Long Xianxiang and Long Xianxiang are actually secretions of sperm whales. Because they can't digest the beaks of squid and octopus, they will become solid with intestinal secretions and then spit them out. Long Xianxiang, which has just been spat out, is black and soft and stinks, but it will harden, fade and smell after being washed by sunlight, air and seawater for many years, and can be used as perfume.

I. Musk

(1) Musk is the gonadal secretion of male musk deer living in the southwest and northwest plateaus of China, and in cold regions such as North India, Nepal and Siberia. 2-year-old male musk deer began to secrete musk, and the optimal secretion period was about 10 years old, and each musk deer could secrete about 50g.

(2) Musk sachet is located at the navel of musk deer, and it is conical or pear-shaped when collected. The components secreted by scrotum are stored here and discharged from the central hole at any time. The traditional method is to kill musk deer, cut the sachet and dry it in the sun. The modern scientific method is to shave musk with live musk deer. The success of raising musk deer and shaving musk in China, Sichuan and Shaanxi is of great significance to the protection of wild resources.

(3) After the characteristic musk sachet is dried, the musk taken out by cutting the sachet is dark brown particles, and white crystals sometimes precipitate in those with good quality. It has a strong stench when it is solid, and has a unique animal aroma after being highly diluted with water or alcohol.

(4) Black-brown musk powder is mostly composed of animal resin and animal pigment, and its main aromatic component is muscone, a saturated macrocyclic ketone, accounting for only about 2%. Walbaum isolated this macrocyclic ketone from natural musk on 1906, and Ruzicka confirmed its chemical structure as 3- methylcyclopentadecanone on 1926. Later, Mookherjee and others further studied the components of natural musk, and identified more than a dozen macrocyclic compounds such as 5- cyclopentadecanone, 3- methylcyclotridecanone, cyclopentadecanone, 5- cyclopentadecanone, pyran musk and pyridine musk.

Musk is considered as one of the most precious spices in the East. It not only has warm special animal fragrance, but also has strong retention ability to other fragrances in essence, and is often used as a fragrance fixative for high-grade perfume essence. Besides being used as perfume, natural musk is also a precious Chinese herbal medicine.

Second, the West Buddha (Civer)

(1) There are two kinds of civets: big civets and small civets. Civet cats from China, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, India, the Philippines, Myanmar, Malaysia, Ethiopia and other places have two cystic glands, located between the anus and genitals, which ingest the viscous substance secreted by the sachet, namely civet incense.

(2) The ancient collection method is similar to that of musk. Kill the civet, cut off two 30mm×20mm glandular sacs, scrape out the civet fragrance and store it in a bottle. The modern method is to raise civet cats, and live cats regularly scrape incense, scraping a few grams of incense at a time, which can be scraped about 40 times a year. This method has been used in China Hangzhou Zoo for many years.

(3) Fresh civet incense is a light yellow flowing substance, but it will condense into brown paste if it is left for a long time. There is an unpleasant stench when concentrated, and a pleasant aroma when diluted.

(4) Most of the components of Cimaoxiang are animal mucus, animal resin and pigment. Its main component is only about 3% unsaturated macrocyclic ketone-Cimaotong. 19 15 successfully isolated Sack. 1926, Ruzika identified its chemical structure as 9- cyclohexene. Later, Mookherjee and Wan Dorp further analyzed the components of natural civet incense, and identified eight macrocyclic ketones, including dihydrocivet ketone, 6- cycloheptadecene and cyclohexadecene.

(5) Civet cat is more elegant than musk, and is often used as a fixative for high-grade perfume essence. As a valuable Chinese herbal medicine, it has the effect of clearing the brain.

Third, castoreum.

(1) Source beavers inhabit small river banks or lakes and swamps. The main producing areas are Russia, Siberia and Canada. There are two pear-shaped glandular sacs near the genitals of both male and female beavers, which contain white milky viscous liquid, namely castoreum.

(2) After the beaver is collected and slaughtered, the sachet is cut, dried, the beaver skin is taken out and sealed in a bottle.

(3) Fresh castoreum is milky white and sticky, and it is brown resin after drying. Russian-made castoreum has a smell of leather animals. Castoreum is turpentine-animal perfume. After dilution, it has a mild animal fragrance.

(4) castoreum is mostly animal resin, and its main component is 4% ~ 5% crystalline castoreum. Its structure is unknown, except for a small amount of salicin (C 17H 18O7), benzoic acid, benzyl alcohol and p-ethylphenol. During the period of 1977, Swiss chemists analyzed and identified castoreum, quinoline derivatives, trimethylpyrazine and tetramethylpyrazine in castoreum.

(5) Mainly used as fixative for oriental essence.

Fourth, Long Xianxiang.

(1) originated in Long Xianxiang, and was produced in the intestines of sperm whales. There are different opinions about the cause of Long Xianxiang. It is generally believed that sperm whales devour a large number of animals in the sea and form stones, which are discharged from whales, floating on the sea surface or rushing to the coast. The main producing areas are tropical coastal areas such as South China, India, South America and Africa.

(2) Collect Long Xianxiang floating in the ocean, ranging from several kilograms to several hundred kilograms. Pick up the Long Xianxiang block on the ocean and solidify it into Long Xianxiang material.

(3) Long Xianxiang is a gray or brown waxy substance. It begins to soften at about 60℃ and melts at 70 ~ 75℃, with a relative density of 0.8 ~ 0.9. The fragrance of Long Xianxiang newly discharged from sperm whales is weak, and it gradually increases after long-term drifting at sea and natural aging or long-term storage and natural oxidation.

(4) In Long Xianxiang, besides a small amount of benzoic acid, succinic acid, calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate, there are organic compounds such as organic oxides, ketones, aldehydes and cholesterol. It is said that ambergris alcohol is the main component of Long Xianxiang gas, the molecular formula is C30H52O, and the structural formula is:

(5) Long Xianxiang has a mild fragrance of frankincense animals. The fragrance quality is the noblest, which is a good product for preparing high-grade perfume essence and an excellent fragrance fixative.

Five, muskrat (muskrat)

(1) Secretion of adult male muskrat.

(2) April-September is the fragrance secretion period of muskrat every year, and musk is extracted artificially in vivo.

(3) The muskrat fragrance with fresh characteristics is light yellow and sticky, but it will become deeper after being left for a long time. It has a fragrance similar to musk.

(4) Ingredients: muscone, normuscone, cycloheptanone, etc.

(5) Advanced daily chemical essence fixative.