2. 1 immune enhancement: Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide can significantly enhance the proliferation response of mouse T cells to ConA and B cells to LPS. Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide has obvious mitogenic effect on mouse whole spleen cells. At the dosage of12.5 mg/(kg day), Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide can obviously increase the number of cells secreting anti-SRBC specific antibodies in mice. It can obviously enhance the delayed hypersensitivity of mice to atypical spleen cells, and promote atypical spleen cells to activate cytotoxic T cells (CTL) to kill target cells. CTL is an important effector cell in immune monitoring and plays a key role in tumor immunity.
2.2 the role of non-t cell mitogen. The proliferation of polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide with different concentrations was observed by culturing normal mouse spleen cells and thymus cells, nude mouse spleen cells and spleen cells after removing adsorbed cells. The results showed that the reaction of spleen cells of nude mice to polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide was not different from that of normal mouse cells, that is, T cells did not play a role in this reaction. After the adsorption cells were removed from the spleen cells of nude mice, most of the remaining cells were B cells, but they still had obvious proliferation reaction to Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide, which indicated that Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide could promote the mitosis of B cells. After removing the adsorption cells, the reaction of spleen cells of nude mice to polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide was obviously weakened, which indicated that the adsorption cells played a certain auxiliary role in the reaction of spleen cells of nude mice to polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide. Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide may be a non-T cell mitogen. But it has no hemagglutination, which is different from mitogen from PHA and ConA.
2.3. Effect on ANAE-positive lymphocytes in blood of mice: Mice were intraperitoneally injected with polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide 2mg/0.2ml every day for 7 days. Blood smears were taken before and after the experiment, and ANAE positive T lymphocytes were labeled by α -naphthylacetate esterase method, and the percentage was determined. The results showed that Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide had no effect on the total number of ANAE positive T lymphocytes in the blood of mice, but decreased the number of granular positive T lymphocytes and significantly proliferated the scattered granular positive T lymphocytes.
3. Anti-tumor effect:
3. Effects of1on hepatic glucose metabolism and adrenal cortex function of H22 mice bearing liver cancer: H22 mice bearing liver cancer were injected with polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide 200mg/kg×2 days intraperitoneally, and the animals were killed on 10 day. The ascites was taken out and the total number of tumor cells in each mouse was detected by eosin method. Results The inhibition rate was 39%. Intraperitoneal injection of100-200mg/kg * * for 5 days can increase the accumulation of glycogen in the liver of tumor-bearing mice, and the activities of glycogen isoenzymes: glucose -6- phosphatase and fructose-1, 6- diphosphatase are enhanced, but it has no effect on the liver of normal mice. 400mg/kg can restore the hyperactive cortical function of tumor-bearing mice to normal. It is suggested that Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide can adapt to the original conditions, which may be the pharmacological basis of its anti-tumor effect.
3.2 Effects on glycogen accumulation, gluconeogenesis and catabolic enzymes in the liver of H22 mice bearing hepatocellular carcinoma: The regulation of gene expression and gene rearrangement are carried out through key enzymes in the process of tumor formation, because gluconeogenesis is an important mechanism for the body to maintain homeostasis. The activity and dynamic changes of several key enzymes in the small pathway of glucose metabolism were selected as indicators to observe how Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide, which is effective for tumor, can increase the accumulation of glycogen in the liver of tumor-bearing mice. Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide and fructose-1 6- 2 were injected intraperitoneally for 5 consecutive days, which increased the activity of glucose -6- phosphatase (G-6 enzyme) from 217 35 to 267 12 μm ol/g protein/hour. The activity of 6- phosphatase increased from 263 25 μ mol/g protein/hour to 448 56 μ mol/g protein/hour. G-6- phosphatase activity increased significantly at 1.5 hours, reached the peak at 12 hours, and remained at a high level at 24 and 48 hours, with F-65438+. But it has no effect on the activity of glycogen decomposition enzyme, that is, phosphorylase. It is suggested that after administration of Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide, the accumulation of glycogen in the liver of tumor-bearing mice plays a role in accelerating gluconeogenesis and improving the stability of the internal environment by increasing the gluconeogenesis activity of glycogen.
3.3. Anti-tumor effect of Polyporus umbellatus extract: Polyporus umbellatus extract (mainly Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide) has obvious inhibitory effect on transplanted tumor S- 180 in mice. The tumor inhibition rate is 50-70%, and the tumor weight inhibition rate is above 30%. About 6-7% of the tumor-bearing mice treated with the extract completely subsided. Mice with complete tumor regression were inoculated with tumor cells after 1-6 months, and no tumor grew. The extract can inhibit the growth of tumor by intraperitoneal injection, intravenous injection and gastric perfusion at a certain dose, but the effect of gastric perfusion is worse than that of intraperitoneal injection and intravenous injection, and the dose is also large. Preventive administration has anti-tumor effect on S- 180. When chemotherapy alone does not show anti-tumor effect, adding appropriate amount of Polyporus umbellatus extract will have significant anti-tumor effect. The number of antibody-producing cells in spleen of tumor-bearing mice increased significantly, which indicated that it could significantly promote antibody formation and significantly improve the phagocytic function of peritoneal macrophages in tumor-bearing mice. This product can increase the content of cAMP in S- 180 ascites cancer cells. In the experimental group with high inhibition rate of cancer cell proliferation, the increase rate of cAMP content in cancer cells is also high. In general, the content of cAMP in cancer cells is lower than that in normal cells, and the more malignant the cancer, the lower the content of cAMP. CAMP can transform tumor cells into normal cells. Polypyrrolidone A-G, seven compounds have cytotoxic effects on L 12 10 cells, and have dose-dependent inhibitory effects.
3.4. Inhibitory effect on experimental bladder tumor: Female rats were given 0.25ml(90mg) of carcinogen BBNN- butyl -N-(4- hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine solution twice a week, *** 12 weeks, the total dose of BBN was 2. 16g, and 90g of Polyporus umbellatus dry powder was also given. He was executed 30 weeks later. The results showed that the total incidence of bladder tumor decreased from 100% in pathological control group to 6 1. 1%, a decrease of 38.9%. The number and diameter of tumors per mouse were significantly lower than those in the pathological control group, and the incidence of bladder cancer decreased from 77.8% in the pathological control group to 1 1. 1%.
4. Protective effect on the liver of mice with toxic hepatitis: toxic hepatitis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride and D- galactosamine, and polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide 100-200mg/kg was given every 4, 8, 1 2h1time before and after induction. They can obviously prevent the occurrence of liver diseases, reduce the activity of SGPT, and increase the activities of 5'- nucleotidase and acid phosphoamidase 6- phosphoglucophosphatase in liver. It also has a similar effect in vitro, indicating that it has obvious protective effect on the liver.
5. Anti-radiation effect: Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide has obvious preventive and therapeutic effect on acute radiation sickness in mice, and the effective medicine and action time are relatively wide. The survival rate of mice irradiated by intraperitoneal injection of lethal dose (800 rad) 2 hours and 48 hours before irradiation can be improved by 30-70%. Administration after irradiation, whether oral or intraperitoneal injection, has protective titer, and prevention is more effective than treatment. Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide has no protective effect on hematopoietic function of irradiated mice, but obviously improves the stress function of adrenal cortex of irradiated mice. It is preliminarily considered that the anti-radiation effect of Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide may be through regulating the function of pituitary-adrenal system, making the body in a state of stress, thus enhancing the ability of anti-radiation injury.
6. Other effects: Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide injected intraperitoneally into mice for 48 hours can obviously enhance the incorporation of 3H-TdR into mouse thymocytes and accelerate the release of thymocytes. On the one hand, these phenomena no longer exist after adrenalectomy, on the other hand, polysaccharide can obviously increase the content of corticosterone in animal plasma, so it can be considered that these effects are realized through adrenal cortex. Alias wild boar dung, spades, pink polyporus and so on.
It is the sclerotium of Polyporus umbellatus. )fr。 Polyporaceae Polyporus umbellatus. Sexual taste is flat, sweet and light. Conducive to urination and wetness. In recent years, Polyporus umbellatus has been found to have anticancer effect. It can be used for treating acute nephritis, edema, dysuria, hot stranguria, urgency of urination, frequent urination, urethral pain, thirst, drinking water vomiting, summer diarrhea, jaundice, etc. Widely distributed in China, Hebei, Shanxi, Henan, Liaoning, Jilin, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Gansu and other provinces have produced. There are wild species in Qinba Mountain areas such as Ankang, Hanzhong, Shangluo, Baoji, Chang 'an and Weinan in Shaanxi Province. 1. Land selection and preparation
It is best to choose a forest with an altitude of1000 ~ 2000m, with a slope facing southeast or southwest, that is, a semi-shady slope with deep soil layer, rich humus and loose sand. Vegetation includes birch, oak, maple, birch and other forests.
2. Breeding method
At present, many polyporus umbellatus are artificially cultivated and propagated.
3. Cultivation time
It is best to be in March-April in spring or July-August in autumn. At this time, Polyporus umbellatus is going through dormancy and entering growth period, and Armillaria mellea is also in growth period, so a good genetic relationship can be established.
4. Cultivation methods
Using pit planting, the pit depth is generally 50 cm and the length and width are 70 cm. Cultivation under the forest can not only prevent the forest from being destroyed, but also create a suitable environment for Polyporus umbellatus to prevent soil erosion. Before culture, it is necessary to cultivate the bed or material of Pythium commune. Generally, the rotten roots, branches and barks of pythium are used as bacterial materials, and the cut new tree stems (about 10 cm in diameter and 50-60 cm in length) are stacked in the pit, covered with soil for 20-25 cm, and the temperature is suitable, and they can be used after 1-2 months. Polyporus umbellatus can also be cultivated with the cultivation materials to be planted with gastrodia elata, or with the old stick of gastrodia elata which is not rotted and has no miscellaneous bacteria. Five fungus sticks are used in one nest, and sclerotia is planted at 0. 18kg. When planting, choose a complete fresh wild Polyporus umbellatus, or divide the Polyporus umbellatus core into small pieces, each as big as a walnut, and press with your fingers to make the mycelium segment of the sclerotium and the fungus material break tightly. 7 ~ 8 pieces of Polyporus umbellatus can be pressed on a fungus material, and 1 piece can be planted, and the periphery is cultivated with humus soil, leaving no gaps. By analogy, generally only one layer is planted, and it is best to cover humus soil for 20 ~ 25 cm, slightly higher than the ground, and excavation can be carried out after two years. Polyporus umbellatus is a perennial habit, and its yield is not high within one or two years. After three or four years of cultivation, its reproduction is vigorous. Pay attention to the sclerotia in the surface soil when harvesting. It can be harvested all year round, especially in summer and autumn. The black and hard one is called Laoxin, which is a commercial polyporus, a first-generation polyporus and a second-generation polyporus. Grifola frondosa or yellow polyporus, with fresh and tender color and generally soft nucleus, can be used as seed nucleus.
When harvesting, the old will go and the young will stay. The harvested sclerotia of Polyporus umbellatus should be scrubbed clean, then naturally dried in the sun, and then shipped for sale. Pack in sacks or bamboo baskets and store in a dry place.
Polyporus umbellatus skin is black and shiny, thick and solid, and its cross section is white or yellow. Polyporus umbellatus has a good development prospect. Not only has diuretic, antibacterial and anticancer effects, but the demand will increase year by year. At the same time, artificial cultivation of Polyporus umbellatus has been basically successful. China is rich in forest resources, with more land suitable for cultivation and great potential for development and production.
The main problems in the production of Polyporus umbellatus are: the protection of wild resources has not kept up, people have been digging for years, and resources are getting less and less; Small planting area, low yield, low income and slow development. Therefore, it is necessary to effectively strengthen the protection of resources and guide the masses to rationally dig; It is necessary to further strengthen scientific research, research and popularize high-quality and high-yield cultivation techniques, actively expand the planting area, and gradually form a production base to ensure the growing needs of medical and health undertakings. (commonly used Chinese herbal medicines)
Production from 1970s to 1980s:
Polyporus commodity comes from wild resources. After the founding of New China, it was listed as three varieties, and the production and sales were regulated by the market. In the past 40 years, the production of Polyporus umbellatus has been developing continuously, the purchase volume has increased year by year, and the purchase and sale have increased simultaneously, which is a variety that can meet the supply.
The purchase and sale of Polyporus umbellatus changed little, showing a relatively stable and rising trend year by year; 1970 although the acquisition volume has declined, it still ensures the market demand, and there is no backlog or shortage. 1980 after the liberalization of the Chinese herbal medicine market, the purchase and sale of Polyporus umbellatus increased greatly due to price changes. 1acquired in 19831270,000 kilograms, and sold more than 700,000 kilograms, which is the best level in history. (commonly used Chinese herbal medicine) it is forbidden for those who are wet but not hydrated.
1, "The Origin of Medicine": "Polyporus umbellatus is lightly infiltrated, and it is too dry to kill body fluid. Don't take it without moisture. "
2, "Introduction to Medicine": "Those who have wet kidney deficiency are taboo."
3, "Deserved Materia Medica": "Blindness, no wet thirst, both are forbidden." 1, for treating pulse floating fever, thirst for drinking water and dysuria: 50 grams of Polyporus (peeled), 50 grams of Poria, 50 grams of Alisma orientalis, 50 grams of Colla Corii Asini and 50 grams of talc (crushed). Four liters of water is used to supply five flavors. Boil four flavors first, take two liters, remove me, melt donkey-hide gelatin, and take it warm for seven times, three times a day. (Treatise on Febrile Diseases, Zhu Ling Soup)
2, cure pregnancy from foot to abdominal distension, urination is unfavorable, slightly thirsty to drink: 250 grams of Polyporus, at the end, take one inch of boiling water, three times a day. (The Secret Record of Mother and Child)
3. Long-term treatment of sarcoidosis: 50 grams of Polyporus, 25 grams of Poria, 20 grams of Bupleurum, 5 grams of Pinellia ternata 15, 5 grams of licorice, three slices of ginger and two pieces of jujube. Three bowls of water and one bowl of fried. Eat before delivery, then fry the residue, and eat after delivery. ("Fang Mai Garbo")
4, treatment of gastrointestinal cold and dampness, excessive diarrhea, love to lie down and not eat: 25 grams of Polyporus (to black skin), two nutmegs (to shell, cannon), a little phellodendron (to rough skin, baked). The three flavors are mashed into powder, and the rice is mixed with pills, such as mung beans. Take ten capsules each time and cook them underwater before eating. ("Sheng Ji Zong Lu" Zhu Ling Pill)
5. Gardenia forest: 25 grams of Polyporus. Tamping sieve, with white soup three, and square inch dagger as a whole, gradually to two knives, three nights and two days, there is no hurry, it is appropriate to turn to a small one. (Sketch)
6. wet dream white turbidity: 50g of Pinellia ternata and 50g of Polyporus umbellatus. The file of Pinellia ternata is as big as a bean, and the polyporus is the end. Stir-fry Pinellia ternata until it is yellow, but not burnt, and remove the fire poison on the ground for half a day, taking Pinellia ternata as the end; Mix half of Polyporus umbellatus powder with pills, such as the size of Tung tree, mix the pills with the rest of Polyporus umbellatus powder, dry them, and store them in oil sand bottles. Take 40 capsules each time, under the hollow warm wine and salt soup and under the cold wine between Shenwei. ("Fang Jisheng" Zhu Ling Pill)
7, cure vomiting and get sick in the diaphragm, think of water: Polyporus, Poria, Atractylodes macrocephala and so on. The three flavors are served and scattered. Take a square knife three times a day. (Zhu Lingfen in Synopsis of the Golden Chamber)
8. Typhoid fever and thirst. Add 50g of Polyporus, 50g of Poria, 50g of Alisma orientalis, 50g of Talcum and 50g of Colla Corii Asini into 4 liters of water and boil to 2 liters. Seven times each. Take it three times a day. This recipe is called "Zhu Ling soup".
9, the whole body is swollen, and urination is unfavorable. Use 250g of Polyporus, grind it into powder, take one spoonful each time, and take it with boiling water. Take it three times a day.
10, swelling and pain of pregnancy (fullness of the epigastrium, unfavorable urination). The treatment method is the same as above. Trait recognition
The sclerotia is irregular, strip-shaped, round or flat, with some branches, 5-25 cm long and 2-6 cm in diameter. The surface is black, gray-black or brown-black, with shrinkage or tumor-like protrusions. Light and hard, with white or yellowish white cross section and slightly granular. A slight breath, a faint taste. It is best to be big, with dark skin, white cross section and heavy body.
Microscopic identification
The powder is yellow and white. Scattered hyphae and adherent hyphae can be seen in the film loaded with Stevenson solution. The hyphae are slender, curved, branched, with different thickness, or nodular swelling, with a diameter of 1.5-6μm and as thin as 13μm, most of them are colorless, and a few are yellowish brown or dark brown. Brown hyphae are thick and the transverse wall is not obvious. There are many square crystals of calcium oxalate, mostly square octahedron or regular biconical octahedron, and some of them are irregular polyhedrons, with a diameter of 3-60μm and a length of 68μm, and sometimes several aggregates can be seen. Powder turns into jelly when it meets chloral hydrate.
Physical and chemical identification
Take 1g powder, add 10ml dilute hydrochloric acid, put it in a water bath, boil 15min, and stir until it becomes thick. In addition, take a small amount of this product powder, add an appropriate amount of sodium hydroxide solution (1→5), and stir until it is suspended.