What is no-tillage cultivation of potato covered with straw?
No-tillage cultivation with potato straw mulching refers to the process of directly furrowing and ridging after rice harvest, then sowing seed potatoes on the soil, and then covering them with straw, with appropriate fertilization and some auxiliary management measures until harvest.
No-tillage technology with potato straw mulching
First, choose the land to prepare seeds.
Potato straw mulching no-tillage technology is suitable for planting in frost-free or light frost areas, and the sowing date must be adjusted in frost areas to avoid frost damage. Choosing paddy fields with convenient irrigation and drainage and medium fertility for no-tillage cultivation is not suitable for waterlogged lowland cultivation.
According to the local climatic conditions and market consumption, high-yield and high-quality disease-resistant varieties with moderate growth period and marketable quality were selected as seed potatoes.
Second, the planting method
Drain the water in the paddy field in advance 10~ 15 days before rice harvesting. The soil moisture should be moistened with soil, but it is best not to step on it. When planting, make a good border first, which is beneficial to irrigation, drainage and later management. There are two planting methods:
1, big border planting
First, use mechanical farming or animal-drawn plough to loosen the soil and drain the irrigation ditch. According to the specifications of ditch width of 30 cm, ditch depth of 15 cm and border width of 150 cm, 4 rows can be planted in each border, with a wide row in the middle, a large row spacing of 40 cm, narrow rows on both sides, a small row spacing of 30 cm and a spacing between plants in the border of about 25 cm. Follow? Product? Seed potatoes are placed in zigzag, and about 6000 plants are planted per mu.
When the seed potato is placed on the soil surface, keep the bud eye close to the ground downward or laterally, cover the seed potato and fertilizer with fine soil in the irrigation and drainage ditch after fertilization, and then evenly cover the rice straw with a thickness of 8~ 10 cm. The residual soil in the irrigation and drainage ditch is evenly scattered on the straw, which can prevent light leakage and strong wind from blowing the straw away.
2. Small border planting
The cultivation of the small border is also to plough out the irrigation and drainage ditch by machine or animal power first. The trench is 30cm wide, 20cm deep and 70cm wide. Only two rows are planted in each border, with a row spacing of 30 cm, a plant spacing of about 25 cm and a border spacing of 20 cm. News? Product? Sawtooth sowing, planting 5000~5500 plants per mu. After the potato seeds are put away, cover them with fine soil in the drainage ditch, cover them evenly with straw about 5 cm thick after fertilization, then clear the ditch and cover them with soil about 5 cm thick.
Third, apply foot fat.
When sowing, base fertilizer should be applied at one time. It is generally recommended to apply 1500~2000 kg of decomposed high-quality farmyard manure and 50~75 kg of ternary compound fertilizer per mu. After the farmyard manure and chemical fertilizer are mixed evenly, the fertilizer should be applied between the two seed potatoes. The distance between seed potato and fertilizer should be 5~8 cm, not too close, which will easily lead to rotten seeds and lack of seedlings.
Fourth, cover with straw.
Immediately after sowing and fertilizing, cover the whole border with straw, cover it as evenly and neatly as possible, and compact it in two directions perpendicular to the border, with the tail of the straw facing into the border and the bottom placed on both sides of the border. Straw should be laid flat, with a thickness of about 8~ 10 cm, and it needs about 10 cm per mu. It is required that the soil surface cannot be exposed, and this cultivation mode should be adopted in coastal areas. In order to prevent the straw from being blown away by strong winds, some clods can be pressed on the straw on both sides of the border.
When laying straw, it should be noted that the straw should not be laid too thick, which may easily lead to slow emergence and slender stems; It can't be too thin, it can't achieve the effect of heat preservation, and it is easy to leak light, which increases the probability of green potatoes and even causes the phenomenon of no potatoes. If the straw is spread unevenly, uneven seedling emergence will also occur; The straw can't be entangled, and the seedlings will get stuck.
After laying straw, you should water the horse race once, that is, irrigate the whole field? Immediately after that, drain water, prevent water from overflowing the border surface when watering, and keep water in the field for no more than 12 hours.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Tian Tuan management
Field management mainly includes two tasks: picking seedlings and watering.
1, roasted seedlings
Compared with the traditional cultivation method, this cultivation method has a late emergence time, poor emergence regularity and low emergence rate, so it needs to be checked frequently. White seedlings? Moreover, it is necessary to manually pull the straw to pull out the potato seedlings when the seedlings are stuck.
When replanting seedlings, you can take seedlings from holes with more stems. When replanting, dig deep holes, water thoroughly, remove the lower leaves, leaving only the top 2-3 leaves or rooting agent. When the temperature is high, you can use branches and other branches to shade and moisturize, which is conducive to rooting and survival.
2. Irrigation
In winter planting areas, there is generally less precipitation in autumn, and the soil is prone to drought. Because the seed potato cultivated in no-tillage is placed in the shallow layer, the drought is more serious than the traditional cultivation method. If the seedling stage is dry, the roots can't be extended, the buds can't be shortened, and the soil can't be unearthed, which will delay the seedling stage and the growth season of the next crop. In the growing period, the stems and leaves of the fields with severe drought will be slender, and potatoes will be produced when the plants are short, resulting in small potato pieces and low commodity rate. Therefore, no-tillage must strengthen water management according to the water demand law of potato in each growth period.
Germination stage: after sowing, the soil below the seed potato should be kept moist, and the soil above should be kept dry to ensure timely emergence. The soil moisture content should reach 65% of the maximum field capacity, and it should be watered in time in case of drought. Mid-growth period: keep the field moist, and the soil moisture content should reach 85% of the maximum field capacity. At this time, 1~2 times of racing water can be poured to prevent drought. Late growth stage: during this period, the straw began to rot and the water retention capacity was enhanced. In case of continuous rainy weather, attention should be paid to drainage to prevent the straw near the soil surface from accumulating water and excessive humidity, otherwise it will affect the growth of potato seedlings and the tuber will rot easily. Six, pest control
Because it is covered with straw, the humidity in the field where potatoes grow in the later stage is relatively high. In the climate with more rainfall, we should pay special attention to the prevention and control of pests and diseases such as late blight and cutworms, and seize the opportunity to prevent and control them in time.
Prevention and control of late blight: protective chemicals can be applied in the early stage, such as Sheng Da M-45, Jin Fu, Antaisheng, Dakening, Amista and Fan Rui. If strains of central diseases are found, then internal inhalation therapeutic agents are selected, such as Jin Lei, Kelu, cymoxazine, modoc and Yinfali. In order to prevent drug resistance, it is suggested that concentrated drugs can be used alternately.
Prevention and control of pests such as cutworms: mix trichlorfon solution with fried cottonseed cake or rapeseed cake evenly, or chop and mix fresh medicinal materials such as cabbage and echinacea evenly as poison bait, and scatter it near the root of seedlings in the evening to trap and kill.
Seven, timely harvest
When the stems and leaves gradually change from green to Huang Shi, the stolons and tubers are easy to fall off, and the tubers can be harvested when the epidermis is tough, the cortex is thick and the color is normal. When harvesting, you can lift the straw to pick up the seed potatoes, dig out some potato pieces buried in the ground with a small stick, and dry them a little before shipment.
Potato straw mulching and no-tillage cultivation technology is more suitable for southern rice areas with abundant temperature and light resources in winter, with high input and output. At present, this planting mode is gradually welcomed by more and more farmers.