5℃. The average frost-free period in kamchatka peninsula is 1 12 days. The warm weather in coastal areas with the temperature higher than 20℃ is only 1 ~ 6 days; There are 30 days inland; The Kamchatka Valley has 35 to 55 days.
deposit
The coastal areas of kamchatka peninsula are dominated by marine climate, while the inland and northern areas are continental climate. Cyclones have a great influence on the weather formation here, often causing snowfall and long-lasting storms. There is more rainfall here than anywhere else in Russia, but the seasonal distribution of rainfall is very uneven. The annual precipitation in Petropavlovsk area is 16 17mm.
animal
The animals in kamchatka peninsula mainly include brown bear, moose, elk, reindeer, Siberian bighorn sheep, snow sheep, mink, sable, arctic fox, blue fox, silver fox, black-headed groundhog, muskrat, Canadian beaver, Kamchatka star crow, Shan Ying, hazel chicken, salmon and so on. Some of them are endangered species in the world. Bears, snow sheep, northern deer, sable and wolverine are typical animal types in this area. All kinds of birds have everything, countless.
In order to strengthen the protection of migratory birds, Russia and Japan signed an agreement to establish a joint nature reserve in 1973, and the South Kamchatka Lake National Nature Reserve came into being. 50% of the Aleutian terns in the world live in kamchatka peninsula. Almost all the rivers on the island, especially the unpolluted rivers, are inhabited by salmon, which is a key link in the food chain of carnivorous birds and mammals. However, in recent years, illegal fishing near the seashore has been repeatedly banned, and modern industry has posed a great threat to the spawning grounds of salmon, so they have now been included in the list of endangered species in Russia.
brown bear
plant
The climate and soil of Kamchatka volcano group are suitable for plant growth. Although there are frequent volcanic activities here, there are quite rich biological species growing here. There are more than 800 kinds of plants, and mountain plants have been distributed to the seaside. Coniferous forests such as birch, spruce and larch mainly grow in valleys. On the impact soil by the river, there are patches of poplar, alder and willow, and other vegetation, including peat bogs, subalpine shrubs and alpine tundra, are widely distributed, even reaching a vast coastal wetland with a width of 50 kilometers.
scenery
Petropavlovsk fishing port
Kamchatka peninsula is one of the most active places of volcanic activity in the world. Various volcanic phenomena such as geysers and mineral-rich hot springs can fully prove this point. There are more than 300 volcanoes on the peninsula (including caldera, volcano, exovolcano and mixed volcano), of which 29 are very active recently. Fukaya volcano in Liu Qie is the highest volcano in Eurasia, with an altitude of 4,750 meters. There are many extinct volcanoes in Croskey Nature Reserve in the south. The center of the peninsula is surrounded by two mountains, forming a continental climate, and other areas are greatly influenced by the ocean. 65438+ 10 The average temperature in June is -8℃, and the average temperature in July is 10℃. Due to the cold sea of Okhotsk, the temperature on the west coast is obviously low. The precipitation in different areas of kamchatka peninsula is quite different: the average annual precipitation in the central area is less than 400 mm, the west coast is about 65,438+0,000 mm, and the south can reach 2,000 mm.
volcano
There are more than 160 volcanoes in China, including 28 active volcanoes. Kamchatka Volcano Group, located in Kamchatka, Russia's Far East. Kamchatka Volcano Group is one of the most famous volcanic areas in the world. It has different types and characteristics of high-density active volcanoes. Five distinctive volcanoes make up the unique landscape of kamchatka peninsula. This peninsula, located between the European continent and the Pacific Ocean, has also shown the world the extraordinary characteristics of the ever-developing volcanic activities and distinctive volcanic types here. In addition to its geological features, Kamchatka volcano is also famous for its beautiful landscape and numerous wild animals.
source
There are many hot and cold fountains on the peninsula, including 85 hot fountains and rare geysers, most of which are in Croskey Nature Reserve. Fountains have different components, such as acid springs, sulfur springs and ammonia-alkali springs. Among the geysers, "Giant Spring" is the most spectacular. Although the eruption time this spring is not long, it is very strong. First, the spring water fills the outlet and then bubbles and boils. Finally, a huge water column suddenly rises, and the jet height can reach 10 ~ 15 meters, and the whole valley is shrouded in clouds. At the moment, the river is gurgling, the spring is gurgling, the steam is steaming, and the underground rumbles, which is thrilling. In the tributary area of Shunaya River, where geysers are dense, springs are rushing to spew, one after another, and clouds are lingering, which is another scenery.
Death valley
Death valley
Death Valley is located in the foothills of Kikhpinech volcano in the upper reaches of the Hot Fountain River, in the south of Croskey Nature Reserve. The canyon is 2000 meters long, wide 100 ~ 300 meters, and over 1000 meters above sea level. There are mountain streams flowing through the valley, and the flowing water is crystal clear. The valley is surrounded by steep cliffs, and the top of the mountain is covered with snow. Here, the western hills are covered with lush vegetation, but the east is bare. The canyon is often shrouded in mist. Here, whether it is a stout black bear or a clever vole, sometimes it will suddenly die, so it is called Death Valley. The reason is that there are sulfur-bearing rocks at the bottom of the valley, pure sulfur is exposed, and toxic underground hydrogen sulfide gas often overflows. When the west wind blew, the exit of the canyon was blocked, and the poisonous gas could not rise and dissipate, so the animals who came here to feed died of poisoning. Only when the strong east wind and north wind blow, the underground poisonous gas is diluted and dissipated, and it is safe to enter the valley at this time.
tide
The tide in Pinglunna Bay in the northwest is a wonder. Tides are often as high as 13 meters, which is higher than three floors.
Because of kamchatka peninsula's cold climate and its remote border, the word "Kamchatka" was as horrible as Siberian exiles in the Russian Empire. In the past, naughty students who were sent to the back seat of the classroom were often teased as "Kamchatka people". In fact, according to historical records, no criminals have ever been released to kamchatka peninsula, because no guards are willing to accompany the prisoners to live in that cold, desolate and dangerous place.