1. Stone carving \ `&; ]gdwh`*\=.Com.Cn

Stone carving has a long history in Guangdong. In the long Old and Neolithic Age, stone processing was a means for primitive ancestors in Lingnan to make a living. Many rock carvings have been found in Hong Kong, Macao and Zhuhai in the Pearl River Estuary, mainly with complex abstract patterns, using chiseling techniques, especially in Gaolan Island, Nanshui Town, Zhuhai. The largest one is 3 meters high and 5 meters long, with clear lines, and figures and ship carvings can be identified from the complex lines. According to research, the rock carving here is about 1 BC, which is a bronze age work. Many octagonal prism stone railings with square bases were found in the ruins of the Palace Office in South Vietnam, which are the earliest known stone railings in the architectural history of China. Nanyue Imperial Garden Site is the first site of Qin and Han Dynasties in China, where stone ponds, winding stone canals, stone chambers erected by huge stone slabs and various stone components are meticulously paved with stone slabs as ice cracks. Zhao Mei's tomb, the king of Nanyue, is the largest stone tomb in Lingnan known so far, with a stone tomb weighing 2.6 tons. 244 pieces (sets) of jade unearthed in the tomb, including 71 pieces of jade walls, two pieces of sapphire round carving dancers, L pieces of blue and white jade carving horn cups with embossed cirrus patterns, silk carved jade clothes, jade belt hooks with dragon and tiger, dragon and phoenix patterns with Yu Pei and animal head, are all exquisite treasures, reflecting the superb technological level of processing jade at that time, which shows that South Vietnam has mastered cutting, modeling and drilling. In the tomb of Nanyue King, talc ovens, ear cups, pigs, pillows, inkstones and grindstones were also found. Sharpen stones and grind fine stone axes. It shows that stone carving is also a valued craft. \`& ]gdwh`*\=.Com.Cn

Stone is solid and weathering-resistant. Therefore, in Lingnan architecture, besides stone pagodas, stone bridges, stone workshops, stone pavilions and stone tombs, it is more widely used in building components and decorations. Generally, it can be divided into three categories: first, as building components, door frames, railings, drum stones, steps, column foundations, beams, wells, etc. Second, stone tablets, stone lions, stone watches and stone statues as accessories of buildings; Third, as furnishings in buildings, such as stone incense burners, stone five offerings and so on. \`& ]gdwh`*\=.Com.Cn

Guangdong's stone carving techniques are best in eastern Guangdong, and exquisite in Chaozhou. The stone fence board in the Tang Dynasty in the verandah of Kaiyuan Temple in Chaozhou, and the waist stone carving style of Xumizuo, the tomb tower of Tang Dadian ancestor in Lingshan Temple in Chaoyang are elegant and simple. The Tang Dynasty Shijing Building in Kaiyuan Temple is a rare large-scale Shijing Building in China. The stone warrior in front of Wang Dabao's tomb in Chao 'an Song Dynasty was 2.33 meters high. Majestic, the stone lion is 1.46 meters high, with its head held high and its shape exaggerated. Chaozhou Mingjian Phoenix Tower's rare bird and beast stone relief is still in a rich and concise style. By the Qing Dynasty, the stone carving style of Chaozhou changed from simple to exquisite, from shallow relief to combination of deep and shallow relief and through carving, and the technological level was greatly improved, so it was ingenious for feeding halls, houses and halls to compete for stone carving. The stone carving of mice and litchi grapes in Chaozhou, Qing Dynasty, which is now stored in Guangdong Folk Arts and Crafts Museum, is a building superstructure, 78 cm high, carved from cyan granite. By combining light and dark carvings, a group of mice are carved to steal fruits from litchi and grapes. The mice are dynamic, lively and interesting, and the vines are intertwined, and their skills are very exquisite. Congxi Gong Temple in Caitang Town, Chaoan, built by overseas Chinese Chen Xunian, cost 26, yuan and took 14 years to build, which concentrated the essence of stone carving art. The Gongtong gatehouse is equipped with a pair of big drum stones and a pair of stone lions. The roof truss is a stone bucket arch, and the two ends of the beam Fang are hollow stone carvings, with flowers and insects. Characters and beasts are the theme. The two water spray columns are polished as smooth as a mirror. The hanging style column in front of the eaves is ingeniously carved with upside-down flower baskets, which are complex and exquisite. Four stone carvings are attached to the wall, with the themes of fishing, ploughing, firewood, reading, flowers, birds, insects and fish respectively. In one of them, there are 25 figures from local agriculture, industry and commerce who haunt the winding paths of mountain villages and are interspersed with pavilions, with different expressions, scattered and gathered, and full of life flavor. Among them, the hollowing-out method was used to carve stone net rope and Shi Niu rope, which was extremely ingenious. There are more than 11 stone archways built in Chaozhou in Ming and Qing Dynasties, including 47 in the section of Taiping Road with a distance of more than 1, meters. They are tall and exquisite in workmanship. \`& ]gdwh`*\=.Com.Cn

Stone carvings in central Guangdong are mainly composed of stone pillars, stone workshops and stone lions. The South Han Stone Pier was once exhibited in Guangzhou Museum, with a square base and a rounded upper part, with a diameter of about one meter. Around the rounded surface, more than a dozen lions were carved, with their heads facing outward, and the image was rough. The artistic style was obviously influenced by Western Asian art. In his later years, Liu Long, the master of the Southern Han Dynasty, "all the pillars worn in the south are carved with stones, and each furnace burns incense, so there is air and invisibility." With such a huge and vividly carved pier, we can imagine the grandeur and craftsmanship of the building at that time. There are 13 sandstone watchposts on the platform of the back porch of Guangxiao Temple Hall, with a height of 45 cm. There is a wide ribbon around the chest, and the bell is hung in the middle, sitting with the chest protruding. The forelimbs are different in posture, the hair is fluffy, the tail is full of fluff, and it is curled under the hind limbs. Its shape is still deeply influenced by the north. In front of zhenhai tower, there is the largest red sandstone stone lion in Guangzhou in the Ming Dynasty. This pair of stone lions were originally placed in front of the double doors. In the first year of the Republic of China (1912), the city was demolished to open the road and moved to this site, with a height of 224 meters and a height of 2.86 meters. Body fat, carved lion hair, head like a toad, ears pointed, grinning, not strong enough, gentle enough, very Gu Zhuo, folk art flavor is very strong. The stone lions in front of Zheng's temple in Xianqiao, Jieyang, both in the Ming Dynasty, have shown more lively gestures of artistic processing and excellent carving techniques. The lion's body is slender, stroking the cubs, and its posture is high, showing a beautiful outer contour curve. In the Qing Dynasty, the stone lions in Lingnan have formed a unique style, with decorative images and more romantic colors. Compared with the northern stone lions, they are naive, less majestic and more festive. In the People's Park of Guangzhou, there are a pair of stone lions carved out of Zhaoqing Xingyan White during the reign of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty. They were originally the objects of Jingnan Wangfu and were dug by high-ranking craftsmen. The lion steps on the ball; The lioness plays with a cub on her chest and back. The stone lion is 1.9 meters high and stands on a 1.62-meter-high stone pedestal, which is very imposing. A pair of Xingyan Baishi stone lions in the Qing Governor's Office are the same in height and size as the stone lions in Jingnan Wangfu. On the body of the round carving, they are carved with deep, money and lines, and their overall shape is simple and powerful, which is quite different from the beautiful and exquisite style of the common Lingnan stone lions in the later period. In front of the entrance of Guangdong Guest House, a pair of lions in the late Qing Dynasty moved from Yangong Street, Tiancheng Road. The lions hugged a big colored ball in their arms, hung a string of bells on their shoulders, and their mouths were carved with three curved lines. The lioness's right forelimb caressed a young lion standing and twisting her head, and a crouching young lion, which was affectionate. This French style, \ `&; ]gdwh`*\=.Com.Cn

is common in Shishi, Guangdong Province in the late Qing Dynasty. The exquisite carving of stone carvings in the Qing Dynasty, with smooth lines, dense but not chaotic, is absolutely exquisite, which is vividly displayed on the pedestal of the white stone pagoda in front of Hualin Temple. There are a number of ancient stone lions with distinctive features in various parts of Guangdong. In front of Nanxiong Museum, a pair of red sandstone carved stone lions in the Song Dynasty, each 1.2 meters high, are slender in shape. The male lion opens his mouth and steps on the stone ball on his left front foot. The female lion is very kind and caresses a little lion on her right front foot. They are vivid and unconventional, and are treasures carved in the Song Dynasty. Longchuan has a stone lion in the Song government office, which is 16 meters high, tall and rugged. There are a pair of hemp stone lions in the courtyard of Deqing Xuegong, which are dark in color, with protruding breasts and heads held high, and have the heroic spirit of the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Now there are more stone lions in Qing Dynasty, Wuchuan. The stone lions in Foshan and other places are exquisite in craftsmanship and mature in style. Stone carvings also have other animal images. Ancient stone dogs, turtles, monkeys and stone lions can be seen in Xuwenqian Mountain Fair. The number of stone dogs is large and distinctive. The big ones are higher than others, and the small ones are like cats, fierce or tame, all of which are the same. Stone dogs can be seen in almost every village in Leizhou Peninsula, with different numbers. Many of them have 1 or 2 pieces in one village, which are placed at the entrance of the village, under the tree, in front of the door, in the sky and even on the floating board at the top of residents' windows. They were first carved in the Song Dynasty, and they should be a legacy of totem worship in the present age. \`& ]gdwh`*\=.Com.Cn

Stone carvings are also found in other categories. Luoding Fenjie Town was carved into a .97-meter-diameter round surface on a stone exposed from the ground, and eight lotus petals were chiseled out, which are probably the stone seats of Buddha statues. In the former site of Ziyun Temple in Lianping, there are 13 Ming Dynasty stone carvings of arhats, which are exquisitely carved and accurately proportioned. The relief patterns of Zhaoqing Chongqiu Tower, Gaozhou Baoguang Tower, Chaozhou Fenghuang Tower Foundation and the stone relief patterns on the ventricles of the towers of Chaoan Sanyuan Tower are rich in themes and exquisite in carving. Xingning learns from the Imperial Road stone carving in front of the Palace Dacheng Hall, where the high relief Youlong winds its way over the cliff, which is ingenious in conception. Raoping Wangrao Ancient City God Temple stone sculpture reliefs, Shijing Village stone watchcolumn balustrade sculpture reliefs of figures, flowers, birds and animals, and 16 flower-and-bird design stone sculptures on Tianhou Guanmen in Zhelin Town are all lifelike. Fengjian village Mingyuan Bridge railing pattern in Xingtan Town, Shunde, and the image of a stone lion on the watchpost, as well as the dragon and phoenix peony and Buddha Babao carved on the railing of Airi Bridge in Gufen Village of Xingtan Town, are exquisite architectural decorative stone carvings in the Ming Dynasty. The red sandstone of the Confucius Temple in Foshan, which was originally placed in the "Zhongyi First Society", is 2.62 meters high and 2.27 meters wide. It is embossed with Kirin, and its engraving age is unknown. The gatehouse, archway, gate and inner court of Longmu Temple in Yueqing Yuecheng, Deqing are decorated with stone carvings, which is known as the palace of stone carving art. The Qianlong granite column in the Qing Dynasty at Shanmen and Xiangting adopts deep carving and through carving techniques, and the panlong scales are finished, and the beads are rolling in the mouth, which is light and transparent. The giant dragon column is the dragon column converted into a huabiao in the existing Foshan Museum. The original Sheting paved the Yaowang Temple, with a height of 17.8 meters; The diameter of the column foundation is .9 meters, granite, high relief, and partially hollowed out. The Records of zhongyi township in Foshan in the Republic of China called it "not built by modern craftsmen". In front of the Hakka ancestral hall, the stone flagpole is common, and the granite lintel of the Qing Dynasty in Nanlong Village, Huangshe Township, Pingyuan, is wrapped around the whole body in relief of Huanglong, and the top of the column is in the form of an official hat of the Qing Dynasty, which is 15 meters high. Shihuabiao is more common in front of tombs and temples. In front of Renwei Temple, in Nanhai Temple, and in the tomb of Huanghuagang Martyrs Cemetery, there are stone and Chinese watches, which were carved from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, embossed with dragons, soaring clouds and spraying water, which are extremely artistic. In addition to stone pillars, stone carvings of building components include Liang Shi machine stone fence, stone pedestal and stone pillar foundation. From the Tang Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, the stone balustrade and the waist-girding sculpture of Xumi in Lingnan Temple were rough and simple in style, and in the Qing Dynasty, they became complex and exquisite, with the balustrade of Guangzhou Chenjiadao and the decoration of the moon beam at the gate of Nanxiong Guangzhou Guild Hall as typical examples. Stone pillars have different shapes, such as square, round, sub-shaped, octagonal and hexagonal, as well as cylinder-covered, waist-drum-shaped and flower basket-shaped, which fully embodies the creativity of Lingnan craftsmen. \`& ]gdwh`*\=.Com.Cn

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2. Wood carving \ `&; ]gdwh`*\=.Com.Cn

Lingnan woodcarving appeared as a handicraft, beginning with wooden boat models and rowing figurines unearthed from Han tombs in the early Han Dynasty in Guangzhou. Wooden boats are processed with logs, and only a few knives have been able to show the eyebrows, eyes, nose and cheeks of the characters' faces in a three-dimensional way, vividly outlining the situation of rowers bending over and exerting strength. It shows the skill of woodcarving technology of Lingnan ancestors. \`& ]gdwh`*\=.Com.Cn

Guangdong woodcarving can be divided into Guangzhou woodcarving and Chaoshan woodcarving. Guangzhou woodcarving is mainly practical, mainly used for architectural ornaments (flower beds, flower covers, doors and windows) and mahogany furniture. The main producing areas are the Pearl River Delta and Xijiang River Basin represented by Guangzhou. Chaoshan woodcarving is most famous for its golden lacquer woodcarving, which is mainly used to decorate halls, shrines and cabinets. Ancestral halls, halls, temples, and beams and eaves boards of evil officials are the key decorative parts of Guangzhou woodcarving and Chaoshan woodcarving. \`& ]gdwh`*\=.Com.Cn

Chaoshan woodcarving originated in the Tang Dynasty, developed in the Song and Ming Dynasties and prevailed in the Qing Dynasty. At present, in Kaiyuan Temple in Chaozhou, there are wooden fish in the Tang Dynasty, and Benlong (for hanging bronze bells) in the fourth year of Zhenghe in the Song Dynasty (1114). In the Ming Dynasty, there were three sets of railings on Zhenhai Tower, the main entrance of Chaozhou Mansion. There were 18 carved wooden monkeys on the watchposts of 18 wooden columns, with different shapes. After zhenhai tower was burned down, the monkey in the mansion building could not escape, and now there are only three monkeys left. 1 is only collected by the provincial museum. 2 collected by Chaozhou Museum, one with his knees folded and his eyes closed in meditation; A left hand hugs the knee and a right hand digs the ear, which is lively and realistic. The cover of Chaozhou red lacquer wood carving incense burner in Qing Dynasty, which is now in Guangdong Folk Arts and Crafts Museum, is 35.3 cm high and square. The three sides and base of the cover are finely carved, and one side shows the hunting scene of generals and princes. The four sides of the cover are carved with patterns such as "squirrel bodhi", "cicada gourd" and "bat pumpkin". The pillars on the four sides of the base are carved with lions and lotus flowers, and the fence is carved with various flowers and birds. Elaborate and complex decorative patterns, skillful combination of various techniques, and careful layout of complex scenes within a limited scope have achieved a perfect artistic situation. After the Ming Dynasty, Chaozhou gold lacquer wood carving rose on the original basis. Gold lacquer woodcarving is divided into deep, shallow relief, through carving and round carving, and it pays attention to the multi-layer hollowing technology. It is also called the second largest woodcarving variety in China with Dongyang woodcarving in Zhejiang. The Ming Dynasty Golden Lacquered Wood Carved Thousand Buddha Pagoda, which is now in Kaiyuan Temple, is 2.58 meters high. It is carved in a round way, with six corners and seven floors, and there are Buddha statues on each floor. The tower base is engraved with the story of Tang Priest's Buddhist scriptures, which is exquisite and wonderful. In the Qing Dynasty, Chaozhou woodcarving flourished. During the Qianlong period, temples were all over Chaoshan, with beams, plaques, doors and windows furniture, all of which were carved. The beam frame of Qinglong Ancient Temple outside the south dike of Chaozhou was decorated with a half crab basket, which was said to be made by the famous woodcarving artist Huang Kaixian. In the late Qing Dynasty, the golden lacquer woodcarving was the first of its kind in Jinsha Township, Caitang, Chao 'an, and the second of its kind in Tiexiang, Yi 'an Road, Chaozhou. The Huanggong Temple was built in the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty. Its main hall lintel, main seat, and head-entering frame are all decorated with golden lacquer wood carvings of Lingzheng. The themes are auspicious animals such as lions, dragons and phoenixes, and there are historical stories, such as "Bronze Quetai". "Boiling the Sea with Rising Feathers" and "Flooded Jinshan Temple" are carved into flying phoenixes, which seem to lift the roof beams and fly away, and the finches are carved into flowers. In various ways, it not only beautifies the whole, but also plays the architectural function of interspersed with hooked braces. The beams were painted with gold lacquer. The whole beam frame has become a large-scale artistic product with rich layers and resplendence. \`& ]gdwh`*\=.Com.Cn

As architectural decoration and decoration, Chaozhou gold lacquer wood carving is characterized by transparency, splendor and exquisiteness. Today, in Chaozhou Museum, there is a cover wrapped with "Aquarium Map", which reflects the local characteristics with water as the theme, and makes full use of the expressive ability of through carving. Among aquatic plants and lotus flowers, fish, lobsters, crabs and snails are full of vitality, swimming, sneaking or crawling. The woodcarving hanging screen hidden in Chaozhou Museum adopts the method of general carving. On the screen about 6 meters high and 38 centimeters wide, there are only 45 people. The scene is complex and hierarchical, and the joyful atmosphere is strongly rendered. The relief "Xiangzi Bridge Map" carved a panoramic view of Xiangzi Bridge with "eighteen shuttle boats in Gansizhou" on two wooden boards, each about 54 cm high and 32 cm wide. The pavilion, the town water file cow and the East Gate Tower on the bridge were all included, and there were 25 figures with different attitudes and identities, which showed that Chaozhou artists were good at layout in square inches and made full use of the techniques of deep and shallow relief and carving. The technical characteristics of the story. Artifact decoration is a traditional category with strong local color of gold lacquer wood carving. The gold lacquer wood carving sedan chair in the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, which was hidden in Chaozhou Museum, was 1.1 meters high and .8 meters wide. It was composed of nearly 1 pieces of gold lacquer wood carving pieces, including the sedan chair enclosure, the top chair enclosure, the middle plate, the lower plate, the lion on the foot of the sedan chair and the flower teeth. The carving contents include Bo Gu map, Shui nationality map and flooded Jinshan.