From the top of Bogda Peak to the plain, the vertical zoning landscape is very obvious in terms of vegetation and soil. From top to bottom is the ice and snow belt-alpine meadow grassland-forest belt-mountain grassland-desert belt. There are corresponding glacial swamp soil-meadow soil-taupe forest soil-chestnut soil-desert calcareous soil. Located at the northern foot of Bogda Peak in Tianshan Mountain and the southern edge of Gurbantunggut Desert in Junggar Basin, it has a temperate continental desert climate with obvious vertical distribution of vegetation. There are more than 0/60 species of wild animals, and 25 species of national key protected animals are brown bears, goats and black storks. There are many medicinal plants, such as Fritillaria, Saussurea involucrata and Cistanche deserticola. This is an ideal place to study desert ecosystem. 1987, China academy of sciences established the desert ecosystem observation and test station here, 1990 joined the international biosphere reserve network.
Bogda Mountain is located on the south Tula River in Ulaanbaatar. It is a sacred mountain named after King Bogda Khan of Mongolia. It is a nature reserve and national park in Mongolia. Here you can have a bird's eye view of Ulaanbaatar and the winding Tours River. Sanpo, a monument to the Soviet Red Army on the northern slope of the mountain, records the chapter of the Soviet-Mongolian Red Revolution. The main peak of Bogda Mountain in the eastern part of North Tianshan Mountain in China, which runs nearly east-west, is also the highest peak in East Tianshan Mountain, with an altitude of 5,445 meters. The western part of Bogda Mountain is in an arc protruding northward with Bogda Peak as the vertex, and the middle part is in an arc protruding southward with Koitidaban as the vertex. Ridges and peaks above 4000 meters above sea level are basically distributed in the west wing of the arc, which is a anticlinorium folded by Variscan. The mountain was formed in the late Paleozoic, eroded into a quasi-plain in the Mesozoic, and the present mountain appearance was formed after the Himalayan movement in the late Tertiary and early Quaternary.
Bogda Peak in the southeast corner of the reserve is 5445 meters above sea level. Looking to the south, Bofeng stands steeply, rising more than 4000 meters above sea level within 25 kilometers, and glaciers are extremely developed on it. The main rivers in the area, Sangong River, Shuimogou River and Sigong River, originate from Bofeng West Glacier. Due to the steep rise of the mountain, the peaks in the south of the reserve are all above 4000 meters, and the wet airflow from the Arctic Ocean is blocked at the foothills, with a humid and rainy climate. The core part of the reserve is located in the inversion layer of Tianshan Mountain, with moderate and stable temperature, with an average annual temperature of 2℃. The annual precipitation is 497.5mm, and the maximum thickness of snow is 47 cm. The above climatic conditions are not only conducive to the development of vegetation and the survival of animals, but also make Tianchi a tourist attraction with pleasant seasons. The reserve is divided into four natural landscape vertical zones from top to bottom:
1, glacier snow belt, alpine region above 3700 meters above sea level, the soil is alpine glaciers, snowfields, frozen soil and mountainous rock original soil, the vegetation is only a little alpine moss and lichen, and animals are distributed in alpine groups;
2. Alpine subalpine belt, with an altitude of 3700-2700 meters. The soil is mainly mountainous meadow soil with vegetation of 3700-3200m. It is an alpine mat plant, with alpine meadow at 3200-2900 meters and subalpine meadow at 2900-2700 meters. Animals are alpine species.
3. Mountain coniferous forest belt, distributed between 2700- 1, 500 meters above sea level. The soil is mountain gray cinnamon soil and meadow grassland soil, with dense spruce forest and subalpine meadow grassland vegetation, forests and forest animal groups.
4. Low mountain area, the altitude is lower than1500m, the terrain is gentle, the climate is dry, and there are mountain grassland soil and mountain grassland vegetation. There are more than 200 kinds of seed plants in this nature reserve. The vertical distribution of vegetation is obvious, which can be divided into:
1, alpine cushion vegetation belt, with four-stamen plums, tufted bladder grass cushion vegetation, and plants such as Saussurea involucrata and tiger grass grow among the rocks;
2. Alpine meadow belt, dominated by Artemisia scoparia and Carex, mixed with many alpine-subalpine weeds;
3. Subalpine meadow belt, the main type is five-flowered meadow composed of geranium, trollius chinensis and Carex, with complex species composition and large distribution area. There are Polygonum alpine, Pedicularis and Carex meadow with higher altitude;
4. Mountain forest belt, occupying a vast area of the Zhongshan belt, Ling Xue is dominated by spruce, and the lower part is interlaced with mountain meadow grassland, showing a sparse forest landscape;
5. In the mountainous grassland belt, the shady slopes are dominated by miscellaneous grass, rose and honeysuckle shrub meadow grassland; On the sunny slope, Artemisia and Carex are distributed in meadow grassland;
6. The deciduous broad-leaved forest in the valley is distributed along the floodplain along the river valley, and the main tree species are Populus davidiana and Populus euramericana. Forests are dominated by primitive spruce forests in Ling Xue, which are widely distributed in shady slopes and valleys in the Zhongshan belt. The forest coverage area of the Central Reserve is 4 1.5% * * * 358 hectares, which is very important for both landscape and ecological functions.
There are about 80 kinds of excellent forage grass in grassland, among which leguminous species have the best quality and Gramineae species are the most. The main grass species of grazing grassland is Festuca arundinacea; The main types of mowing land are milk grass, Bromus inermis, oats, crested goose grass and so on. Abundant forage resources have created favorable conditions for animal husbandry production and herbivorous wildlife habitat.
The national protected plants are Saussurea involucrata, Populus euphratica and Haloxylon ammodendron. Economic plants include sugar, wild fruits, medicinal plants, ornamental plants and greening plants.
Populus euphratica-tenacious patron saint of desert, Salicaceae, deciduous trees. Leaves vary in shape, lanceolate or linear. There is a layer of frost on the surface of leaves, which can reflect some sunlight and reduce the transpiration of water. Populus euphratica is very drought-tolerant and can adapt to saline-alkali land. It is a natural oasis and one of the most widely distributed tree species in the desert plains of Asia. Its vitality is very strong. It is said that Populus euphratica "will not die for thousands of years; After death, it will last for thousands of years; After a thousand years of immortality. "It is precisely because of those tenacious guardians that the desert can not flow so easily. There are various mammals in the Tianshan Mountains in the nature reserve, including red deer, roe deer, goat, wild boar, argali, brown bear, snow leopard, wolf, fox, lynx, otter, sable, snow sweeper and ferret. Among the birds, there are stone chicken, spotted-winged partridge, black-bellied snow chicken, leaf warbler, money finch, red-fronted goldfinch, rosefinch and so on.
National protected animals include snow leopard, goat, mink, lynx, argali, red deer, black-bellied snow chicken and so on. Among them, the number of red deer is the largest.
Dark-bellied snow chicken, a national second-class protected animal.
Chicken order, pheasant. Also known as Alpine Snow Chicken. Body length is 52-70 cm. The chin and throat are white, and the ear feathers are light brown. There is a white stripe along the neck of the ear feather, and a narrow stripe composed of gray feathers between it and the white of the throat. The chest and abdomen feathers are willow-shaped, with dark brown edges. The tail feather is brown on the back and dark chestnut near the tail end. Inhabits in bare rocks, deserts or semi-shrubs at an altitude of about 2000-5000 meters, and moves near the snow line. During the non-breeding season, five animals flock together. Paired breeding season. It feeds on achenes and young leaves of Cyperaceae and Gramineae and occasionally eats insects and snails. Each nest lays 10 eggs, which is for resident birds.
Lynx, a national second-class protected animal.
Carnivores, cats. The body length is 90- 130cm, the tail length is 1 1-24cm, and the weight is 18-32kg. Like a cat, it has long and thick limbs, a short and thick tail and upright tufts at the end of its ears. The back of the body is grayish brown, the midline of the back is dark brown, and there are brown spots on both sides and limbs of the back; The upper lip is gray with white edges around the eyes; The tufts on the back of the ear, the edge of the ear and the end of the ear are all black; The tail is black and the claws are white.
Living in tall and dense forests, nesting in crevices of rocks. More morning and evening activities; Good at climbing trees, running and swimming. It feeds on small mammals such as rabbits and squirrels and large birds such as pheasants. Mating in March-April every year, the gestation period is about 2 months, each fetus gives birth to 2-4 babies, and the lactation period is 2 months, and the life span can reach 12- 15 years. Bogda Mountain, like its parent Tianshan Mountain, is the youngest mountain man in the world. It first appeared in the ocean during the orogeny 300 million years ago, and it was not until the Himalayan movement 60 thousand to 70 thousand years ago that it stood out. The main peak of Bogda Mountain is on the south side of Tianchi Lake, and its three peaks are side by side in a mountain shape. The middle peak is slightly higher, with an altitude of 5445 meters and the east peak is 5287 meters. Seen from a distance, these three peaks stand on the vast land of Xue Hai, just like three giants holding up the sun in the sky. They are brave and fearless, which makes people deeply moved. Therefore, the beauty of the Three Peaks in Xue Hai has been praised by the world, and scholars of all ages have admired it and written a lot of hymns. Qiu Chuji, a real person in Changchun, praised the poem "Yinshan Mountain in the Southeast of Wangluntai": the three peaks are parallel to the clouds and cold, and the walls cross the stream. Song Bolu, a scholar in Qing Dynasty, praised Sanfeng for its impartiality. Wang Shunan, the editor of Xinjiang Atlas, wrote the grandeur of the three peaks more vividly, saying that Nanshan stretched out its arms to the sky and the western regions held their heads high to the sun. From here, we can enjoy the wonders of the three peaks more or less.