Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, is the largest city in Southeast Asia and a world-famous seaport. Jakarta is located on the northern shore of western Java Island, at the mouth of Zhilian River, bordering Jakarta Bay, with a population of 8.5 million, east longitude106 49', and south latitude 6 10'. Most residents are Javanese, and a few are China, overseas Chinese, Dutch, etc. Most residents believe in Islam and Buddhism, while some people believe in Christianity. The national language is Indonesian.

area of land

The Greater Jakarta Special Zone covers an area of 650.4 square kilometers and is divided into five cities: East Jakarta, South Jakarta, West Jakarta, North Jakarta and Central Jakarta, among which East Jakarta has the largest area of 65,438+078.07 square kilometers.

The development of history

Jakarta has a long history. As early as14th century, it became a port city with a certain scale. At that time, it was called Sunda Garaba, meaning "Coconut", and overseas Chinese called it "Coconut City". It was renamed Jakarta in about16th century, which means "the castle of victory and glory". The port belonged to the Pachachala dynasty in the14th century. 1522, Wandan Kingdom conquered this area and built a city. On June 22nd, 1527 was renamed Jaya Garda, which means "the city of triumph", or Jakarta for short. 1596, the Netherlands invaded Indonesia, 162 1 year, Jakarta was changed to the Dutch name "Batavia". On August 8th, 1942, the name of Jakarta was restored after Japan invaded Indonesia. 1945 On August 17, the Republic of Indonesia was formally established with Jakarta as its capital. 1950 65438+1October 20th, Indonesia changed Jakarta to Batavia after the establishment of the federal government, and changed its name to Greater Jakarta on March 3rd1day, and 196 1 day. Jakarta City Establishment Day is June 22nd, and a large-scale commemorative event is held on this day every year.

Development history

Jakarta is a famous city with a long history. Hundreds of years ago, it was a famous seaport for exporting peppers and spices. It was called Quetta Garaba, which means "Coconut Grown Land" or "Coconut Grown World". 1527, under the leadership of Muslim leaders, the Indonesian people defeated the Portuguese colonial fleet, recovered Gonda Garaba, and renamed it Jaya Garda, meaning "City of Victory" and "Glorious Fortress", from which the name of Jakarta evolved. Overseas Chinese call it Coconut Garda or Coconut City. After 1596, the Dutch colonists ruled Indonesia and changed the Dutch alias to "Batavia". 1800, Indonesia became a part of the Netherlands, known as "Dutch East India", and Batavia became the base camp for Dutch colonists to exploit and enslave Indonesia. In World War II, Japanese imperialism invaded Indonesia again. It was not until 1945 that Indonesia declared its independence that the name of Jakarta was restored and designated as the capital.

Today, Jakarta has become the political, economic and cultural center of Indonesia, the hub of land and sea transportation, the traffic throat between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, and an important bridge from Asia to Oceania. Many ships at home and abroad use Jakarta as a stop for water maintenance. Suburban International Airport is one of the largest international airports in the world.

overall impression

Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, is undoubtedly a city in sharp contrast between tradition and modernity, and between wealth and poverty. At first glance, it looks like a messy jungle made of reinforced concrete. Looking down from the height of the city, you can see that there are low tile houses mixed with high-rise buildings everywhere, asphalt avenues and bluestone alleys crisscross, and magnificent high-class hotels and high-tech centers are located not far from noisy and crowded villages. All this makes people feel that Jakarta needs a better urban vision planning while devoting itself to economic development.

Urban division

The urban area of Jakarta is divided into two parts. The coastal area in the north is the old city, which is the shipping and commercial center. To the south is the new district, which is the administrative center. Today, it's hard to tell the difference. Independence Square in downtown Jakarta is full of green grass and beautiful flowers. To the east of the square is the National Palace, which used to be the residence of the Dutch Governor-General, and now it is the Indonesian Presidential Palace. To the west of the square is the National Museum, which is one of the seven museums in Jakarta and the largest museum in Southeast Asia. This is an ancient European-style building. In the museum, the model map of Indonesia is very eye-catching, with people from various countries on it. From the model map, we can see the ethnic distribution, language and economic development of Indonesia. Buddhist and Hindu stone statues, ancient coins, seals, large scales, wooden utensils and classical musical instruments are also on display. In the ceramics museum, the porcelains on display are of different shapes, most of which are products of the Tang, Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties in China. Some ancient porcelains can be traced back to the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. These porcelains have witnessed the friendly exchanges between Indonesia and China for thousands of years, and they are also the epitome of Indonesian social culture.

Jakarta is one of the three major tourist cities in Indonesia. The city is shaded by trees and evergreen trees are planted on both sides of the street. The world-famous Poggel Botanical Garden and Tea Garden are located here, as well as Independence Square Park, Indonesian Mini Park, anzor Dream Park, Thousand Islands, Central Museum, Istihar Mosque and other places of interest. Kota is the center of Batavia, an ancient Dutch town in the17th century, surrounded by Taman Fatahira Square paved with pebbles. Going north from Kota (an exquisite and ancient Dutch building), you will come to the ancient Sunda Kelapa, which will remind people of the time when all kinds of sailing boats from all over the world gathered together.

General situation of city

It has the largest financial and industrial headquarters in China, hundreds of domestic and foreign company offices, a large comprehensive market and professional shopping malls. Jakarta Expo is held here every year. It is the largest industrial center in China. The main industries are shipbuilding, textile, automobile, assembly, building materials, ships, chemicals, fertilizers, food processing, tanning, printing and so on. Industry develops to the suburbs. There are six roads and railways on Java Island, which is a transportation hub. Tanjung Bulu is a foreign port and the largest port in China. With the construction of Zhenkalan Airport, it is an important transit point for international air and sea routes between Europe and Oceania. There are 40 hospitals and 100 colleges and universities, among which Indonesia University is the most famous. There are also many scientific research institutions, stadiums, aquariums, zoos, orchids, performance centers and seaside tourist areas. There is the largest central museum in China and the largest in Southeast Asia. It publishes 25 newspapers and 5 weekly magazines, as well as national radio and national television. Places of interest include the Portuguese Old Church, the National Archives, the Presidential Palace, the Istikal Mosque, the Old City Hall, the Irian National Monument, the enchanted gardens in Liya Beach, Bi Na, the Jakarta Minipark, the Laguna Zoo, the Chipanas Summer Resort and the Chipota Botanical Garden. The layout of this city is quite British. The first Asian Games and Southeast Asian Games were held here.

Climatic characteristics

Jakarta is high in the south and low in the north, with 10 rivers passing through the urban area, the most famous of which is Zhili River. Jakarta has a tropical rainforest climate with an average annual temperature of 27 degrees. Affected by the equator, June165438+/kloc-0 is the west monsoon, and May to June 5-1O is the east monsoon. The whole region is composed of Pleistocene sediments, and the southern region is a part of alluvium, with fertile land, evergreen plants and blooming flowers.

Major industries

Jakarta has long been the economic center of the country, and its main industrial sectors include shipbuilding, textiles, automobile assembly, building materials, chemicals and food processing. Indonesia is the largest oil producer in Southeast Asia. The oil refinery in Jakarta is expanding year by year, and most of its products are exported through foreign ports.

Commerce and commerce

The earliest settlements appeared in the 5th century. In the15th century, it became an important commercial port, trading with Zhanpo, Dagang and China. In the16th century, it was occupied by the Kingdom of Vandan and renamed Chajakarta, which means "the fortress of victory". /kloc-at the end of 0/6, the Dutch and Portuguese established a trading post here, referred to as Jakarta. 16 19, the Dutch commercial station was destroyed, and the city was rebuilt, called Batavia, which became the capital of Dutch East India, gradually developed into the world maritime trade liaison center, and the trade spread to Asia, Europe and Africa, becoming the main city and administrative center of Indonesia. 1949 was renamed Jakarta after independence, and 1966 was designated as the capital special zone. It was occupied by Japan in World War II. The population is growing rapidly and immigrants mainly come from Java and Sumatra. Most employed people are engaged in commerce, trade and banking, followed by service, industry and transportation. The city is divided into new areas and old areas. The coastal area of the old district is the commercial center, and the new district is the administrative center.

City symbol

The tallest building in the city, the Independence Monument, is the symbol of Jakarta. This marble monument, built by President Su Jianuo, is1.37m high with a torch sculpture made of 35kg pure gold at the top, symbolizing Indonesian independence.

tourist resources

In Jakarta, there is a unique tourist attraction, and tourists come in an endless stream every day. Indonesians affectionately call it "the beautiful epitome of Indonesia" (also known as mini-park). According to the geographical location of Indonesia, this miniature park presents Indonesia's islands, mountains, rivers, city ports, places of interest and historical sites, customs and habits in miniature to tourists. The park is located at 10 km south of Jakarta, with an area of 120 hectares. Ground was broken on 1972 and completed on April 20th 1975. At the entrance of "Indonesia Miniature" Park, climb high and have a bird's-eye view, so that you can enjoy the panoramic view of "the country of a thousand islands". From east to west, islands and land are like green beads embedded in the Indian Ocean and the Java River.

In the "miniature park", the landscapes and buildings with different styles in 27 provinces of Indonesia are built as they are. Here, you can enjoy the tropical scenery of Sumatra Island, see the solemn and elegant white temples and the world-famous Borobudur pagoda in the middle of Java Island, and you can also roam in the "tropical virgin forest" of Irian Jaya Island, and see ancient canoes, high-rise thatched sheds made of tree trunks and splendid palaces in coconut groves. Most of the buildings and figures in the miniature park are made of clay sculpture, which can be described as a master of Indonesian clay sculpture art. In every house, yard, forest and grassland, there are statues of figures, birds and animals, with the same size ratio as the real thing. All kinds, all kinds, lifelike, as if in reality. On one side of the park gate, there is a circular screen cinema. Its external image is a golden conch, covering an area of 600 square meters, with 800 seats in the museum. This screen is the largest screen in the world, which is dedicated to showing documentaries about Indonesian customs, history, geography, economy and culture. At the beginning of the film, although the audience were sitting in chairs, they felt that they were flying over the Grand Canyon in Indonesia for a while and overlooking the volcano spewing lava and ashes for a while. They could see Madura racing cattle, witnessing the carnival of Irian people, attending the funeral of Balinese people, attending the traditional wedding ceremony of Javanese people and smelling the sweetness of bamboo rice.

Darling Avenue in the new area is wide and tidy, and modern luxury buildings are uneven. This is a place where banks and big companies gather. It is called "Wall Street" in Indonesia.

Main attraction

Istihrar Mosque

Istihar Mosque is the largest mosque in Indonesia, located in the northeast of Independence Square in Jakarta, and was built in 1979. The mosque covers an area of 93.5 hectares with a building area of 93,400 square meters. There is a huge semicircular roof painted white on the roof, which is very eye-catching.

Major Islamic activities and ceremonies in Indonesia are held here, and Indonesian presidents and government officials often come here to worship.

Jakarta Independence Square

Independence Square is located in the center of Jakarta, also known as modica Square (Medika means independence), and its status and scale are equivalent to Tiananmen Square. The surrounding streets are wide and tidy, with flowers and trees dotted around, full of green.

To the north of the square is the Presidential Palace, and to the northeast is the largest Islamic Mosque in Indonesia. There are the Defense Department Courtyard and the Central Museum on the West Street. To the east is the railway station. In the southeast corner of the square, there is a group of carriage sculptures based on the story in the epic Mochow Bharata, which is very spectacular. There is a musical fountain in the park on the west side of the monument.

Indonesia miniature park

Indonesia Mini Park is located about 26 kilometers east of downtown Jakarta, and was built in 1975. There are all kinds of houses, lakes, parks, memorial towers, shopping centers, amphitheaters, cable cars, trains, water bikes and other physical models all over Indonesia, which are equivalent to the epitome of Indonesia.

There is a giant model map of Indonesia Islands in the center of the park, and the surrounding gardens are divided into 27 districts, representing 27 provinces and regions in Indonesia such as Central Java, Bali and Jakarta. Each district has buildings with local traditional characteristics and local unique plants. Visitors can also visit the "Indonesian Islands" by boat.

There are museums, libraries, video centers, children's palaces and children's playgrounds in Indonesian mini-parks. Teenagers can go to the park regularly to learn traditional music and dance. One of the most striking buildings is the Golden Snail Panoramic Cinema, which regularly shows panoramic movies such as Beautiful Indonesia every day.

National historical relics

The National Monument is a symbol of Jakarta, located in the center of Independence Square Park in the city center. The first Indonesian President Su Jianuo ordered the construction from 65438 to 0959, and it was completed from 65438 to 0968.

This stone tablet is 137 meters high, with a torch sculpture made of 35 kilograms of gold at the top, which symbolizes Indonesia's independent spirit. The relief on the monument reflects the heroic deeds of the Indonesian people against Dutch colonial rule. There are fountains, pools and statues of national heroines beside the monument.

Central museum

The Central Museum is located in Independence West Street, west of Independence Square in the city center. Built in 1868, it is the largest and richest museum in Indonesia. The museum is a European white building. There is a bronze elephant standing on the stone pier in front of the museum, which was presented by King Rama V of Siam during his visit in 187 1, so the museum is also called "Elephant Museum" or "Elephant House".

There are gold and silver ornaments room, bronze ware room, currency room, antique exhibition room, prehistoric exhibition room, wood exhibition room, folk custom exhibition room and East India Company exhibition room in the museum, including the skull fossils of Javanese apes 300,000 years ago, the Ding He wares of bronze age in China 3,000-4,000 years ago, ancient ceramics and ancient coins in China, elephant-headed Buddha statues in Java, unique house models in Sumatra, shadow play and puppet show.

Anzor Dream Park

Anzor Dream Park is the largest Indonesian amusement park, located at the northern end of downtown Jakarta, near Jakarta Bay. There are newly designed hotels, outdoor cinemas, aquariums, dolphin performance pools, artificial wave swimming pools, tennis courts, seaside huts, art exhibition booths, Warriors Stadium, golf courses, bowling alleys, stadiums, racetracks, beaches, nightclubs, steam baths, casinos, massage parlors, children's casinos and so on.

Dream Park also has a villa area with typical Indonesian national characteristics. Indonesian folk handicrafts are exhibited in the art market, and artists also make paintings and sculptures for tourists on the spot. At dusk, folk dances from Bali and Kalimantan will be performed on the open-air stage.

traffic

The transportation in Indonesia is very convenient. The aviation network is centered on Jakarta and intertwined with major cities at home and abroad. The train starts from Jakarta and runs between Java Island and Suwandala Island. Jakarta Expressway is in good condition, with long-distance buses and special buses running on the island. The main means of transportation in the city are taxis and tricycles.

Aviation:

China International Airlines has weekly flights from China and Beijing to Jakarta, Indonesia via Xiamen, China Southern Airlines has weekly flights from Guangzhou, China to Jakarta, Indonesia, and Eagle Asia Airlines has weekly flights from Jakarta, Indonesia to Guangzhou, China.

Airport:

Su Jianuo Hatta International Airport is located about 20 kilometers west of the city center. There are three aviation buildings in the airport center, one for international routes and the other two for domestic routes. The first floor of the international airline terminal is the arrival hall, with a currency exchange office and a tourism service center; The second floor is the departure hall, with restaurants, duty-free shops and gift shops. It takes about half an hour to go to the city by taxi or bus The airport tax for international flights is 15000 rupiah, and that for domestic flights is 5500 rupiah.

Train:

From Jakarta, the trains around the island are:

Bima: Jakarta-Yogyakarta-Surabaya 16 hours and 30 minutes.

Mutyara: Jakarta-Surabaya Drive: 15 hours and 30 minutes.

Parahyangan: Jakarta-Bandung takes 3 hours and 20 minutes.

Railway station:

The main stations in the city are Kuda Station (address: J 1.stasiunNO. 1) and gambier Station (address: J 1). MerdekaTimur）。

Cars:

There are four colors for tourist buses and shuttle buses: green, blue, yellow, red and white. They travel on different routes, and the air-conditioned car between Jakarta and Bali is operated by SariExpress.

Catering gourmet

Indonesia's food culture has become international. In the capital Jakarta, there are various local dishes from all over the world, such as Chinese food, European food, Thai food, Vietnamese food, Japanese food, Korean food and Indian food. Chinese food, in particular, has China restaurants in major Indonesian towns, so tourists don't have to worry about not eating China cuisine wherever they go. Among the restaurants in China, there are Guangdong, Sichuan, Hunan, Shanghai and Shandong restaurants, but Guangdong has the most restaurants. The turtle soup served in China restaurant is much cheaper than that in China, and it is very popular among China people. Indonesian cuisine is similar to that of most Southeast Asian countries, with heavy taste. Coconut milk and spices such as pepper, clove, cardamom and curry are often added to dishes, and Chili sauce often appears on the table. Among all the dishes in Indonesia, the most typical one is Patong cuisine, which is famous for its deep frying and spicy taste. Visitors who like spicy food may wish to have a try.

Most Indonesians believe in Islam. They don't eat pork, but mainly beef and mutton. On the other hand, Balinese people believe in Hinduism and do not eat beef, but mainly eat chicken and pork. The most common Indonesian dishes are gado-gado, sate, grilled fish (ikan panggang), roast beef (sapipang-gang) and roast mutton (kambing panggang). Soups commonly used are beef soup (sotosapi), mutton soup (sotokambing) and chicken soup (Sotoyam). Due to the hot weather, Indonesians generally don't like to eat hot rice and vegetables, and don't drink very hot soup. Have the habit of drinking coffee or tea after meals, and usually add sugar when drinking. Indonesians are used to drinking black tea, and many people have begun to like jasmine tea and green tea. Indonesians like sweets, and there are many kinds of snacks after meals. There are fried bananas and cakes made of rice flour, glutinous rice flour, flour, cassava flour, soybean flour with coconut milk and sugar. Pastries in the eastern region are usually made of sand powder. In addition, Indonesians often entertain guests with dried bananas and fried banana slices.

There are many kinds of fruits in the Indonesian market. The most popular local tropical fruits for foreign tourists are durian, mangosteen, mango, rambutan, dugu, snakeskin, papaya, pistachio, passion fruit, banana, pineapple, annona, avocado, grapefruit and orange. Apples, pears, oranges, grapes and other fruits imported from the United States, China and Australia are of good quality and are deeply loved by local people, but their prices are higher. In restaurants or banquet tables, watermelons, melons, etc. Also often used as fruit after meals.

As drinks on the table, there are all kinds of commonly used wine, mineral water, beer and fruit juice. The largest mineral water brand in Indonesia is "Aqua". If you want mineral water when ordering, just say "water". A kind of Indonesian "Tang Bin" brand beer enjoys a high reputation in China and is sold in all restaurants. Tsingtao beer from China has entered the Indonesian market, but it is only available in a few Chinese restaurants. Juices commonly used on the dining table include coconut juice, orange juice, watermelon juice and white melon juice. Fresh coconut can be seen everywhere in Indonesia and various tourist attractions. It is a very popular drink with low price.

In the Indonesian market, except textiles and services, the prices of general commodities are not cheaper than those in China, so you don't have to spend money on general commodities, but choose handicrafts and souvenirs with Indonesian characteristics.

artware

Indonesia has a variety of handicrafts and souvenirs, each with its own uniqueness. These include Badipu, Grice dagger, wood carving, silver products, copper or copper alloy statues, shadow puppetry, puppet shows, landscape models such as Borobudur stupa and Nanling Temple in Pramban, multicolored shell products, lilac string artworks, natural gems, and Indonesian landscape paintings such as Bali. Decorative fans, horn crafts, small stone crafts and Lombok porcelain pots are all favorite items of foreign tourists.

Silver products in Indonesia can be divided into two categories, one is the ornament made of pure silver or silver alloy that we are familiar with, and the other is the slender silver wire welded according to the pattern design. His works are exquisite, exquisite and graceful. There are many shapes of silver handicrafts, including some delicate flower-shaped silver brooches and silver earrings, which are beautiful and easy to carry, and often become the first choice for tourists.

Badibu is a batik printed cloth, which is characterized by printing colorful patterns on the cloth, including geometric patterns, various flower-and-bird patterns, symmetrical patterns and asymmetrical patterns. Its colors are mainly black, red and yellow, bright and lively, and some are mainly blue, brown and white, which looks dignified and deep. This kind of cloth is not only deeply loved by Indonesian people, but also has long been famous in the world. The long-sleeved men's shirts and women's sand cages made of it are designated as Indonesian national clothes, which are suitable for various formal and informal occasions.

Visitors should pay attention to the manufacturing process when buying Bati cloth. Printed batibu is made by traditional hand drawing, with fine workmanship and artistic value. However, due to time-consuming and laborious work, the price is generally high. However, mechanical Badibu is not as good as handmade products in artistic value because of its high output, relatively cheap price and many economic benefits.

Indonesian woodcarving, especially Balinese woodcarving, is famous at home and abroad. Almost all foreign guests who travel to Indonesia will not buy one or two Balinese woodcarving as souvenirs. Balinese woodcarving is a traditional handicraft, which was originally closely related to the religious beliefs of Balinese people.

People carve Hindu gods they worship with stones or wood and worship them in temples, courtyards and halls. Later, it was passed down from generation to generation, resulting in countless skilled craftsmen. Most of the wood carvings in Bali are carved from ebony and teak, with hard texture and exquisite patterns. Their shapes are varied, including lifelike animals such as condor, bull, lion and bull and various birds, vivid fishermen and girls in Bali, legends in folk stories and various abstract artistic images in contemporary times.

native products

Indonesia's native products are world-famous. The first thing that comes to mind is Indonesia's printed cloth (Badibu), which is exquisite and gorgeous and shows Indonesia's characteristics. This is a technology from the royal family of Indonesia in the12nd century. Through batik, animals and portraits are arranged in geometric shapes, and the colors are traditional blue and brown.

Secondly, there are many kinds of handicrafts in Indonesia, which have a strong southern flavor. Among them, Grice's daggers, wood carvings, shadow puppets, puppet shows, banyan canes and silver products are the most valuable collections.

Indonesia produces all kinds of spices, and the taste of various afternoon spices, coupled with spicy taste, has become the characteristic of Indonesian cuisine. Satay is the most typical dish in Indonesia. Authentic Indonesian Satay is to cut cattle, sheep or chicken into square pieces, marinate them with spices such as red onion, pepper, sugar and sour fruit for two hours, and then bake them. It's fun to drink a glass of cold Indonesian beer and eat a bunch of satay sauce. "More ice" is a unique dessert. This is a special taste in Indonesia, where mung bean powder is used as a pudding-like vegetable jelly, which contains crystals, coconut pulp and Java sugar.

Java coffee is also worth tasting, mainly because Indonesians have different drinking methods. In Indonesia, hot coffee is inexhaustible, and it is the best coffee after a little cooling.

Dongfang Watertown

As early as the Batavia era, Jakarta was an important coastal town. At that time, Dutch colonists used artificial canals as urban drainage system, which was also an important transportation hub. Boats with about 10 passengers were the most commonly used means of transportation at that time. People live on this boat every day. Jakarta at that time was called Venice of the East by the western world.

With the development of the times, roads are also increasing, such as highways and bus lanes. Indonesia is the largest city in the country. It is rare to see such means of transportation, and it is replaced by modern means of transportation, such as cars and motorcycles. In the past, it was called "Venice of the East", but now it has become the past, and people seem to have completely forgotten the traditional customs of the past.

However, there are still some areas in Jakarta, such as Sunter, Ancol and Tj.Priok. So far, you can still see this traditional transportation boat, but this public transportation boat no longer shoulders the main transportation function, but becomes a ferry to send people across the river. Some old people living in the old days still recall the old customs of Jakarta from time to time and can't help but sigh.

In fact, as long as the canals running through the city are cleaned, such local traditional customs will still be preserved in the era of rapid development, and it will become one of Jakarta's characteristic attractions to attract tourists. Just like Thailand's "water market" is one of the must-see spots for tourists from all over the world when they travel to Thailand.