) Types of mushrooms that are often eaten: Normal mushrooms are round and straight, the mushroom umbrella is thick, the cover is smooth, and the quality is dry and not broken; The handle of the hand-held mushroom has a hard feeling, and the mushroom umbrella will swell as before after being released; The color is yellow and brown, the pleats under the mushroom umbrella should be tight and white, and the stalk is short and thick; There is fragrance in the distance, without scorch, rain, mildew and debris.

Flower mushroom: there are white cracks like chrysanthemum patterns on the umbrella surface, and the color is yellow, brown and smooth; The mushroom umbrella is thick; The edge is rolled down, the fungus is fine and uniform, the body is dry, the miscellaneous handle is short (the diameter of the fungus umbrella is 2 ~ 3 cm), and the aroma is rich. Pleurotus ostreatus: the umbrella surface has no pattern, and it is millet-colored and slightly shiny; The meat is thick and tender, with a slightly larger flower and more broken edges.

Pleurotus ostreatus: flat-topped, light brown, good Pleurotus ostreatus with large slices, thick umbrella, complete umbrella surface edge, few broken mouths, white or light yellow fungus folds, even pleats and short stalk. Poisonous mushrooms are sometimes mixed with edible mushrooms, and it is not difficult to identify them with a little attention.

The color of poisonous mushrooms is bright, the mushroom umbrella is red, purple, yellow or other variegated colors and spots, and the base is red; There is a fungus wheel on the handle and a cyst at the root; After tearing, white or yellow milk will flow out, and it will have a spicy taste.

2. Information about mushrooms

The biological characteristics of mushrooms are usually called mushrooms, which are one kind of fungi, namely the fruiting body of basidiomycetes.

The fruiting body is the overground part of basidiomycetes, which looks like an umbrella inserted in the ground. There are also white filamentous, spreading mycelium underground, which is the vegetative part of basidiomycetes, that is, non-reproductive organs.

In a certain temperature and humidity environment, the mycelium begins to form fruiting bodies when it obtains enough nutrients. At the initial stage, the fruiting body emerged from the ground like an egg, and quickly developed into a fruiting body, including a cap, a stipe, a volva, a fungus ring and so on.

The shape, size, height, color and texture of mature fruiting bodies vary greatly. The large diameter can reach about 40 cm and the height can reach about 50 cm; The small diameter is only half a centimeter, but the height is only 1 cm.

The characteristics of its parts are described as follows: the cap is the most obvious part of the fruiting body, like a hat. There are various shapes, such as bell, hat, hemisphere, spreading, funnel and so on.

The color of the mushroom cap is very complicated. Although white, yellow, brown, gray, red, green and purple can be basically distinguished, there are deep, light, light and thick differences among all kinds of colors, and mixed colors are more common. Their colors can be different when they are young and old, and the colors of the center and the edges are often different.

The surface is dry, wet, sticky, smooth and rough, and some have various appendages, such as cilia, rings and scales. The shape, size and color of these appendages have various changes.

The shape of the edge of the cap is also different, and the shape of the cap can be completely different when it is young and mature. After maturity, it can be generally divided into internal volume, reverse volume, upward warping and extension.

There are neat edges around, and some are wavy but not neat or torn. There is a cortex on the surface of the cap.

There are different pigments in the hyphae of cortex, which makes the cap show various colors. Below the cortex is the mushroom meat, which is generally composed of long filamentous hyphae, while others are composed of expanded vesicular hyphae.

The color of bacterial meat and the change of color after injury are often different due to different species. Generally, the meat of bacteria is mostly white or dirty, and some are pale yellow or red.

For example, the meat of boletus changed to bluish blue after injury, the black mushroom with sparse folds first turned red and then turned black, the nettle fold turned brown after injury, and the black wax umbrella turned black after injury. The seed layer is the part that grows under the cap and produces the seed layer, and some of them are leaflike, which is called seedling fold.

Some are tubular and called germ tubes. Fungal folds are arranged radially, connecting the top of the stalk to the center, reaching the edge of the seedling cover outward, and the seed layer is arranged on both sides of the seedling fold or around the inside of the fungus tube.

1 The color of the bacterial fold that is often seen is generally the color of spores. It is usually white when it is young, and turns into various colors when it is ripe.

The shapes of bacterial folds are wide, narrow and triangular. There are equal length, unequal length, bifurcation, etc.

There are some transverse veins between the seedling folds and the fungus folds, and some are interwoven into a net at one end near the stalk. The edges of bacterial folds are usually complete and smooth, but some are wavy or serrated, and some are rough and granular.

The connection between the pleats and the stalk is one of the important bases for classification. There are usually the following kinds.

(1) free: the funiculus is not connected with the stalk, so there is a distance between the funiculus and the stalk. (2) Curvature: the joint between the funiculus and the funiculus slightly bends upward.

(3) Vertical growth: the funiculus is directly connected with the funiculus, and does not extend downward or bend upward. (4) Prolongation: the bacterial fold extends downward along the stalk.

The tube can be long or short, and the way of connecting it with the stalk is generally similar to the way of connecting the pleat with the stalk. There are also methods such as free growth, curved growth, straight growth and extended growth, some of which are easy to peel off from the meat of the bacteria, and the bacteria tubes are also very easy to separate from each other.

However, those that are not radially arranged but are similar to bacterial folds are not easy to separate from each other. Their colors are diverse, which are the same or different from those of the mouth of the fungus.

3. The two sides of the germ folds and the inside of the germ tube are covered with the germ layer. There are burdens, sacs, etc. in the seed layer.

The basidium is usually rod-shaped, with four peduncles, each bearing a basidiospore. Sometimes only two peduncles are born and two basidiospores are produced.

Basidiospore is called spore for short. Its shape, color, size and pattern are one of the important basis for mushroom species classification.

Its shapes are round, oval, oval, cylindrical, polygonal, star-shaped and so on. They have one or two layers of membranes outside, which are smooth or rough, with small warts, small thorns, reticulate patterns, ribs and so on.

Cysts are born between basidiomycetes, and their origins are mostly like basidiomycetes, which are distributed on the whole surface of the bacterial fold, because they are given different names because of their different locations. Those born on both sides of the bacterial fold are called sacs, and those born on the edge of the bacterial fold are called fringed sacs.

They usually have no color, but there are colors in some species. They have many shapes, such as rod, spindle, spindle, bottle, pear and so on. The top is tapered and tail-shaped, with a round head, angular, and with crystals at the top, etc. Edible mushrooms are ideal natural foods or multifunctional foods.

At present, the most commonly eaten in the world is called mushroom, and the scientific name is Agaricus bisporus. There is great potential to further screen and domesticate high-quality production strains from wild species.

China has domesticated and artificially cultivated Lentinus edodes, Auricularia auricula, Auricularia auricula, Tremella fuciformis, Volvariella volvacea, Flammulina velutipes, Hericium erinaceus and Dictyophora dictyopteris for the first time in the world, and now it has domesticated Tricholoma mongolica, while wild edible mushrooms such as Boletus edulis, Morchella esculenta, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus ostreatus can also be collected in large quantities and supplied to domestic and foreign markets. At present, there are more than 500 kinds of medicinal mushrooms in China, including traditional medicinal poria cocos, Cordyceps sinensis and Ganoderma lucidum. In recent years, there are Coriolus versicolor, tree flower, Cordyceps gunnii, etc., as well as Armillaria pseudomellea, Pholiota Anluo, Trametes Sophorae, Paecilomyces lactuca, Charcoal with black handle and so on.

The medicinal parts are mainly fruiting bodies, but some of them are processed by a large number of mycelium produced by modern fermentation industry technology. Studies at home and abroad show that natural medicinal fungi have their unique advantages.

At present, in the search for drugs for treating modern civilized diseases such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes, it is undoubtedly promising to screen from traditional Chinese medicines including fungi. Poisonous Mushrooms There are many kinds of poisonous mushrooms (poisonous mushrooms) in China, which are widely distributed and rich in resources.

In the vast mountainous rural areas and towns, cases of poisoning by eating poisonous mushrooms by mistake are more common, and there are serious poisoning deaths almost every year.

3. What are the nutrients of mushrooms?

Mushrooms are composed of fruiting bodies and mycelium. What we usually call mushrooms is a kind of fungi, that is, the fruiting bodies of basidiomycetes. The fruiting body is the overground part of basidiomycetes, which looks like an umbrella inserted in the ground. Mushrooms have the function of medicine and food. It is also used for various characters and cartoon images. There are also white filamentous, spreading mycelium underground, which is the vegetative part of basidiomycetes, that is, non-reproductive organs.

Mushrooms have analgesic and sedative effects. Act-2, a substance extracted from mushrooms by a research institute in Brazil, has analgesic and sedative effects, and its analgesic effect can replace morphine. Mushrooms are rich in nutrients and are excellent food sources of selenium, copper, potassium, phosphorus, tryptophan and vitamins B2, B3 and B5. The extract from mushrooms was used in animal experiments and found to have antitussive and expectorant effects.

Mushrooms have many disease-resistant and health-care functions. Scientists point out that mushrooms are powerful immune system regulators. Mushrooms are also a very strong antidote. Men who often drink and can't drink well, eating more mushrooms has a good protective effect on the liver.

Mushrooms are rich in B vitamins, which can resist fatigue, maintain body energy, help lower cholesterol, stabilize blood sugar and regulate neuromuscular activities. Selenium in mushrooms can also treat male infertility, repair damaged DNA and prevent the spread of cancer cells.

Mushrooms can be eaten at will, and they can be fried, stewed, soup or casserole. In particular, the size and texture of Lentinus edodes can be comparable to meat and can replace meat. Common practices include mushroom vermicelli fort, mushroom stewed belly, mushroom chicken nuggets, mushroom pork chop soup, mushroom heart-lung soup and so on.

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4. Seek children's poems about mushrooms as popular science knowledge of mushroom growth. Thank you, the more the better.

A mushroom in the sky

A mushroom on the ground

Two mushrooms

The sky is as big as a mushroom.

A mushroom on the ground

At dusk, when the clouds are in full swing,

Two geese fly to dusk Yun Shenchu.

Left signpost

Scattered wild goose singing

Picking mushrooms

Mushrooms grow fast after the rain,

Little buddy, come and pick it.

Mushrooms have no seeds,

Reproduction depends on spores,

Mycelia absorbs nutrients,

Produce fruiting bodies.

I picked lotus leaves as hats,

Put on a small basket,

Barefoot,

Picked mushrooms to cook soup.

If I can help you, I hope you can give me a good review. I really need it. Thank you.

5. What are the common sense of planting mushrooms in winter?

Pick a block. Fully dry the mushroom blocks and fungus cylinders with good bacteria, and select pollution-free and complete blocks or fungus cylinders for treatment. If the old fungus skin is too thick, it can be scratched, and it can only be selected after the mycelium heals.

Soak. Hot water soaking is an ideal method to promote the buds of Lentinus edodes in winter. When soaking the block, heat the water to 33℃, then pour the mushroom block or mushroom tube into the pool and soak for 3-5 hours. If the water temperature drops, add boiling water and adjust the water temperature to 18℃-33℃. Then take out the soaked mushroom block, put it in the mushroom field, cover it with plastic film to keep its temperature until buds appear on the block, and then conduct ventilation. If the temperature is low during the fruiting period, hot water of 18℃-33℃ can be directly sprayed on the block, and then covered with plastic film to increase the temperature of the internal environment in the film, which is beneficial to the normal growth of mushrooms.

Harvest. After the soaked block is covered with film, it should be kept warm, and the mushroom buds can arch out the block quickly. At this time, strengthen ventilation and raise the temperature. 10- 17 days, the first crop of mushrooms can be harvested, after harvesting, the film is uncovered to allow the mushroom blocks to be fully dried for 7- 15 days, and then soaked in hot water for the second time. After picking the second crop of mushrooms, certain nutrients should be added to the mushroom blocks. Commonly used nutrients are triacontanol solution, 30ppm lemon solution, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and glucose solution, less than 0.2% urea, soybean milk, rice washing water, mushroom auxin and so on.

6. How to eat mushrooms, little knowledge * * *

Before cooking, clean the surface washing of shiitake mushrooms with cold water. The roots of shiitake mushrooms with handles can be removed. Then, the "gills" are placed downward in a warm water basin for soaking. After the shiitake mushrooms become soft and the "gills" are opened, they are gently stirred in one direction by hand to let the sediment slowly sink to the bottom of the basin.

The water soaked in mushrooms can be reused after removing sediment. If you add a little sugar to the warm water soaked in mushrooms, the taste after cooking will be more delicious.

When soaking dried shiitake mushrooms, it is best to use warm water of about 20℃-35℃, which will not only make shiitake mushrooms easier to absorb water and become soft and swollen, but also make guanylic acid fully decompose and give off fresh flavor. If it is soaked in cold water, the amount of Uric acid decomposition is less, and the flavor of the soaked mushrooms is naturally worse.

It is best not to soak for too long, and when the mushroom caps are all softened, they should be immediately picked up and drained. If a little sugar is added to the water when soaking, the loss of mushroom essence and guanylic acid in the process of changing water can be reduced, and the cooked mushrooms taste better.

Excessive soaking of mushrooms will lose nutrition [].

7. Basic knowledge of mushroom cultivation technology

First, the formula of culture material. (1) Rice straw, vegetable cake, urea, mushroom element, calcium superphosphate, lime. The culture material is piled outdoors for about 15 days, during which it is turned over for 3-4 times, then it is put into a mushroom house or shed, heated to about 65℃ for 6-8 hours, then cooled to 52℃ for 3 days, and then post-fermented.

Second, the management of sowing and germination period. The secondary sowing method is adopted. That is, first, 2/3 of the strain amount is sprinkled on the material surface, then the strain is turned into the material, and then the remaining 1/3 strain is sprinkled on the surface of the material layer, and it is gently patted flat with a wooden board. The sowing amount is 2 bottles of wheat seed or 3 bottles of cotton seed per square meter. After sowing, the fungus is mainly caused by tight windows, and proper ventilation is needed when the temperature is high.

Third, cover the soil. When the hyphae basically grow to the bottom of the material layer, cover the soil. The covering material is fine mud, rice chaff ash or river mud and rice chaff ash, and the ratio of dragon chaff ash to soil is 20: 1. It is disinfected by spraying formaldehyde before, so that the water can be squeezed and spread, and the pH value is about 8. Cover the soil with a thickness of 3-4 cm, spray 2.25 kg of clean water per square meter, close the window, and fill the soil when hyphae emerge from the cracks in the soil layer.

Fourth, the mushroom management. After covering the soil for about 15 days, the hyphae began to twist into primordia. At this time, ventilation and water spraying were carried out to keep the bed surface moist all the time, and at the same time, the air humidity in the mushroom house (mushroom shed) was kept high, reaching 85%-90%.

Five, pest control. After the mushroom tide is over, spray the bed surface with 4 ml of fenvalerate and 25 kg of water, and at the same time increase the ventilation rate so that water does not accumulate on the mushroom body and cause color change and rotten spots.

8. How to cultivate mushrooms

Indoor cultivation of mushrooms needs to be prepared with tools such as mushroom seeds, cultivation containers, wet wipes and showers. The specific methods are as follows:

1, prepare mushroom seeds and mushroom pots, a wet towel and a small watering pot.

2. Open the mouth reserved in the middle of the mushroom barrel and put it indoors, not on the balcony, to avoid direct sunlight, and the indoor natural temperature is fine.

3. Cover the open mouth with a wet towel and spray water on the wet towel. The wet towel is wet for the first time. Spray less water and keep the wet towel wet.

4. After the mushrooms grow out, take off the wet wipes and spray water on the mushrooms for about 10 times a day. Do not put them in windy places to avoid wind blowing.

5, when you grow up, you can pull it up by the roots, and the mushrooms will be produced twice. It is recommended to use the method of cultivating the soil. Or introduce water into a mushroom bucket, soak it in water for 24 hours, then pour it out, and mushrooms will continue to grow.