Raspberries and blackberries are perennial deciduous shrub fruit trees of the genus Rubus (Rubus SPP.) in the Rosaceae family. Also known as raspberry, pallet, marin, raspberry, etc. There are more than 750 species, mainly distributed in the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere, with a few distributed in the cold zone, tropics, subtropics and southern hemisphere.
Generally, the species whose aggregate fruits are separated from the receptacle when mature are called "Raspberries", and the species whose aggregate fruits are not separated from the receptacle when mature are called "Blackberries". Raspberry and blackberry fruits are rich in nutrients, rich in sugar, fruit acid and multiple vitamins. They have the effects of anti-aging and improving human immunity. In particular, the content of Ve and SOD (superoxide dismutase) is the highest among fruits, and they are known as It is the "third generation fruit".
1. Distribution area
my country is very rich in wild raspberry resources, with about 210 species, distributed in all parts of the north and south. The economic cultivation and utilization of raspberries abroad was earlier. In the mid-19th century, a large number of raspberry varieties were cultivated in Russia. At present, the annual output of Russia, Yugoslavia, Poland, Germany, the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Hungary is more than 10,000 tons. . Raspberries have been cultivated in my country for more than 70 years, and were introduced to Shangzhi County, Heilongjiang Province, by Russian overseas Chinese from the coastal areas of the Far East. In recent years, scientific research units in Jilin and Liaoning provinces have also introduced and trial-planted varieties from abroad, selected some excellent varieties, and gradually applied them to production.
2. Cultivation significance
Raspberries have high economic value. Their berries are rich in fat, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, organic acids, sugars and other substances, and are easy to grow. It is absorbed by the body and promotes the absorption and digestion of other nutrients. Its berries contain 0.5 to 2.5 mg of salicylic acid per 100 grams, which can be used as a diaphoretic agent and is a good antipyretic food for treating colds, flu, and pharyngitis. The root soaked in wine can be used as a medicine to relax muscles, activate blood circulation, reduce inflammation and reduce swelling, and decoct the stems and leaves in water to wash away hemorrhoids. The fruit is also rich in volatile antibiotic substances that have antiseptic properties.
In addition to being eaten fresh, raspberry berries are mainly used to process various foods, such as juice, jelly, slightly fermented drinks, refreshing drinks, candied fruits, jams, fruit wine and fruit juice syrups. The red pigment of raspberry juice can also be used to add to hawthorn refreshing drinks to make the color, aroma and taste better.
3. Cultivation characteristics
Raspberries are suitable for growing on loam and sandy loam soils with loose soil, high humus content, strong water holding capacity and good drainage. Raspberries are light-loving plants, so when building a garden, choose a location that can be protected but not shaded. Raspberries have shallow root systems, weak drought resistance, and are sensitive to water requirements. Raspberries are also not tolerant of waterlogging, and the water table should not be higher than 1 to 1.5 meters, otherwise the growth will be weak and the berries will be small. Raspberries have strong adaptability and cold resistance and are one of the main fruit-bearing plants in northern my country. However, in areas with little snow and severe cold in the north, they must be buried in the soil to prevent cold. Raspberries have weak tolerance to high temperatures. Therefore, in hot summer areas, the plants grow short, the fruits are small, the yield is low, and the fruits are susceptible to sunburn.
Raspberry is a small perennial shrub. The bushes have a long life span and can live for about 20 years under good management conditions. Fruiting begins in the second year of planting and enters the peak fruiting period in the third year. After that, high and stable yields can be maintained for more than 10 years. Raspberry propagation is easy, and seedlings can be propagated in large quantities using division, layering, cutting and shoot tip tissue culture methods. Cultivation and management are simple. The spacing between planting rows is divided into wide-band planting and narrow-band planting. The wide-band planting row spacing is 3 to 3.5 meters, the plant spacing is 0.5 to 0.75 meters, and the bandwidth is 1.2 to 1.5 meters. 293 to 380 plants are planted per mu. It is suitable for gardens with good soil conditions and high management level. For narrow-band planting, the row spacing is 2 to 2.5 meters, the plant spacing is 0.8 to 1 meter, and the width is 0.7 to 1 meter. Narrow-strip planting is suitable for gardens with poor soil conditions, such as improved sandy wasteland, saline-alkali land, and sloping farmland. In this method, the belt is relatively narrow, the lighting conditions are better, and the harvesting is convenient. However, due to the small number of branches, the yield is low, especially the yield increase is slow in the early stage.
Raspberry is an intermediate type of plant between a shrub and a semi-shrub. Its basal branches are an intermediate type between upright stems and stolons. When the basal branches exceed 1.0 to 1.5 meters, especially when there is heavy fruit pressure, Make an arch and touch the ground. Therefore, raspberries need to use pillars or fences to support and guide the branches.