cultural landscape
Hongjue Temple
Hongjue Temple, formerly known as Buddha Cave Temple, was built in the second year of Liang Tianjian (53), located in the south of Niushou Mountain, and later renamed Pujue Temple. Later, Xiao Yan of Liang Wudi built the Xianku Temple under the Buddha Cave Temple. Therefore, Niushou Mountain is also called "Xianku Mountain". Monk Farong of Tang Dynasty gave a lecture here and founded "Tauren Zen", which gained great fame. In the Southern Tang Dynasty, Pilu Temple, Pizhi Buddha Pagoda, Tianwang Temple and Baiyun Ladder were expanded on the basis of Pujue Temple, which was grand in scale and full of incense. In the early years of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty, the temple was renovated on a large scale, and it was renamed as Buddha Cave Temple, and later renamed as Hongjue Temple. And carved Buddha statues and characters on the cliff wall to form cliff stone carvings. However, after hundreds of years of erosion and weathering, there are only ruins left in the temple, and the handwriting on cliff stone carvings is blurred and difficult to recognize.
Hongjue Temple Tower
Hongjue Temple Tower Hongjue Temple Tower is located on the southwest slope of Niushou Shandong Peak, with an altitude of 18.5 meters.
According to the record in Volume 46 of the Song Dynasty's "The Records of Building Health in Jingding", "In the 9th (774) generation of the Tang Dynasty, the seven-story floating map of the east and west peaks of the temple was built because of the dream." Later generations' records, such as Volume 33 of the Ming Dynasty's Annals of Brahma in Jinling and Volume 3 of the Qing Dynasty's Annals of Shangjiang Counties in Tongzhi, all used this theory, but did not mention any specific maintenance of the tower.
Buried underground palace in Taki: On July 14th, 1956, tourists found the underground palace on the ground floor of Hongjue Temple Tower, which contained cultural relics under the garden. After being excavated by Nanjing Museum, a gold-plated Lama Tower was cleared up, with a height of .35m and a height of .16m. The bottom of the tower was engraved with "Hongjue Temple in Niushou Mountain, Jinling is forever filled with offerings" and "For the use of Buddhist disciples". There are four doors in the tower, and there are Buddha statues of Sakyamuni and Wei Tuo in the Buddhist niches. The tower brake is equipped with a phase wheel for thirteen days, a treasure cover and a gourd treasure top. At the same time, there are also cultural relics such as Buddha statues and jade bottles unearthed.
Inscriptions on the tower body in past dynasties: Nanjing Cultural Relics Preservation Committee investigated the inscriptions on the wall of brick tower and found more than 7 inscriptions on tourists in Ming and Qing dynasties. In September, 1991, the Municipal Cultural Management Committee surveyed and surveyed the tower. These inscriptions are still well preserved. They are all carved on the lime plaster layer of the cave wall of the ticket by Ming Dao or porcelain pieces, distributed on the 3-7 floors, from the fifth year of Ming Zhengde (151) to the 32nd year of Qianlong (1767). At most, it was during the reign of Jiajing, Wanli and Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty. It shows that during this period, the temple is the most fragrant and has the most tourists. At the same time, it also tells us that the Hongjue Temple was rebuilt or rebuilt five years ago (151) in Zhengde, Ming Dynasty, and was finally destroyed in Qianlong, Qing Dynasty. Judging from the damage of the wooden structure, the tower of Hongjue Temple seems to have been struck by lightning, and the fire burned from the top of the tower to the bottom floor. All the floors, heartwood, flat railing, waist eaves, internal and external bucket arches and attached steps in the bottom floor of the tower did not exist. Its masonry structure is still intact.
actual measurement of pagoda structure: the height of the tower of Hongjue Temple is 36.65 meters from the ground floor to the top of the tower, which is about 45 meters if the original peisha is added. Its ground floor is 7.1 meters high, and the heights of floors above the second floor are decreasing from 4.3 meters to 4.13. The periphery of the tower is an octagonal plane, with the length of the bottom floor being 3.35 meters, the second floor being 3.17 meters, the third floor being 3. meters, the fourth floor being 2.8 meters, the fifth floor being 2.64 meters, the sixth floor being 2.46 meters and the seventh floor being 2.22 meters. The inner wall of the tower is a square hollow tube, with the bottom inner diameter of 3.85m, the second floor of 3.6m, the third floor of 3.44m, the fourth floor of 3.299m, the fifth floor of 3.4m, the sixth floor of 2.87m and the seventh floor of 2.58m..
The bottom of the old scenic tower of Hongjue Temple Tower has a Sumitomo, which is 77 cm high and 3.85 meters long. It is made of red granite, with a corner, a waist and a mixed curve, which was made in the early Ming Dynasty. Steps up and down with a width of 8 cm on all sides, surrounded by a 2.18-meter-wide corridor, with doors open on all sides. The flat seats (that is, the outer cloister) on the second to seventh floors are about 6 cm long, paved with red granite stones with a length of 68 cm, a width of 68 cm and a thickness of 9 cm, and one end is embedded in the wall. On the outer wall of the tower, under the arch of the flat seat, there is a layer of stone Fang with the same texture as the sumeru seat and the flat seat, which is equivalent to the ring beam of the tower body.
There are leaning columns at the corner of the outer wall of Hongjue Temple Tower. It is fixed in the corner wall by special master and slave bricks. The arches of each floor are in the form of pot doors, which are four solid and four virtual. Bricks are embedded in the surface of the arches and ground to make them. There are lamp niches on both sides of each arch, and there is a niche room in it that communicates with the coupon door and can be oiled from the inside; There are 96 lamp niches on floors 2 to 7.
The tower body is built with blue bricks, with various specifications, including lengths of 33.5 cm, 34 cm, 35 cm and 35.5 cm, widths of 16.5 cm, 17 cm and 17.5 cm, and thicknesses of 7 cm to 8 cm. Masonry methods, all for the upper and lower skin along a top type, mortar joint bonding material with white lime, very hard, it is estimated that glutinous rice juice was added.
There are two kinds of bucket arches under the flat seats and lower eaves of the tower and the inner floor, namely, corner and supplementary bucket arches. The width of the bucket mouth is about 3 cm, and the clearing foot is 2.5 inches (according to the clearing foot =32 cm), which is equivalent to the eighth-class bucket mouth of the clearing system. The total height of the bucket arch is 7-8 cm, and the platform has 9-1 buckets, which is the height (9.2 buckets) when the bucket arch is stepped on in the fifth period of Qing Dynasty. The inner and outer eaves of each floor are the same, and the jump is five steps.
There is a brick compound basin at the top of the tower, the interior of which is made of stacked bricks. The tower core wood is fixed on the six-story beam, and the upper part penetrates the roof to form a tower brake. Now the heart wood of the tower has been destroyed, but the hole at the top of the tower is still there. The tile ridges on the top roof are still clear.
The tower foundation of Hongjue Temple is located on the rock, which is very strong. For hundreds of years, the main body of the tower has not been tilted, but the upper outer wall brick has been partially weathered and fallen off. Except for the destruction of the wooden structure, the main structure of masonry is well preserved.
Hongjue Temple Tower is a typical pavilion-style brick and wood tower in the south of the Yangtze River. This kind of star anise. The hollow tubular structure with four sides inside and staggered interlayer is popular in Jiangsu ancient culture. The twin towers of Suzhou Luohanyuan, with seven octagonal floors, were first seen in the Song Dynasty. Yangzhou Wenfeng Pagoda, built in 1582, is also an octagonal seven-story; The Longshan Pagoda in Jintan County, which was rebuilt in the 4th year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (171), and the Dabaoen Temple Pagoda in Nanjing in Ming Dynasty are all of this structure. It overcomes the weakness of the early hollow tube structure, the outer wall opens the door and the interlayer is staggered, thus avoiding the longitudinal cracking and damage outside the door (or window) from top to bottom.
Zheng He's Tomb
Zheng He's tomb is located at the southern foot of Niushou Mountain and the west side of the Second Mausoleum of the Southern Tang Dynasty. It is the tomb of Zheng He, a navigator of the Ming Dynasty and a eunuch of Sanbao. The Records of Two Counties in Shangjiang recorded that the tomb was "the foot of the mountain buried in Yongle", surrounded by Zutang, Niushou, Cuiping, Daishan and Wu Shan in the east, north and west. The tomb overlooks the rolling waters of the Yangtze River. In 1985, to commemorate the 58th anniversary of Zheng He's first voyage to the West, it was rebuilt by Jiangning County Bureau of Culture and Education. Next to Zheng He's tomb, a showroom was built to display relevant cultural relics.
Anti-gold Old Base
Anti-gold Old Base is located in the area from the east of Niushou Mountain to Jiangjun Mountain and Hanfu Mountain. In the third year of Jianyan in Song Gaozong (1129), Jin Wushu soldiers crossed the river in two ways, and even broke through Jiankang and other important towns. After being bravely resisted by the people in the south of the Yangtze River, Yu Jianyan withdrew northward in the fourth year (113), passing through Zhenjiang and being blocked by the water army of Han Shizhong, a famous Southern Song Dynasty star. Jin Wushu led his troops to flee to Huangtiandang, and his retreat was blocked, so he had to take Jiankang. Yue Fei built an ambush in the area from Niushoushan to Hanfushan to fight against Jin. Later, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom also used it when it fought against the Qing army.
Yuefei's anti-gold home base starts from Hanfu Mountain by Qinhuai River, 5 meters east of Tiexin Bridge, and reaches the main peak of Niushou Mountain, with an intermittent remnant of about 4,2 meters. Among them, it is more than 2 meters long along the foot of Niushou Mountain to the ridge. The width of the stone base varies from 1.5 meters to 3 meters, and the height is about 1 meter. The old base is made of local reddish-brown stones, winding and undulating, with high and low levels. Some areas have obvious artificial traces; Some areas have been scattered and collapsed due to the age and wind and rain, and it is difficult to find them. It has been more than 86 years since Yuefei fought Niushou Mountain, so the base remains to this day, which has become a good material for patriotism education for young people. During the spring outing, people can not only enjoy the beautiful mountains, but also watch the Buddhist cultural treasures such as Hongjue Temple, and visit the ancient battlefield in person, paying tribute to Yue Fei's anti-gold base, remembering national heroes and being educated in patriotism.
Northern Scenic Area
The Northern Scenic Area of Niushou Mountain in Nanjing was officially opened to the public on August 13th, 214. Twelve stone statues in various shapes on the icon square in the scenic area have set a record as "the best in China", which is the largest granite monolith sculpture group in China at present.
Niushou Mountain Northern Scenic Area Project is one of the key cultural tourism projects in Nanjing, which is located in the southeast of Yuhuatai District and the north of Niushou Zutang Scenic Area, covering an area of about 61 hectares. The project is gradually promoted in two phases. As of August 214, the first phase of the northern scenic spot project has been completed, and it is initially open to the outside world. In the first phase of the project, there is a "everything is renewed" Jingshi written by Master Xingyun at the entrance of the scenic spot, which means that Buddhism is boundless, all-encompassing and new. The mirror pool connecting the Jingshi is in a three-fold pattern, gradually rising, and the water surface is as clear as a mirror, which is quite Zen in Buddhism to reflect all beings and wash the heart and remove dust. Icon Square is the main scenic spot in the scenic spot, and the main body is surrounded by 12 icon-backed buildings with different shapes. The golden building is engraved with Tibetan Buddhism, Han Buddhism and Southern Buddhism's representative scriptures on six sides, which is magnificent and solemn. It is the largest single granite carved stone elephant group in China recognized by the Shanghai World kiness Headquarters. There are 12 reliefs of changed stories carved on the rock walls on both sides of the square, all of which are accompanied by written descriptions, respectively telling Buddhist cultural stories with deep roots in Nanjing, such as "Inducing Relic", "Ganlu Jiating" and "Crossing the River with a Weir", showing the rich Buddhist cultural heritage of Nanjing. In addition, the first phase also includes scenic water system, scenic spots greening, access roads, temporary visitor centers, temporary parking lots and other tour contents.
The twelve six-toothed white elephants in the square of the icon square are the mounts on which Sakyamuni rides. Each elephant is 6m in length, 2m in width and 4m in height. Together with the 9-meter prayer building, the overall height is 13.9m.. The granite used to make stone statues is all mined from Quanzhou mine in Fujian. Choosing 12 stone statues represents the cycle of time and endless life. In August 215, more than ten major scenic spots, such as Nianhuaxiao, Liuzu Cave, Zen Culture and Art Expo Hall and Wanhua Jingshe, which are planned and designed for the second phase of the Northern Scenic Area, will also be completed and opened to the outside world.
The northern scenic spot of Niushou Mountain is open to the public free of charge. Citizens can take three high-grade highways, such as Ring Expressway, Ningdan Highway and Airport Second Passage, or take Nanjing Metro Line 1, Nanjing Metro Line 1 and Nanjing Metro Line S3 under construction, and then transfer to Bus No.111 and No.155 for direct access to the scenic spot.