China was a poet in Tang Dynasty. The word is too white, and the number is purple. Mian Governor Long (now Jiangyou, Sichuan) was born.

Lipper

Li Bai read widely in his youth. In addition to Confucian classics and ancient literary and historical masterpieces, he also browsed hundreds of books and became a "good swordsman". Believing in Taoism, having the idea of transcending the secular; At the same time, he has the political ambition to make contributions. The poems he wrote in Shu as a teenager are rarely preserved, but they show outstanding talent. Li Bai traveled in eastern Sichuan when he was about twenty-five or six years old. In the following 10 years, he roamed many places in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Yellow River. In the 18th year of Kaiyuan (730), he once arrived in Chang 'an to strive for a political way out, but failed. In the first year of Tianbao (742), he was called by Xuanzong to worship Hanlin in Chang 'an as a minister of civil affairs and participated in drafting documents. Less than two years later, he was forced to resign and leave Beijing. During this period, Li Bai's poetry and song creation tends to be mature. 1 1 years later, continue to wander in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River. "Wandering around the world, it is suitable for poetry and wine." He still cares about state affairs and hopes to be re-appointed by the court. In the third year of Tianbao, Li Bai met Du Fu in Luoyang and became good friends. They didn't meet again after breaking up the next year. In the fourteenth year of Tianbao, the Anshi Rebellion broke out, and Li Bai lived in seclusion in Xuancheng (now Anhui) and Lushan Mountain. In the following year1February, he was invited to Lilin, the shogunate of Wang Yong, hoping to eliminate the rebellion and restore national unity. After Wang Yong angered Su Zong and was killed, Li Bai was also found guilty, imprisoned in Xunyang (now Jiujiang, Jiangxi) and soon exiled to Yelang (now Tongzi, Guizhou). On the way, I was forgiven and came back. I was 59 years old. Living in Jiangnan area in his later years. At the age of 6 1, I heard that Qiu Li Guangbi led an army out of the city to attack the Anshi rebels and went north to join the army to kill the enemy. He turned back halfway due to illness. The following year, he died in the apartment of his uncle Dangtu (now Anhui) county magistrate Li.

Literary creation Li Bai's poems have been lost a lot, and there are still more than 900 poems with rich and colorful contents.

Li Bai cared about national affairs all his life, hoping to make contributions to the country, but he was not satisfied with the dark reality. His 59 antiques are representative works in this field. The dark corruption in Tang Xuanzong's later politics was widely exposed and criticized, which reflected the grief and indignation of talents who had nowhere to go. A lot of words are ironic, and the spirit is very high. Li Bai is eager to make contributions and serve the country, but he does not envy wealth. What do you think of are bells and drums, treasures and treasures? . After making contributions, he will follow the example of Lu Zhonglian, a senior scholar in the Warring States period, and quit without respect. His thoughts were obviously influenced by Taoism, especially Zhuangzi. Many of Li Bai's poems show concern and sympathy for people's lives. This content is often combined with criticism of rulers. Some of his Yuefu poems reflect women's lives and sufferings, which focus on thinking about women and remembering people, as well as the grievances of businessmen, abandoned wives and maids. His "Lodging in Wusongshan Mountain, Uncle Xun", "Song of Protection" and "Song of Autumn Pu" describe the lives of farmers, boatmen and miners respectively, showing concern for the working people. Li Bai wrote many poems describing natural scenery in his life. His poems "It's difficult to ascend to heaven through the Shu Road", "The water of the Yellow River can't be moved out of the sky and into the ocean, and it will never return" ("Into the wine"), "Flying down three thousands of feet, it is suspected that the Milky Way has fallen for nine days" ("Looking at Lushan Waterfall") and so on are all famous sentences that have been passed down through the ages. This kind of poetry, just like some of his works praising Dapeng birds, shows his lofty aspirations and broad mind, and reflects his desire to pursue extraordinary things from the side. Other poems, such as Qiu Deng's North Building of Xuancheng Qi Xie, Sitting Alone in Jingting Mountain and Journey to Qingxi, are good at depicting beautiful scenery, fresh and meaningful, and their styles are close to those of Wang Wei and Meng Haoran. Li Bai also has many poems about love and friendship. His Yuefu poems often express euphemistic and profound love from the perspective of female inheritors. There are also some poems about giving gifts and missing your wife, and their feelings are quite deep. Li Bai donated a large number of works to his friends, including many excellent works. Some of these poems show a distinct political attitude, and more often they show their daily farewell and lovesickness, such as the Yellow Crane Tower's farewell to Meng Haoran and Du Fu at Dunmenmen, hearing that Wang Changling moved to Longbiao Kiln for this purpose, reminiscing about the past, visiting the army and giving Wang Lun a present. Deep feelings, vivid images and strong artistic appeal. The content of Li Bai's poems also contains some feudal dross, among which more is the negative nihilism of promoting life as a dream, eating and drinking, and the religious superstition of seeking immortals to visit the Tao and alchemy. Some of his poems about women and love are vulgar. In Li Bai's poems, exaggerated and vivid metaphors are widely used. His poems "But since the water is still flowing, although it is a knife cut, raise a glass to ease the sorrow" (Uncle Yun, a farewell school book at Xiezilou in Xuanzhou) and "Three thousands of feet with white hair, Sorrow is like a beard" (Song of Autumn Pu, Part XV) depict his deep anxiety after the failure of political activities in Chang 'an, which are widely circulated famous sentences. His poem "Poetry from the North Window is not as good as a glass of water" ("Answering the Twelve Cold Nights of the King") wrote his own talent; "I would like to cross the Yellow River, but the ice will choke on the ferry, and Taihang Mountain will be covered with snow" ("Difficult to Travel"), which is difficult to write a career; "Peach Blossom Lake is deeper than thousands of feet, not as good as Wang Lun" ("To Wang Lun"), writing about the deep friendship between friends, etc. , all impressed readers with distinctive and prominent images. The imagination of Li Bai's poems is very rich and amazing. His "Strong winds blow my heart, and fairy trees hang in the west" ("Jin Xiang sends Wei Ba to the West") and "My heart is full of worries about the bright moon, and I stay in the West with the wind" ("I heard that Wang Changling moved to Longbiaoyao to leave") all show his nostalgia for Chang 'an and his poetry friends with strange imagination. Fu Liangyin, Antique and Lotus Mountain in the West respectively express the destruction of Chang 'an City and the ravages of Anshi Rebellion on the Central Plains through fantasy. Farewell shows the hidden worries about the political situation in the later period of Tang Xuanzong through confusing legends. They are vivid and meaningful. With the help of myths and legends, Shu Dao Nan and Meng Deng Tian Mu Shan have built a colorful and thrilling realm.

The Pen and Ink of Li Bai's Coming to Power

The rich imagination of Li Bai's poems is particularly prominent in the long seven-character poems, which are obviously influenced by Qu Yuan. In terms of genre, Li Bai is good at classical poems and quatrains with relatively free form, and doesn't like to write metrical poems. 59 pieces of Antique are his representative works of five dynasties. The five ancient poems in his Yuefu have inherited the fine tradition of Yuefu folk songs in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, and their writing style is simple and vivid, full of the poet's enthusiasm. His seven-character ancient poems (including Yuefu seven-character songs and general seven-character poems) are more creative. The scenery is magnificent, colorful, lyrical and changeable. From the literary origin, this kind of poetry is most influenced by Qu Yuan's works, and it is difficult for Bao Zhao to imitate it. Li Bai is good at quatrains. His quatrains were improved on the basis of Yuefu folk songs in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, which made him more alert. "Thinking on a Quiet Night" and "Yu Jiefen" and other five wonders are implicit and meaningful. There are also excellent works, clear and concise language, harmonious and beautiful timbre, lyrical scenery and simple explanations. For example, See you Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou from the Yellow Crane Tower, Looking at Lushan Waterfall, Looking at Tianmen Mountain, Making a White Emperor City as early as possible, and Presenting Wang Lun. Are well-known masterpieces. The evaluation of the seven-character quatrains in the Tang Dynasty has always been that Li Bai and Wang Changling are best at blending scenes; Li Bai concentrated on the study of the Seven Laws, with only a dozen books and few excellent works. There are more than 70 poems about five laws, some of which are well written, which shows that he can write metrical poems, but he doesn't like to write more. Although Li Bai's Yuefu poems use the old Yuefu theme, they can be innovative. Those who wrote poems with the theme of old Yuefu in the Tang Dynasty made the most outstanding achievements. Some of his poems and quatrains are full of Yuefu poems, although they don't use Yuefu themes. The greatest feature of his poetic language can be said to be "clear water produces hibiscus, which is naturally carved". Specifically, the language is straightforward and natural, the syllables are harmonious and smooth, natural and unpretentious, and it exudes the flavor of folk songs. This is mainly due to the study of Yuefu folk songs in Han, Wei and Six Dynasties. But he didn't just learn and imitate the language of folk songs, but improved it on the basis of learning to make it more concise, beautiful and meaningful. His seven-character ancient poems are not only pure and natural, but also bold and unconstrained in language. Du Fu's poem "Memories of Li Bai in Spring" praised Li Bai's poems as "fresh" and "elegant", which revealed the remarkable characteristics of his language style. Li Bai's poems have a far-reaching influence on later generations. Han Yu and Li He in the Tang Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi and Lu You in the Song Dynasty, Gao Qi in the Ming Dynasty, Qu Dajun, Huang Jingren and Gong Zizhen in the Qing Dynasty all benefited from and were influenced by Li Bai's poems to varying degrees.

Li Bai also wrote several poems. There are 12 poems in Zunqian Collection and 7 poems in Hua 'an Miao Ci Selection. Among them, "Qingpingdiao" has three songs "Clouds Want Clothes, Flowers Want Capacity", and the genre is actually a quatrain of seven words, which was sung with music at that time. Other long and short sentences handed down by Li Bai are not very credible. There are more than 60 essays by Li Bai today. Many antithetical sentences did not get rid of the popular parallel prose fashion at that time. But the language is natural and fluent, which is similar to its poetic style. Among them, Hanshu Jingzhou and Preface to Peach Blossom Garden (Li) were selected by later generations and widely read.

Neither this episode nor the proofreading version of Li Baiji compiled by the Tang Dynasty has been handed down. Thirty volumes of Li Taibai's Collected Works in the Northern Song Dynasty were engraved in Suzhou and called Su Ben. Later, there was a Shu edition copied according to Su Ben, which was the earliest extant Li Baiji. During the reign of Kangxi, Miao Yue copied it and called it Miao Edition. The earliest annotation for Li Baiji was Yang Qixian's Li Hanlin Collection in the Southern Song Dynasty, with 25 volumes and rich annotations. Qu Tuiyuan and Zhu Jincheng's Li Bai Ji Zhu is the most detailed one in Li Bai Ji Zhu. Research on Li Bai's works: After the May 4th Movement, before the founding of the People's Republic of China, there was Li Bai, a Taoist poet, and there was a study of Li Bai. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, there was Zhan? He is the author of Li Bai's Poems and Essays, and Wang Yunxi is waiting for Li Bai's research. In addition, there are many individual papers, some of which were selected as representative papers by Zhonghua Book Company, and compiled into Collected Papers on Li Bai's Studies, which were published in the 1960s.

Du fu (7 12 ~ 770)

China was a poet in Tang Dynasty. Beautiful words. Originally from Xiangyang (now Hubei), he was born in Gongxian (now gongyi city). As he once lived in Shaoling, south of Chang 'an, he was recommended by Yanwu in Chengdu as an economic adviser and Yuan Wailang, proofreader of the Ministry of Industry. Later generations called him Du Shaoling and Du Gongbu.

draw

Du was the grandson of the poet Du all his life and lived in a family with Confucian tradition and literary tradition. He studied poetry at the age of 7 and became famous at the age of 15. After the age of 20, there are four periods.

During the roaming period, from the 19th year of Xuanzong Kaiyuan (73 1) to the 4th year of Tianbao (745), Du Fu lived a romantic life. He has roamed wuyue, Qi and Zhao successively. In the meantime, I failed to go to Luoyang to take the Jinshi exam. Tianbao and Li Bai have been friends in Luoyang for three years. We broke up the next autumn and never met again. There are more than 20 poems of Du Fu in this period, most of which are five laws and five ancient poems, represented by Wang Yue.

During the five to fourteen years in Tianbao, Chang 'an, Du Fu was trapped in Chang 'an and was down and out. He keeps buttering up powerful people to get promoted. Took the exam for six years; In ten years, three gifts were appreciated by Xuanzong, and the prime minister was ordered to try them; But nothing came of it. It was not until October of the fourteenth year, one month before the Anshi Rebellion, that You Weicai led Cao to join the army. Frustration in official career and personal hunger and cold made him objectively realize the corruption of the rulers and the sufferings of the people, and gradually became a poet who cared about the country and the people. The creation has undergone profound and great changes. There are famous articles such as "Military Vehicle Shop, Two Roads", "Before Traffic Jam", "Love 500 Words from Beijing to Fengxian after Traffic Jam", and there are also cautionary sentences such as "The wine and meat in Zhumen stink, and the road freezes to death". There are about 100 poems handed down in this period, most of which are five-character or seven-character ancient poems.

Dugong Temple in Chang 'an, Shaanxi Province (built in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty)

From Su Zong's exile to the first year of Germany (756) to the second year of Gan Yuan (759), the Anshi Rebellion was the most prosperous. Du Fu also experienced hardships, but his creative achievements were enormous. After the fall of Chang 'an, he went to Suzong from Lingwu in northern Zhangzhou, but he was caught halfway and trapped among thieves for nearly half a year. Later, he fled Chang 'an and returned to Fengxiang Suzong, where he was picked up by Zuo. Soon after, he almost died because of Fang Yi's case. After the recovery of Chang 'an, he returned to Beijing as his original post. In May 758, Foreign Minister Zhou Hua Sigong joined the army and bid farewell to Chang 'an. During this period, Du Fu had a more sober understanding of the reality, and successively wrote Sad Chen Tao, Spring Hope, Northern Expedition, Qiang Village, Three Officials (Xin 'an official, Tongguan official, Shi Haoguan) and Three Farewells (New Wedding, Farewell to the Old). In 759, Guan Fu went hungry and Du Fu was disappointed with politics. After beginning of autumn resigned, he passed through Qin Zhou and Tonggu and arrived in Chengdu at the end of the year. There are more than 200 poems handed down during this period, most of which are masterpieces of Du Fu's poems.

Wandering southwest period

From the first year of Shangyuan (760) to the fifth year of Daizong Dali (770) 1 1, Du Fu spent eight years in Shu and three years in Jingxiang. In the spring of 760, at the age of 48, he built a thatched cottage on the banks of Huanhua River in Chengdu, and lived there intermittently for five years. In the meantime, he exiled Zizhou and Langchang. In 765, after the death of Yanwu, Du Fu lost his support and left Chengdu with his family. He stayed in Yun 'an due to illness and moved to Kuizhou the following spring. In 768, he left the gorge, moved to Jiangling and Gongan, and arrived in Yueyang at the end of the year. In the last two years of his life, he had no fixed abode. Wandering between Yueyang, Changsha, Hengyang and Leiyang, I spent most of my time on the boat. In the winter of 770, Du Fu died on a ship from Changsha to Yueyang at the age of 59. Before his death, he wrote a 36-rhyme long poem "Sleeping on the Shocking Boat". There is a sentence that "the blood of the war is still there, and the sound of the military is still moving", and he still thinks about the national disaster. During the period of 1 1, he wrote more than 1000 poems (including more than 430 Kuizhou poems), accounting for 5/7 of all Du Fu's poems. Most of them are quatrains and metrical poems, and there are also long sentences. His representative works include Song of Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage, Imperial Army Recovering the Banks of the Yellow River, Eight Poems of Autumn Prosperity, Ascending the Mountain, and Revealing Wu Lang again.

Du Fu wrote more than 1400 poems. It profoundly reflects the social panorama of more than 20 years before and after the Anshi Rebellion in Tang Dynasty, and vividly records Du Fu's life experience. Closely combine social reality with personal life to realize the perfect unity of ideological content and artistic form; Represents the highest achievement of Tang poetry. Known as the history of poetry by later generations. However, Du Fu did not objectively describe and write history with poetry, but expressed his subjective feelings through unique artistic means while profoundly and widely reflecting reality. As Pu Qilong said: "Poems of Shaoling are a person's temperament, and things of the Three Dynasties must be sent to others." (Reading) In the late Tianbao period, Du Fu wrote many poems about current politics. Short stories such as Washing Horse, Love, Being a Taoist, Three Jueju, Sick Orange, Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage, Appearing as a Wulang, etc., while novels such as Shu Huai in Kuizhou, Cottage and Farewell are the combination of personal feelings and facts. There are a lot of war themes in Du Fu's poems. Du Fu has different attitudes towards different kinds of wars. Those who oppose the imperial court's belligerence and consume national strength are "Garage Shop" and "Going to the Foot of the Backyard". Two poems, Watching An Xi Soldiers Go to Guanzhong and Stand by, Watching Soldiers and The Year of National subjugation, supported the suppression of rebellion and resistance to foreign aggression. Two groups of poems, Before the Frontier and After the Frontier, not only praised the bravery of the soldiers, but also condemned the insatiable frontier expansion of the king and the arrogance and extravagance of the lords. The confession of a soldier sums up the unfortunate fate of countless brave soldiers. In "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells", the poet sympathizes with the people's sufferings and hates barbaric Latin; However, due to the current situation of the enemy and the shortage of soldiers, he can only comfort the conscripts with tears, which shows the sharp and complicated contradictions and conflicts in the author's heart. Du Fu has many poems praising nature. The object of singing is often related to oneself and current events, and it is a blend of feelings, scenes and events, not just scenes. The most representative ones are Spring Hope and Sword Gate. Du Fu also has some poems praising painting, music, architecture, dance, utensils and agricultural production, which also focus on the author's feelings and have the characteristics of the times. In Du Fu's poetry collection, there are also some poems with weak flavor of the times and indifferent personal feelings, especially some poems written in Chengdu Caotang. This is the expression of his mood after he got a temporary rest after a long wandering. In his poems, such as Screen Trace, For Agriculture, Tian She, Xu Bu, Heart of Water Threshold, Afterward Tour and Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, the poet has a delicate observation on the dynamics of flowers, trees, birds, animals, fish and insects, and has infinite love and profound experience. It embodies the other side of Du Fu's poetry and life. Du Fu's poems about missing relatives and friends are mostly sentimental and spoony. For example, I miss his wife on a moonlit night, and my brother misses his younger brother on a moonlit night. Among many poems and songs about cherishing friends, the most outstanding one is to commemorate Li Bai. From breaking up with Li Bai to his later years, there were 15 poems that remembered or talked about Li Bai. Showed his admiration and friendship for Li Bai. Du Fu also commented on poems with poems, and expressed his artistic thoughts of "learning from others" and "being unique" in Six Jueju, Occasionally Asked and Twelve Poems for Relieving boredom (the fourth to the eighth). During his stay in Chang 'an and wandering southwest, Du Fu also wrote some poems with boring content and low style, which were dedicated to dignitaries, officials and social parties. There are many five-character poems in it. Du Fu's poetry system is diverse, with many advantages and diverse styles, which can bring forth the old and innovate. His five-character ancient poems are extensive and profound, and they combine feelings, records and feelings in one furnace, which opens the realm of the Five Ancient Dynasties in the Tang Dynasty. Representative works include Five Hundred Words from Beijing to Fengxian, Northern Expedition, Qiang Village, Gift to Chu Shi, Three Officials and Three Farewells. Seven-character ancient poems are good at stating opinions, with bold and gloomy feelings and strange style. Such as Drunk Songs for Zheng Guangwen, Washing Horses, Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage, Sui Yanxing, etc. Fifth, the five-seven-word rhyme is extremely skilled. The five laws are the longing for spring, reaching Li Bai at the end of the day, traveling later, "Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night", water sill, going abroad overnight, climbing Yueyang Tower, and the seven laws are Shuxiang and Elymus. The two sides of the Yellow River were recaptured by the imperial army, and Su Fu, Bai Di and five generals. Du Fu also has many five-character poems and several seven-character poems, which have greatly developed the poems. His "Autumn Li Ke Bai Yun" has 1000 words. But Du Fu also heaped up allusions and presented entertainment works. His quatrains are lyrical, reflecting current events, opening up the discussion body of quatrains, opening up a new road and making great contributions. Du Fu's poems are profound and sincere. The artistic collection and innovative development of classical poetry; It greatly expanded the field of poetry in content and form, and had a wide influence on later generations. Du Fu was also honored as a poet by later generations. Du Fu was down and out all his life, and wrote a poem, "A hundred years' song is bitter, and there is no confidant" (Du Fu's "Southern Expedition"). However, after his death, he was highly praised by Huang Fan, Han Yu, Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi. Du Fu's poems have a profound influence on the literary thought of the New Yuefu Movement and Li Shangyin's modern allegorical current affairs poems. However, Du Fu's poems were widely valued after the Song Dynasty. Wang Yucheng, Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Lu You and others highly praised Du Fu, while Wen Tianxiang regarded Du Fu's poems as a spiritual force to adhere to national integrity. The influence of Du Fu's poems has long gone beyond the scope of literature and art since ancient times. ..

Textual research data for nearly a thousand years, the wind of governing Du Fu has been endless. There are many works about the chronology, classification and annotation of Du Fu's poems in Song Dynasty, such as Du Gongbu's Collection, Du Fu's Nine Poems, Lu? Cai Mengbi edited Du Gongbu Caotang Poetry and Xu edited Du Gongbu Poetry. There are more than 100 kinds of comments on Du Ji by later generations, among which Du Gongbu's Notes on Du Ji, Qiu's Detailed Notes on Du Shi, Yang Lun's Jing Quan of Du Shi and Pu Qilong's Interpretation are widely circulated. There are biographies of Du Fu in both old and new Tang books. After the Song Dynasty, there were a lot of words to comment and explain Du Fu's poems. Zhonghua Book Company compiled A Collection of Research Materials on Du Fu and Classical Literature of Tang and Song Dynasties. In the late Ming Dynasty, Wang Siyuan had Du Yi, and Qing Hongshi had Du Shi Shuo. In addition, Zhonghua Book Company also compiled the more important papers after the May 4th Movement into "Essays on Du Fu Studies". Biographies and new research monographs include Feng Zhi's Biography of Du Fu, Xiao Difei's Study of Du Fu, Fu Gengsheng's On Du Fu's Poetry and Zhu Dongrun's On Du Fu's Narrative. More detailed chronicles include Wen Yiduo's Notes on Mr. Shaoling's Chronology and Du Fu's Chronology of Sichuan Institute of Literature and History Research.

Qu Yuan (339 ~ 278 BC)

China was an outstanding politician and patriotic poet of Chu at the end of the Warring States Period. The name is flat and the word is original. Chu Wuwang Xiong Tong's son Qu Xian's descendants. Danyang (now Zigui, Hubei) people.

Qu yuan experienced three periods in his life, namely, the reign of king and the reign of king, and mainly lived in the reign of king. This period is the eve of China's imminent reunification, and "the emperor of Qin is horizontal and the king of Chu is vertical". Qu was born in a famous family, good at dealing with chaos and rhetoric, and was highly valued in his early years. He was a doctor of Zuotu. In order to realize the great cause of Chu's reunification, Qu Yuan actively assisted in the reform to strengthen the country, and insisted on uniting Qi with foreign countries to resist Qin, which once made Chu rich and strong. However, due to the sharp contradiction between Qu Yuan and the decadent aristocratic group of Chu State in internal affairs and diplomacy, and the jealousy of Shangguan doctor and others, Qu Yuan was later framed by a clique and alienated by Chu Huaiwang.

draw

In the fifteenth year of Wang Huai (the first 304 years), from Qin to Chu, Zhang Yi bribed Shanxi merchants, Zilan, Zheng Xiu and others as spies with huge sums of money, and at the same time deceived Wang Huai with "offering merchants for 600 miles", which led to the breaking of diplomatic relations between Qi and Chu. After being deceived, he became angry from embarrassment and sent troops to Qin twice, both of which were defeated. Therefore, Qu Yuan was ordered to send an envoy to Qi State to rebuild the friendship between Qi and Chu. Once again, Zhang Yi failed to disintegrate the Qi-Chu alliance from Qin to Chu. In twenty-four years, Qin Chu formed an alliance with Huang Ci, and Chu was completely embraced by the State of Qin. Qu Yuan was also expelled from the capital and moved to the Northern Han Dynasty.

Thirty years after Wang Huai, Qu Yuan returned to Du Ying. In the same year, Qin made an appointment with the military attache Wang, was detained by Qin, and finally died in Qin. After Xiang Wang ascended the throne, he continued to implement the policy of surrender. Qu Yuan was expelled from Ying Capital again, exiled to Jiangnan, and moved between Yuan and Xiang. In the twenty-first year of King Xiang of Qing Dynasty (the first 278 years), General Qin attacked Ying, and Qu Yuan threw himself into the Miluo River in anger and died for his political ideal.

Qu Yuan's works include Li Sao, Tian Wen, Nine Songs (1 1), Nine Chapters (9) and Evocation, with a total of 23 articles. In addition, whether Buju and Fisherman were written by Qu Yuan is still controversial in academic circles. Among them, Li Sao is Qu Yuan's masterpiece and the longest romantic political lyric poem in the history of ancient China literature. Tian Wen is a rare and peculiar poem in ancient and modern times. It asked 172 questions to heaven continuously, involving astronomy, geography, literature, philosophy and many other fields, which showed the poet's bold suspicion of traditional ideas and scientific spirit of pursuing truth. "Nine Songs" is a set of music songs based on folk songs to worship the gods. There are a lot of gods in the poem, most of which are love songs between people and gods.

Quyuan Temple in Zigui, Hubei Province

Qu Yuan's works record his persistence in the ideal of "beautiful politics" and his struggle against the decadent aristocratic groups in Chu. His ideal of "beautiful politics" is reflected in his works, that is, "cultivating talents and empowering them, but doing things without being equal" (Li Sao). The so-called "promoting talents and empowering" is to select truly talented people to govern the country, oppose the secular world, and limit the monopoly of the old aristocracy on power. He also took the historical stories of Fu Shuo, the slave, Lv Wang, the butcher and Ning Qi, the vendor, as examples to illustrate the rationality of selecting talents regardless of their status. The so-called "following the rope without being rude" means practicing the law, that is, the law is not expensive and limiting the privileges of the old nobles.

Qu Yuan's ideal of "beautiful politics" reflects his sharp opposition to the decadent aristocratic groups in Chu and their forces, and expresses his demand for progress in getting rid of bad politics, with the ultimate goal of saving the motherland from peril and making Chu a prosperous and powerful country. Related to this, Qu Yuan's works also profoundly exposed the darkness of Chu politics, the decay of Chu aristocratic groups and the fatuity of Chu kings, and showed his fighting spirit of adhering to the ideal of "beautiful politics", insisting on moral integrity and "not regretting his death"; At the same time, it shows his determination to care about the country and the people, love the country and the people, and devote himself to the motherland.

Although Qu Yuan was exiled or even exiled, he always thought about the rise and fall of the motherland and the sufferings of the people, hoping that the king of Chu would repent and work hard to become the master of ZTE. He knew that being loyal to honesty and frankness would lead to disaster, but he always "endured but could not give up"; Knowing that he faced many dangers, he could have gone to other countries to find a way out in the era of "using Chu materials", but he refused to leave Chu. It shows his infinite loyalty to the motherland and his personality and will to win glory with the sun and the moon.

Qu Yuan's works are full of positive romantic spirit. Its main performance is that he integrated his passionate pursuit of ideals into artistic imagination and magical artistic conception. For example, Li Sao wrote that after he gave a speech to Zhong Hua, he went against the wind. He knocked at the heavenly palace first, but the emperor didn't accept it. He begged a girl who happened not to be there; He pursued Fu Fei, but Fu Fei was rude to him; He wanted Judy and Er Yao, but he didn't have a good matchmaker to deliver the news. This fantasy and pursuit of going to heaven and going to earth embodies Qu Yuan's hard pursuit of ideals in reality. In addition, Nine Songs and Tian Wen also use a lot of myths and historical legends as materials, with bold and rich imagination, which is rare in ancient and modern times.

Besides, Qu Yuan's works also use a series of metaphors to express his feelings. For example, he used flowers and herbs to describe a noble gentleman; Use smelly things and Xiao Ai as metaphors for traitors or disloyal villains; Wearing vanilla symbolizes the poet's moral cultivation. This technique of "vanilla beauty" makes a sharp contrast between loyalty, ugliness, goodness and evil in reality, and produces a concise and endless artistic effect.

Qu Yuan's works are uneven in level and flexible in form. Chu dialect is widely used in the language, full of local flavor; Most of its dialects are refined, colorful and vivid.

Qu Yuan is the first great patriotic poet in the history of China literature. He is an outstanding representative of romantic poets. As an outstanding politician and patriot, Qu Yuan's spirit and personality of loving the motherland and the people, persisting in the truth, preferring death to surrender, has inspired and nurtured countless Chinese sons and daughters for thousands of years, especially when the nation was in danger. As a great poet, the appearance of Qu Yuan not only marks that China's poetry has entered a new era from collective singing to individual originality, but also his new poetic style-Chu Ci, which broke through the expression form of The Book of Songs, greatly enriched the expressive force of poetry and opened up a new world for China's ancient poetry creation. Therefore, later generations called Chu Ci and The Book of Songs together as The Book of Songs. "Feng" and "Sao" are the sources of the two fine traditions of realism and romanticism in the history of China's poetry. At the same time, Chu Ci, represented by Qu Yuan, also influenced the formation of Han Fu.

In the history of China, Qu Yuan was the most admired and loved poet by the people. According to the records of "Continuation of Qi and Harmony" and "Geography of Sui Shu", Qu Yuan threw himself into the river on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. The custom of making zongzi and racing dragon boats on May 5th in China originated from people's commemoration of Qu Yuan. 1953, Qu Yuan was also listed as one of the four cultural celebrities in the world and was solemnly commemorated by the World Peace Council and people all over the world.

Xin Qiji (1 140 ~ 1207)

China was a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty. The word You 'an is Jia Xuan. Licheng (now Jinan, Shandong) people. 1 16 1 year (thirty-first year of Shaoxing, Song Dynasty), Wan Yanliang, King of Jin Hailing, launched a war of aggression against the Song Dynasty, and people in North China ruled by Jin revolted one after another. When Xin Qiji was 22 years old, he also gathered people to join Geng Jingqi as a secretary. The following year, Xin Qiji advised Geng Jing to return to the Song Dynasty and was ordered to contact him in the Southern Song Dynasty. When he came back, Geng Jing had been victimized by the traitor Zhang Anguo. Xin Qiji led Wang Shilong and others, captured Zhang Anguo, who had been appointed as the magistrate, and led ten thousand soldiers back anyway. He signed a contract with Jiangyin Army at first, and later wrote "Ten Theories on Imperial Capacity", stating the situation of Song and Jin Dynasties to the Song government and asking him to prepare for resisting gold. The creation of Ci began in the fourth year of Avenue (1 168). In the fourth year of Xichun (1 177), he served as an envoy to Jiangling House and Jinghu North Road. Later, he was appointed as an Anfu envoy for Jiangxi and Hunan. In the winter of eight years, he retired to his new home "Jiaxuan" on the outskirts of Shangrao, with a lake. Since then, Jia Xuan has been named. After living in Shangrao for 10 years, he expressed his patriotic passion and infinite emotion and indignation since crossing the south in his lyrics. In the 15th year of Cherish Spring, the first Jarja Collection was published. Xin Ci is impassioned and galloping, inheriting and developing Su Shi's unconstrained style, which was later called Su Xin. Xin Ci reflected the complicated and fierce social reality at that time in many ways, and showed extraordinary heroism and creativity, which occupied a special position in China literature, especially in the history of Ci. From three years (1 192) to five years, Shao Xi was appointed as an arranger, magistrate and Anfu ambassador in Fujian, and later dismissed from office. He soon moved from Shangrao to Piaoquan in Qianshan (now southeast of Qianshan, Jiangxi). In the third year of Jiatai (1203), he got to know Shaoxing satrap and went to East Zhejiang. At the end of the year, he entered the DPRK with a letter. In March of four years, he became the magistrate of Zhenjiang. When I went to Gu Bei Pavilion, I wrote "Chanting Fish Music" to express my feelings. There is a saying: "Who asked: Can Lian Po still eat when he is old?" It expresses the will to fight when you are old and strong. However, the next summer, he was dismissed and returned to lead mountain, where he died soon. The number of existing poems is small, and there are still more than 630 words. Deng Guangming's Notes on the Chronology of Jia Xuan's Ci, Xin Jia Xuan's Poems and Notes, and Jia Xuan's Long and Short Sentences are the most complete.

Li Yu (937 ~ 978)

China is a five-pronoun person and the monarch of Southern Tang Dynasty. Word weight; The surname is Jia, and the bell is printed. Xuzhou (now Jiangsu) people are called Huzhou (now Zhejiang) people. The sixth son of Li Jing in the Southern Tang Dynasty, he succeeded to the throne in the second year of Song Dynasty (96 1), and was called the late master in history. In the eighth year of Kaibao (65438+1 October1976), on November 27th, the country was defeated by the Song Dynasty, captured to Bianjing, made a general and disobeyed orders. After being poisoned by Song Taizong. Li Yu is incompetent in politics, but talented in art. Calligraphy, painting, fine tune, poetry and writing all have certain attainments, especially the achievements of ci. Li Yu wrote about 32 poems. His poems before Song Dynasty showed his extraordinary talents and skills, but the subject matter was narrow, which mainly reflected the court life and the love between men and women. After the Song Dynasty, he lived in prison, suffering from national subjugation, and recalling the past made his ci achievements much greater than before. The most successful masterpieces are [Yu Meiren], When is the Spring Flowers and Autumn Moon, [Langtaosha], The Rain outside the Curtain, and [Wu Yeti], Flowers in the Woods Come in Spring.