Generally, grapes begin to bear fruit in 2-3 years after planting, and the high-yield period can be reached in 0-4 years, and the economic fruit-bearing period is long, and the full fruit-bearing period can last for 20-30 years under normal management conditions. The annual periodic activities of trees can be divided into liquid flow period, germination and new shoot growth period, flowering and fruit-setting period, berry growth period, berry maturity period, defoliation and dormancy period.
Extended data:
growing environment
temperature
The lowest temperature for grape growth is about 12℃- 15℃, the lowest ground temperature is about 10℃- 13℃, the optimum temperature for flowering is about 20℃, and the optimum temperature for fruit expansion is 20℃-30℃. If the temperature difference between day and night is large, the coloring and sugar content are better.
After the grapes germinate in spring. If the temperature rises quickly, it will easily lead to too many branches, which is characterized by insufficient node length and poor fertilization at flowering stage. In case of late spring cold, more phosphate fertilizer and high carbon organic matter should be applied, and nitrogen fertilizer should be reduced as much as possible.
moisture
Grapes have a high demand for water, and strictly controlling the water in the soil is the premise of planting grapes well. Grapes need more water in the early growth stage or vegetative growth stage, and less water in the late growth stage or fruiting stage, so it is necessary to avoid damaging the root system so as not to affect the quality. Grapes should be sheltered from rain and dew. It has been raining for many years, which easily leads to insufficient sunshine and limited photosynthesis.
Excessive water absorption can easily lead to excessive growth of branches and high humidity, which can easily lead to various diseases, such as black pox and gray mold. Therefore, it is ideal to keep the branches at 40-70 cm when flowering; The amount of irrigation in the fruit-cracking area should also be controlled during the fruit-bearing period. In areas prone to water shortage and drought, straw should be properly covered to keep soil moisture and control the growth of grass.
illuminate
Grapes must have a certain intensity of light in the normal growth process, but when the light is too strong, especially when the grapes enter the hard core stage, it is more prone to sunburn. At this time, you can try to keep bagging or leaves to cover the grapes.
When the sunshine is insufficient, it is easy to cause poor corolla shedding at flowering stage and low fertilization rate; In the stage of flower bud differentiation, flower bud differentiation is poor and parthenocarpy is more; In the growing period, the plants are long and the internodes are long. Not bearing fruit or parthenocarpy; Diseases and poor quality in fruit expansion period; When ripe, the color is not good and the sugar content is reduced.
land
Although grapes can be planted in various soils (improved), loam and fine sand loam are the best. Although sandy soil has good air permeability, its ability of retaining fertilizer and water is poor. Loam is between sandy soil and clay. It has strong water and fertilizer retention capacity, and most of them are very fertile. Grapes are easy to blossom and parthenocarpy when they grow vigorously, and have good fruit and high yield under high temperature and light conditions.
There is less sunshine at low temperature, the result is not very good and the yield is low; Pay attention to drainage at ordinary times, avoid exploratory tillage, prune lightly in winter, prune more in summer, and spray borax, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and calcium superphosphate.
Clayey soil has poor air permeability, but it is good at retaining fertilizer and water, and its nutrient decomposition and absorption are slow, with less virtual growth at the initial stage, less flowering and parthenocarpy, but it is easy to virtual growth at the later stage of development. Although the ear is large, the sugar content and meat quality are often not very good. To improve it, we should apply more high-carbon organic matter or add a little sand, and it is best to neutralize the acidic soil with appropriate amount of lime.
nutrition
Grape is similar to most crops, and its growth requires about 17 kinds of nutrients: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, boron, molybdenum, chlorine and cobalt. Carbon and oxygen in bases come from carbon dioxide in the air during photosynthesis, while hydrogen comes from water in the soil.
Their proportional relationship is that 94%-99.5% of fresh crop tissues are composed of hydrocarbons and oxygen in air and water, while only about 0.5%-6% are nutrients from soil. Fertilizer mainly provides three elements: nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Some fertilizers also contain a lot of calcium, magnesium and sulfur. Although the effect of using chemical fertilizer is obvious, excessive use is easy to cause fertilizer damage, especially the dosage of potassium fertilizer should be cautious.
However, the content of nutrient elements in organic fertilizer is low, which can be used in large quantities and can improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. In addition, soil improvers can be added according to soil conditions. In general, strongly acidic soil is easy to lack elements such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, silicon, molybdenum, zinc, copper and boron. Alkaline or calcareous soil is easy to lack nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, manganese, zinc, copper and other elements.
Nutrition supplement mostly adopts three ways: base fertilizer, topdressing and foliar fertilizer. Base fertilizer is used during hibernation or after harvest. Topdressing is to apply chemical fertilizer after flowering after rain or watering. For soils below 6.0, dolomite powder or lime can be used for topdressing.
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