In recent years, the kiwifruit industry in Chenggu County has developed rapidly, and the area of newly-built parks has been expanding. The management level of young trees in production directly affects the later growth and fruit of kiwifruit and the economic income of fruit farmers. In order to ensure that the newly-built kiwifruit orchard can achieve the purpose of one living plant, one completed plant, early production and early benefit, the technical points are introduced as follows for fruit farmers' reference.

1 plastic trimming

Chenggu County mainly promotes the "one stem and two vines with feathered branches" tree, that is, a single trunk is used to put on the shelf, two main vines are selected near the shelf surface, which extend along the central iron wire respectively, and a strong mother branch is selected on both sides of the main vine every 25-30 cm, which is arranged in a feather shape and fixed on the shelf surface at right angles to the row direction.

1. 1 First pruning of young trees

After the seedlings are planted, put them on a tree trunk. Both seedlings and grafted seedlings are allowed to grow without pruning. The main purpose is to promote root growth and enhance tree potential (figure 1). When pruning in winter, select 3~5 full buds at the base of the trunk for short cutting, and apply vaseline on the wound after pruning to prevent the branches from losing water.

Figure 1 culture trunk

1.2 Second pruning of young trees

In spring, erect and stout branches are selected from the new buds produced in the year of trunk culture, tied on bamboo poles and fixed or pulled on a shelf with ropes. When the branches grow to 30 cm below the shelf surface, they will be picked in time to promote branching. Two new branches are selected as main vines, which grow along the opposite direction of the central iron wire respectively. The secondary branches germinated on the two main vines should be kept, respectively led to the iron wires on both sides, and fixed on the shelf surface with ropes. The buds on the branches below the shelf surface should be wiped off to concentrate nutrients and ensure the healthy growth of the main vines (Figure 2). When pruning in winter, the main vine and other branches are retracted and pruned to full buds. If the height of the trunk does not reach the shelf surface in that year, the trunk will continue to be retracted, and it will still be trimmed until it is full of buds. After the strong branches are issued in the next year, the vines will continue to be led to the shelf.

Fig. 2 A rhizome and two vines.

1.3 Third pruning of young trees

After germination in spring, the extension branches are cultivated at the top of the two main vines, and continue to extend forward along the central iron wire, and the core is picked in time when interwoven with adjacent trees. Cut off long branches and other branches at the junction of the trunk and the main vine. After defoliation in winter, the main branches are retracted and pruned to their respective ranges, and a vigorous branch is selected every 25-30 cm on both sides of the main vine as the fruiting mother branch in the next year. The selected fruiting branches should be cut short at the full bud, parallel to each other, forming a feather arrangement structure and evenly distributed on the whole frame surface. At this point, the high-yield tree structure of "one stem and two branches with feathers" has basically formed (Figure 3).

Figure 3. A tree with two trunks and pinnate branches.

2 Soil management

After planting in the first year, dig an annular ditch with a width of 40 cm and a depth of 40 cm along the crown, and backfill it after applying organic fertilizer. In the second year, the extension of the previous year's deep ploughing continued to deepen, and the width and depth of the ditch were 50 cm each, which expanded outward year by year until the whole garden was deeply ploughed again. Green manure, such as wild peas, white clover and ryegrass, can be planted between rows of orchards to improve soil, increase soil organic matter content and improve soil fertility. Kiwifruit has shallow root distribution, so it should be avoided as far as possible when weeding in intertillage.

3 Fertilization management

Fertilization of young trees is based on the principle of "thin fertilizer is applied frequently, less fertilizer is applied more", mainly nitrogen fertilizer, and appropriate phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is applied. Focus on popularizing the integrated fertilization technology of water and fertilizer, scientifically and accurately mix macro, medium and trace element fertilizers, and adopt drip irrigation (Figure 4), micro-spraying and other fertilization methods to save water, fertilizer and labor. Apply base fertilizer 1 time and topdressing 4~6 times throughout the year. Base fertilizer should be applied during reaming in winter, and organic fertilizer should be applied per mu 1500~2000 kg. Topdressing can be applied by urea or compound fertilizer in holes or furrows, but it can't directly contact with roots, and it can also be applied by decomposed human feces. Fertilize every 25 days from early April to late August. After the completion of deep ploughing and soil improvement in the whole garden, spread the fertilizer evenly in the whole garden, and then turn it shallowly 15 ~ 20cm. According to the growth needs, timely topdressing outside the roots.

Fig. 4 Drip irrigation facilities

4 Water resources management

Kiwifruit likes water and is afraid of stains. When water is scarce, the new shoots stop growing, and the leaves turn yellow after brown, which will cause defoliation and fruit drop in severe cases. Newly-built gardens must be irrigated in time, but attention should be paid to their shallow roots, which are not resistant to waterlogging, and drainage should be done in time in rainy season, otherwise too much water will cause root rot and death.

When planning to build a garden, the drainage problem should be put in the first place. Ridge cultivation technology should be popularized in production, and every two rows of trees should be a ridge (Figure 5), and a drainage ditch should be dug between the two ridges. Because the soil of kiwifruit orchard in yellow mud is sticky and the drainage is difficult, the depth of drainage ditch should be 70~80 cm, and the depth of drainage ditch in sandy land should be 30~40 cm. Ridge cultivation can make orchard irrigation and drainage immediately, reduce water accumulation quickly, enhance soil permeability, and be beneficial to the normal growth of roots.

Fig. 5 Ridge cultivation

5 Identification and prevention of major diseases

The plant protection policy of "prevention first, comprehensive prevention" is implemented in pest control. According to the occurrence of diseases and insect pests, we should strengthen the forecast, give priority to agricultural control measures, supplemented by biological control and physical control, and cooperate with the use of chemical pesticide control measures with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue. Protective bactericide (such as mancozeb, mancozeb, etc.). ) should be used in diseased orchards, supplemented by therapeutic fungicides (such as thiophanate-methyl, carbendazim, difenoconazole, etc. ) should be used in sick orchards.

5. 1 fester

Actinidia canker is a bacterial disease, which has great concealment and outbreak. The disease mainly spreads infection through various wounds, eye buds and stomata. Wind and rain, insects and agricultural machinery.

5. 1. 1 Harmful symptoms mainly harm trunks and branches, as well as leaves and buds. The infected plants shed milky mucus from the diseased parts such as bud eyes and leaf scars, and the cortical tissue of the diseased parts became soft and sunken, and longitudinal cracks appeared on the trunk or branches. During the bleeding period, the mixture of pus and bleeding overflows from the wound and turns rusty red. Leaf diseases are mainly characterized by chlorosis and water immersion of new leaves, and later develop into irregular brown spots of1~ 3 mm. The edges of leaves are rolled up and are not easy to fall off. Under the condition of high temperature and high humidity, the spots shed red or white pus. The flower bud can't open normally, and it turns brown and dies after being damaged. After the onset, the new buds turn black and die.

5. 1.2 The onset is most obvious in spring, and the victims are the most serious. Generally, symptoms appear at the beginning of February, reaching the peak in the germination stage, and the temperature rises during hemostasis, and the disease enters a slow development period, and rises again in mid-September.

5. 1.3 prevention and control points (1) agricultural prevention and control: reasonable loading, balanced fertilization, keeping the tree vigorous and enhancing the disease resistance of trees; Combined with clearing and pruning, the rough old skin is scraped off, and the litter is taken out of the garden for centralized incineration, so as to minimize the overwintering base of germs; To cultivate disease-resistant varieties, seedlings or scions shall not be transported from epidemic areas; Individual trees with serious diseases should be uprooted in time, taken out of the park for centralized burning, and the soil should be disinfected to prevent the spread of germs.

(2) Chemical control: after winter cutting, clean the garden with 5 Baume lime-sulfur mixture to kill germs; After cutting off the diseased branches in early spring, apply 30-50 times of 5% bacterial toxin aqueous solution or 300 times of streptomycin to the wound; Spraying agricultural streptomycin 1000 times solution or 70% carbendazim wettable powder 600 times solution alternately on trunks, branches and leaves in early February and mid-September, and spraying 1 time every 7~ 10 days for 4~5 times in total.

5.2 brown spot disease

Brown spot of kiwifruit is a leaf disease caused by fungal infection, which has occurred widely in kiwifruit producing areas in recent years. As a result, the leaves and fruits of kiwifruit fall off prematurely and the branches die, which seriously weakens the tree potential and causes great losses to the yield and economic benefits.

5.2. 1 The leaves affected by the disease symptoms appear brown lesions, and then the lesions spread inward along the leaf edge, gradually expanding into brown irregular lesions. Under wet conditions, black mold layer is produced in the affected area, and the leaves gradually wither and fall off. The diseased epidermis of the branches thickens, and the wood decays and dies, causing fruit drop.

5.2.2 Pathogenicity: Leaf spot began to appear from early April to early May, and the bacteria spread through wind and rain to form multiple infections, and the middle and late August was the high incidence period of the disease.

5.2.3 Prevention and control methods Strengthen field management, remove sick and disabled bodies in time, irrigate and drain in time, prune reasonably, and greatly improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions of orchards; Increase the application amount of organic fertilizer, continuously improve the soil structure, improve the soil permeability, combine with the supplement of trace elements, cultivate the potential of strong trees and improve the stress resistance of trees; Planting grass in the orchard, covering the trees with grass and watering them in hot and dry weather, and constantly improving the microclimate of the orchard; Spraying 3~5 Baume sulfur mixed solution or 80% mancozeb 1000 times solution on the whole garden during germination; Spraying 10% difenoconazole 2000 times solution or 70% thiophanate-methyl 1000 times solution in the whole garden before and after flowering, spraying/kloc-0 times every 7~ 10 days at the peak of the disease, and spraying continuously for 3 times. In order to avoid phytotoxicity, the spraying time should avoid high temperature as much as possible, and the best spraying time is before 10: 00 am and after 3: 00 pm.