(1) Agaricus bisporus
The hyphae are slender, sparse and gray, and the excellent hyphae are uniform up and down, and there is no fan-shaped variation that grows rapidly; Generally, it takes more than 22 ~ 24℃, 15 days to grow the inclined plane. If it exceeds 28℃, the mycelium growth will be inhibited and yellow. If the mycelium lodging, yellowing or yellow-white fungus coating is formed, it cannot be used for production.
Aerial type: aerial hyphae grow vigorously, with white or grayish white, clear and tidy tips, strong and straight, and even density. substrate mycelium is relatively developed, and the inclined plane of the test tube is generally full in15 ~ 25 days.
Semi-aerial type and creeping type: the mycelium grows in a rope shape close to the inclined surface of the culture medium, which is tall and strong, but grows slowly, with sparse and clear arrangement, and often grows in a fan shape, and many thin funiculus appear after a few days; The hyphae are thin and yellowish, and there are few aerial hyphae, so it is not easy to form a "bacterial cover". Under suitable culture medium and environmental conditions, the inclined plane is generally full in 22 ~ 26 days.
[Microscopic examination] The hypha has septa and branches, with short internodes and many branches, and the internodes are swollen, which looks like sausages and does not produce lock-like association (Figure 2-9).
Fig. 2-9 hyphae and locking association under electron microscope
(2) Lentinus edodes
The hyphae are white, thin and short, villous and procumbent, with obvious advantages at the tip; The growth is neat and uniform, and the aerial hyphae are few and short. The growth rate of mycelium is moderate, 0.7 0.2 cm per day, and the inclined plane of test tube is full in12 ~14 days at the appropriate temperature of 23 ~ 25℃. After the tube is full, it climbs the wall slightly, and the edge is irregularly curved, and no pigment is produced at the initial stage. Some varieties secrete soy sauce-like droplets at the later stage. Generally, primordium is not formed, and individual early-maturing varieties can differentiate and form primordium on inclined culture medium for too long storage time. When aging, brown soy sauce-like droplets are secreted, tough bacterial skin appears on the inclined plane, and the culture medium turns pale yellow (Figure 2- 10).
Fig. 2- 10 culture characteristics of Lentinus edodes mother species
[Microscopic examination] The mycelium is thick, uniform in thickness, with septa and branches, 2 ~ 4 microns in diameter, and has obvious lock-like association. Some have lock-like protrusions, and the top is wide and flat; Some are semi-circular and vary in size.
(3) Pleurotus ostreatus
The mycelium is white, dense, thick, neat, shiny and creeping; The aerial hyphae are developed, and many of them can fill the test tube space, without producing pigment, and have strong wall climbing ability. There is no hypha sparse area around the inoculation block. Mycelia grows fast, and at the appropriate temperature of 20 ~ 22℃, the inclined plane of the test tube will be full in 6 ~ 8 days, and the coral-like fruiting body primordium can be produced when stored at low temperature. High temperature resistance, normal growth at 34℃ in a short time. Some strains have too many aerial hyphae, which form a thick coating to cover the tube wall, and it is easy to form primordium on the seed block or tube wall, so the strains that are aged or rotated for many times are not suitable for use. When some strains are cultured at a temperature higher than 28℃ or for too long, the top of aerial hyphae often turns orange and produces secretions, which does not affect the use, but it is not suitable for expanding culture. The mother species with too many aerial hyphae should not be expanded.
[Microscopic examination] The hyphae are uneven in thickness and strongly branched. In the field of microscope vision, lock-like joints abound; The locking protrusions are semi-circular and have different sizes; There are often two lock-like associations adjacent to each other in the vertical direction at the mycelium branch.
(4) Flammulina velutipes
The hyphae are white or grayish white, fine fluffy, fluffy at the initial stage, and aerial hyphae cling to the surface of the culture medium at the later stage, slightly climbing the wall. The mycelium grows faster, and the yellow variety will be full of inclined planes in10 ~12 days at the appropriate temperature of 20 ~ 22℃. The white variety is a little slower. Yellow varieties often appear yellow-brown pigment in the late stage of culture, which makes the mycelium no longer white, and when aging, the surface appears pale brown patches; White varieties are not so. For a long time, the strain secretes pigment, such as the hypha changes from white to gray or slightly yellow, and many powdery substances (pollen spores) appear on the tube wall, which indicates that the strain begins to age, and the quality of the strain with more pollen spores is generally not ideal. When stored at low temperature, fine water droplets appear and a small number of fruiting bodies are formed on the inclined plane.
[Microscopic examination] The hyphae are thick, uniform in thickness and locked. Hyphae is easy to break into arthrospores, and sometimes pollen spores are produced in strings on mycelium, resulting in thinly distributed powder. Lock-like protrusions are generally semicircular, and a considerable number of them are semi-clasped. The swollen part of the cytoplasm is thick, while the opposite part is transparent.
(5) Volvariella volvacea
The mycelium is slender, colorless and transparent in the initial stage of growth, multi-branched, like silk, with metallic luster, pale white and silvery gray in the later stage, and grayish yellow in old age. The mycelium grows fast, and it can grow full of inclined planes in 6 days at 30 ~ 32℃. After 2 ~ 3 days of culture, chlamydospores begin to appear in a chain shape, which is grayish white and light yellow at first, then gradually turns brown to rust red (more than 20 days), and finally purple red appears on the surface of the culture medium. Most of them are aerial hyphae, which have strong wall climbing ability, grow unkempt in the test tube and cover the whole test tube space, but each root is clearly visible, and it is not easy to turn yellow, and no fruiting body is produced on the inclined plane; If the mycelium turns yellowish brown, it is a sign of aging. Bacteria that do not produce chlamydospores generally have no fruiting ability; If chlamydospores appear too early, the species will begin to age. If the hyphae are dense and white in color, it is suspected that there are mixed bacteria.
[Microscopic examination] The hyphae are thick and transparent, with branches (mostly in a right angle shape) and obvious septa, which are shaped like Phyllostachys pubescens, with distinct sections, but uneven thickness. The chlamydospores are round, with reddish-brown metallic luster and no lock-like association.
(6) auricularia auricula
Primary hyphae are slender and transparent, white to beige; The secondary hyphae grow uniformly, short, dense and white, and are cotton-wadded, flat on the surface of the culture medium, neat and creeping, with neat and powerful growth edges and no climbing, and the growth rate is 0.5 0.1cm/day; There are aerial hyphae, but they are short and sparse; In the later stage, when the color deepens, the bacterial block secretes brown pigment, and dirty yellow patches appear, so the culture medium will turn brown. In the process of culture, light brown granular colloidal auricle is sometimes formed, which is the performance of aging. On the comprehensive PDA culture medium, it was cultured at a constant temperature of 25℃ in the dark, and the slope was full in12 ~14 days.
[Microscopic examination] The hyphae are slender, uneven in thickness, highly branched and often branched like roots. The appearance is buckled, and there is a lock-like joint, but the lock-like joint is like a knuckle grip, and the number is not as much and obvious as that of mushrooms. The strains isolated for the first time can see the conidia which are slightly larger than bacteria and are hooked or horseshoe-shaped when basidiospores germinate.
(7) Coprinus comatus
The hyphae are grayish white, dense, cotton-wadded, vigorous, with neat and powerful edges. substrate mycelium secretes pigments, which darkens the color of the slant culture medium, and some of them are dark brown. The mycelium grows faster, and the optimum temperature is 25℃, and the mycelium can grow on the test tube slope in about 10 days. The mycelium turns gray with the extension of culture time, which is an important feature to identify Coprinus comatus.
(8) Tremella
There are several forms, such as spores, pure hyphae of tremella, fragrant ash hyphae and mixed strains of tremella.
Spore: It is the spore of Tremella fuciformis, which can not germinate into mycelium on PDA medium, but propagate into yeast. Young spore colonies are thin and pasty, milky white, smooth and translucent, with neat edges, and are laid flat on the surface of the culture medium; With the extension of culture time, wrinkles appeared on the surface and turned light brown. On PDA medium, the colony has low viscosity and can flow on the surface of the medium. On the synthetic medium, the colonies are dry, and sometimes there are warts on the surface; On nutrient-rich culture medium, the viscosity is moderate and the edge can form radial dark patterns. The growth rate is fast, and the inclined plane of the culture medium can grow up in 4 ~ 5 days at suitable temperature.
Pure mycelium of Tremella fuciformis: white, yellowish to goose yellow, erect or flat, short and fine, slow in growth, in the form of white hair, with neat front end and extremely slow growth rate. At the appropriate temperature of 22℃, the daily growth rate is about 1 mm, and no pigment is secreted. In the later stage, there is a halo around the white wool group, which is close to the culture medium. Those that are not easy to gelatinize are suitable for wood seed, and those that are easy to gelatinize are suitable for bag seed. There are colorless or yellowish water droplets, which are obtained by germination of spores on special culture medium, and a single mycelium has no production value. Microscopically, the hyphae are slender and have lock-like associations.
Cinnamomum camphora mycelium: it is colorless at first, white when it grows in large quantities, and has a particularly slender trunk and symmetrical lateral branches, which are feathery and uniform, so it is also called feathery mycelium. It grows fast and has strong wall climbing ability. Under the suitable temperature of 26 ~ 28℃, the inclined plane will be full in 5 ~ 6 days. Old hyphae are yellowish or brown, sometimes with dark green in the base. The aerial hyphae are gray-white, fine-velvet, with carbon black scars on the surface and yellow-green conidia in between. The hyphae can secrete black pigments, and the culture medium will turn dark brown if it is cultured for a long time. Microscopically, the hyphae are slender, uniform in thickness, with lock-like associations and small and few lock-like protrusions.
Mixed strains: Tremella fuciformis and Cinnamomum camphora hyphae exist simultaneously in the strains. For the mother seed separated from the seed wood, the mycelium of Cinnamomum camphora grows all over the slope, and the inoculation block is a cluster of thick white and dense mycelium, which is called "white hair mass", and other parts are evenly grown mycelium. The mycelium of Cinnamomum camphora went deep into the basal body, which made the culture medium black, and the white hairs secreted light yellow to light brown water droplets, which quickly gelatinized into the primordia of Tremella.
(9) Ganoderma lucidum
The hyphae are slender, flat, dense, white, uniform and tidy, and grow on their knees, with almost no aerial hyphae. With the growth of mycelium and the expansion of colonies, the mycelium near the inoculation block gradually aged to form a tough skin, and with the aging of the skin, the color gradually turned pale yellow. Mycelia does not secrete pigment, and it is easy to form fruiting body primordium with fungus tube. Cultured in the dark at 28 ~ 30℃ on a comprehensive PDA medium, the slope is usually 8 ~11day long.
[Microscopic examination] The hyphae are slender, uneven in thickness and locked. The surface of hyphae is covered with white crystals (calcium oxalate), which fills the gaps between hyphae when it is vigorous. Lock-like protrusions are of medium size and numerous.
(10) Hericium erinaceus
The hyphae grow unevenly, white to grayish white, yellowish, linear, short and sparse, cling to the surface of the culture medium, do not climb the wall, and the aerial hyphae are thick, short and few, with more substrate mycelium; Cords are often formed irregularly, and small solid primordium is formed on them, which looks like small pimples. Older hyphae form arthrospores, and brown pigment is secreted in the later stage, which makes the inclined culture medium brown. Substrate mycelium, which is too dark in color, is not suitable for use. The viability of the mycelium decreased obviously after repeated tube rotation, and it was difficult to continue to grow when the mycelium was linear. After transfer, the mycelium recovered slowly, and after germination, the mycelium was linear and extended radially around. On the comprehensive PDA culture medium, it is cultivated at a constant temperature of 25℃ in the dark, and generally14 ~ 20 days will be full of inclined planes. It grows fast and vigorously on acidic medium; If the special culture medium for Hericium erinaceus with maltose is used, the growth of mycelium will be greatly improved, the growth rate of mycelium will be greatly accelerated, and it will be dense and white, and no longer form funiculus and primordium.
[Microscopic examination] The hyphae are thick, uniform in thickness, strongly branched, long in flexion and large in lock-like combination.
(1 1) Pleurotus ostreatus
The hyphae are fine, the aerial hyphae are short and few, white to light yellow, and cotton wool-like. The hyphae grow flat on the surface of the culture medium, and the hyphae grow neatly and compactly. The colonies are thin and yellowish, and no skin is formed. There are often reticular hyphae bundles on the wall of the hyphae, which secrete yellow-brown pigments. On the comprehensive PDA culture medium, it was cultured in the dark at constant temperature of 23℃, and the slope was covered in about 14 days. Microscopically, there is a lock-like combination.
(12) Pleurotus ferulae
There are significant differences among different varieties of this species. Some varieties have dense colonies, yellowish colonies and slow growth, and it takes about 3 weeks to grow on the comprehensive PDA medium. Some varieties have stretched and white colonies, sparse hyphae and fast growth, which can grow on the comprehensive PDA medium for about 2 weeks.
(13) Grifola frondosa
The hyphae are semi-flocculent, dense and white, the number of aerial hyphae is different, the colony growth is not neat, the hyphae are not very white at the late stage of culture, and the aerial hyphae are interwoven to form a tough and loose fungus skin. On the comprehensive PDA culture medium, cultured at 25℃ in the dark, the inclined plane will be full in general14 ~16 days. The colony morphology and growth rate of different varieties are different.
(14) dictyophora indusiata
The mycelium is white, thick and dense at the initial stage of growth, and the tip is fan-shaped and bundle-shaped. The aerial hyphae are dense, pure white, strong in climbing walls, and pink, purple or light brown when exposed to light or damaged. In the later stage, hyphal bundles appeared and pigments were produced. The long skirt dictyophora is pink with purple in between; The short skirt dictyophora is mostly purple or purple-blue; Dictyophora rubra is pink; The mycelium bundle of Dictyophora spinosa is pink, lavender or yellowish brown. The mycelium growth rate of Dictyophora spinosa is faster than other varieties. The aerial hyphae of the aged strain disappeared, and the hyphae were dark red, autolysed and produced yellow water.
(15) Pleurotus citrinopileatus
The mycelium is fluffy, does not stretch, has dense and short aerial hyphae, grows unevenly, and is easy to form tough fungus moss. On the comprehensive PDA culture medium, it was cultivated at a constant temperature of 25℃ in the dark, and the slope was covered in about 10 days.
(16) abalone mushroom
The hyphae are even and slender, with few aerial hyphae, and there are rod-shaped conidiophore and black conidia on the surface. It grows slowly on the comprehensive PDA medium, and grows in the dark at 27℃ for about 20 days.
(17) Agaricus blazei Murill
The hyphae are yellowish and slender, with thin funiculus on the surface, less aerial hyphae and neat growth. In the special culture medium for Agaricus bisporus, the culture was carried out at a constant temperature of 25℃ in the dark, and the slope was covered in16 ~ 20 days.
(18) hypsizygus marmoreus
The hyphae are thick and white, the aerial hyphae are vigorous, the surface is fluffy, and the growth is not uniform. It grows well on the medium with two carbon sources. On the potato yeast powder comprehensive culture medium, it was cultivated at a constant temperature of 24℃ in the dark, and the slope was full in14 ~17 days (the growth rate varied among different varieties).
(19) Armillaria mellea
On agar medium, the mycelium is cotton-wadded, gray-white, reddish-brown in the later stage, growing slowly and with well-defined edges. Germination began about 48 hours after inoculation, and with the growth of hyphae on the surface of the culture medium, brown pigment appeared in the center of flocculent hyphae after 7 ~ 9 days, and the color gradually deepened and spread around. After13 ~15 days, a fungus rope was formed, which was like a tree root and grew into the culture medium, initially white, and then turned dark brown or black. Produce pigment and dissolve it in the culture medium to turn it reddish brown. The hyphae and young nuclear radiation beams produce fluorescence. In the comprehensive culture medium of sawdust extract juice, it was cultured at 25℃ in the dark, and the rhizomorph spread to the whole culture medium in about 2 weeks. Microscopic examination showed no obvious locking combination.