When was the world’s first bullet invented? ”

1) The first person to conduct explosive ignition technology stimulation experiments was the Scotsman Alexander Vosys. Initially, a container was used to hold thunder powder, and later it was made by sandwiching the thunder powder between two pieces of paper. 2) In 1808, the French used paper flash caps and used needle points to fire. 3) In 1814, the United States first experimented with using percussion powder in iron bowls for firearms. , American Egger pressed the percussion powder into a copper bowl and invented the flash cap. The application of the flash cap was of great significance to the development of breech-loading shooting weapons and achieved rapid development. 4) In 1821, Birmingham's theory. Chas invented a "explosive bomb" using a paper flash cap. Later, someone pressed a "explosive bomb" on a long paper or linen cloth and fired it with a hammer. 5) In 1840, the Germans. Lesser invented the needle firing gun. Its technical characteristics are: the ammunition is loaded from the rear end of the barrel and fired by a needle. 6) In 1860, the United States first successfully designed a 13.2 mm mechanical continuous ball gun and began the development of the magazine. Use.

From shotguns to muzzle-loading guns, to breech-loading guns, and then to repeating guns, it’s hard to tell who was the first inventor, although there are outstanding ones at each stage. Characters, but they are developed through continuous improvement

■The matchlock gun fired by hand and the flint gun fired by flint

■Von Dreser invented it from behind. Loaded striker gun

■In 1871, the Mauser brothers invented the Mauser rifle using metal-cased bullets. In the early 20th century, the Mauser anti-tank gun appeared

■Germany Gott, a blacksmith, invented the linear rifled gun. After the 16th century, rifles that could make bullets spin and fly appeared.

■Modern automatic rifles and assault rifles replaced the old clumsy rifles, and small-caliber automatic rifles appeared again. Replaced the long-range rifle

■The heavy machine gun and Madsen light machine gun invented by Maxim replaced the early hand-cranked machine gun and quickly changed the course of the war

■Can be used universally bullets and gun families for different shooting purposes

■In 1835, Colt invented the famous revolver

■The G11 rifle developed by the Federal Republic of Germany that fires caseless bullets< /p>

■The Germans were the first to invent a submachine gun for melee assault ■The famous Mauser pistol was quickly replaced by an automatic pistol with excellent performance. In the future, automatic pistols will develop towards intelligence. The world's first pressure cooker When was it invented?

At the end of the 17th century, the young Frenchman Pipon was studying steam engines in London. His research on steam boilers led to his invention of the pressure cooker for cooking. The pot was cylindrical with a snap-on lid and an automatic safety valve. This safety valve was also invented by Piper in 1679, when he cooked some in this pot for a live performance for the Royal Society. Food, the great architect C. Lane thought the food was delicious and suggested that Paipeng write a pamphlet to introduce the use and characteristics of this pot. Piper wrote: "This kind of pot can make old and hard beef and mutton tender and soft, and can protect the aroma and nutrition of vegetables and meat." But it was not until World War II that this kind of pot was used in It became popular among housewives who needed to consider saving.

Nowadays, pressure cookers have already appeared in the kitchens of thousands of families, but no one would have thought that it was a "not doing business" invention by a young Frenchman more than 300 years ago. Who invented the first thermos flask

American Stanley is a legendary brand. Its founder, Mr. William Stanley, invented what is recognized as the world's first stainless steel thermos bottle in 1913. Later, he served in the United States Air Force during World War II and began a long history of service on military aircraft. Until 1949, Stanley's products were widely used in American aviation, railways, shipping lines and large medical institutions, making Stanley famous. After continuous development and progress, in 1995, the founder, Mr. William Stanely, obtained 129 technical invention patents and was selected into the American Inventors Hall of Fame. At this time, the Stanley thermos bottle became synonymous with high-quality "thermos bottles" around the world. Its brand Stanley has also become an American icon. Whether in its nearly 100-year history or today, this national brand continues to work hard to improve people's quality of life. Friends who travel frequently for business or tourism may notice that almost all five-star hotels use Stanley's commercial insulation equipment. World-famous companies such as Starbucks rely on Stanley to provide the most professional and top-notch insulation materials.

——In 1913, William Stanley took the lead in inventing the all-steel vacuum thermos flask and created STANLEY; ——In 1940, STANLEY thermos flasks were used in B17s fighter jets in World War II; ——From 1949 to 1965, STANLEY commercial products Used by airlines, railways, ships and hospitals; - In 1964, STANLEY thermos bottles were used in space exploration, deep sea exploration activities and medical transportation; - In 1995, Mr. William Stanley obtained 129 technical invention patents and was selected into the United States Inventors Hall of Fame. ——In 2005, STANLEY released the outdoor series; Who invented the world's first hovercraft

In 1953, the British C. Cuckrel founded the air cushion theory. After a large number of experiments, in 1959 The world's first hovercraft was built and successfully crossed the English Channel. After 1964, the number of hovercraft types increased and their applications became increasingly widespread. Currently, they are mostly used as high-speed short-distance passenger ships, transportation ships, ferries, etc., with speeds up to 60 to 80 nautical miles per hour.

A hovercraft, also called a "hovercraft", is a boat that uses the support of air to lift off the water. As soon as this kind of ship appeared, it immediately attracted the attention of the shipbuilding community around the world. The hovercraft was invented by British engineer Cocker. In 1950, at the age of 40, Cocler fell in love with the shipbuilding industry. So he quit his original job and used all his savings to start a small shipbuilding company with his wife. At this time, what Cocler was thinking about was how to build a faster boat. He believed that the reason why the boat speed could not increase was the resistance caused by the friction between the bottom of the boat and the water surface. After repeated research, he found that if air was used as an "air cushion" between the ship and the water, it would be possible to reduce friction and thereby increase the speed of the ship. Cocler made this idea concrete. He put an empty coffee can on an empty cat food can and used a hair dryer as a power to conduct experiments. As a result, he was very satisfied with the lifting effect produced by the exhaust. Then he built a model boat about 0.5 meters long, conducted experiments in the river, and achieved success again. Its principle is exactly the same as that of today's practical hovercraft. At this time, Cocler prepared to sell his invention to entrepreneurs, but was rejected. The reason is very interesting, the ship builders consider it an airplane and not a ship. However, Halspery, general manager of the British Research and Development Corporation, had a unique vision and foresaw the importance of hovercrafts and helped Cocler obtain the patent. At that time, Cocler joined NEDC and began to officially build a hovercraft that was 9.1 meters long and 7.3 meters wide. The hovercraft successfully crossed the English Channel and became the first hovercraft in the world to actually sail. It also fully demonstrates the superiority of hovercraft. There are two main forms of hovercraft: fully floating and sidewall. The largest passenger hovercraft in the world is the British-made SRN4-III hovercraft. It adopts a fully floating type, which is propelled by an air propeller (just like an airplane propeller). The bottom of the boat is surrounded by an "apron" made of nylon rubber cloth. High-pressure air is shot from the bottom of the boat, between the bottom of the boat and the water surface. The air cushion is formed to support the weight of the hull to reduce sailing resistance. The average speed is 100 kilometers per hour and it can carry 416 passengers and 55 cars. The fastest is the American side-wall hovercraft, which reaches 167 kilometers per hour.

Please adopt who invented the world's first robot

In 1911, Elektro, a household robot manufactured by Westinghouse Electric Company, was displayed at the New York World's Fair in the United States. This is the world's first robot.

History of the development of robots:

In 1910, Czechoslovak writer Karel Capek, in his science fiction novel, based on Robota (Czech, originally meaning "labor, hard labor" ) and Robotnik (Polish, originally meaning "worker"), coined the word "robot".

Elektro, a home robot manufactured by Westinghouse Electric Company, was exhibited at the 1911 New York World's Fair. It is controlled by cables, can walk, can speak 77 words, and can even smoke, but it is still far from being able to actually do housework. But it makes people's vision of home robots more concrete.

In 1912, American science fiction master Asimov proposed the "Three Laws of Robotics". Although this was just a creation in science fiction novels, it later became the default R&D principle in academia.

In 1913, Norbert Wiener published "Cybernetics - The Science of Control and Communication in Animals and Machines", which elaborated on the communication and control functions in machines and the nervous and sensory functions of humans. According to the same laws, he took the lead in proposing an automated factory with computers as the core.

In 1914, American George DeVore built the world's first programmable robot (the world's first real robot) and registered a patent. This kind of manipulator can perform different tasks according to different programs, so it is versatile and flexible.

At the Dartmouth Conference in 1915, Marvin Minsky proposed his view of intelligent machines: Intelligent machines are “capable of creating abstract models of their surroundings and, if they encounter problems, can Finding solutions in abstract models”. This definition affects the research direction of intelligent robots in the next 30 years.

In 1959, DeVore teamed up with American inventor Joseph Engelberg to create the first industrial robot. Subsequently, the world's first robot manufacturing factory, Unimation Company, was established. Due to Ingeberg's development and promotion of industrial robots, he is also known as the "Father of Industrial Robots."

In 1962, the American AMF company produced "VERSTRAN" (meaning universal handling), which became a truly commercial industrial robot like the Unimate produced by Unimation Company and was exported to countries around the world, setting off a worldwide response. A boom in robots and robotics research.

1962-1963 The application of sensors improved the operability of robots. People have tried to install various sensors on robots, including the tactile sensor used by Ernst in 1961, the pressure sensor used by Tomovich and Boney in the world's earliest "dexterous hand" in 1962, and McCarthy In 1963, he began to add visual sensing systems to robots, and in 1964, he helped MIT launch the world's first robot system with visual sensors that could identify and locate building blocks.

In 1965, the Beast robot was developed by the Applied Physics Laboratory of Johns Hopkins University. Beast can already correct its position according to the environment through sonar systems, photoelectric tubes and other devices. Since the mid-1960s, robotics laboratories have been established one after another at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States, Stanford University, and the University of Edinburgh in the United Kingdom. The United States has begun to research the second generation of sensor-equipped, "sentient" robots and is moving towards artificial intelligence.

In 1968, the Stanford Research Institute in the United States announced their successful robot Shakey. It has a vision sensor that can detect and grab building blocks based on human instructions, but the computer that controls it is as big as a room. Shakey can be regarded as the world's first intelligent robot, kicking off the development of the third generation of robots.

In 1969, the laboratory of Ichiro Kato of Waseda University in Japan developed the first robot that walked on two legs. Kato Ichiro has long been committed to the research of humanoid robots and is known as the "Father of Humanoid Robots". Japanese experts have always been good at developing humanoid robots and entertainment robots. Later, they went a step further and gave birth to Honda's ASIMO and Sony's QRIO.

In 1973, the world's first robot and small computer worked together, and the robot T3 of the American Cincinnati Milacron company was born.

In 1978, the American company Unimation launched the general industrial robot PUMA, which marked the complete maturity of industrial robot technology. PUMA is still working on the front line of the factory.

In 1984, Ingeberg launched the robot Helpmate, which could deliver meals, medicines, and mail to patients in hospitals. In the same year, he also predicted: "I will let the robot clean the floor, cook, go out and wash my car for me, and check the safety."

In 1990, Professor Zhou Haizhong, a famous Chinese scholar, predicted in the article "On Robots" that by the middle of the 21st century, nanorobots will completely change human labor and lifestyle.

In 1998, the Danish LEGO Company launched the robot (Mind-storms) kit, which made robot manufacturing as easy as building blocks. It was relatively simple and could be assembled at will, and robots began to enter the personal world.

In 1999, Japan's Sony Corporation launched the dog-shaped robot AIBO, which sold out immediately. From then on, entertainment robots became one of the ways for robots to enter ordinary households.

In 2002, the American company iRobot launched Roomba, a vacuum cleaner robot that can avoid obstacles, automatically design its travel route, and automatically drive to a charging base when the battery is low. Roomba is currently the largest-selling and most commercial home robot in the world. Authorized agent of iRobot in Beijing: Beijing Micronet Zhihong Technology Co., Ltd.

In June 2006, Microsoft launched Microsoft Robotics Studio. The trend of robot modularization and platform unification is becoming more and more obvious. Bill Gates predicted that household robots will soon sweep the world. Who invented the world's first clock?

According to records, the Dutch scientist Huygens created the world's first clock that used the vibration of a pendulum to measure time. German Peter Henland made the first wall clock. The first watch was made by French Emperor Napoleon to please his wife, Empress Josephine.

At the lecture of the famous watch collector, he formally proposed to the world: "It is the Chinese who created the history of human watches; the world's first watch machinery with an escapement structure was made by the Chinese; the clock is a great invention of ancient China." "The oldest timepieces in China are the sundial and the clepsydra. …When Zhang Heng, the great scientist of the Eastern Han Dynasty, created the armillary sphere, in order to make it rotate on its own, he used a gear system to connect the armillary sphere with the clepsydra. …This can be said to be the earliest astronomical clock. From the Three Kingdoms to the early Sui Dynasty, although some people made armillary spheres and armillary images, none surpassed Zhang Heng's creation. …During the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty, astronomers Yi Xing and Liang Lingzhan invented the world’s first giant astronomical clock with an escapement—the “Huntian Bronze Instrument.” … Its invention was far ahead of the first mechanical clock invented by Western countries in the 14th century.

Adopt Who invented the world's first stethoscope?

Stethoscope

In ancient Greece, doctors put their ears close to the patient's chest to listen. patient's heart. But the skill was forgotten, and it wasn't until the Renaissance that it became a routine method of inspection again.

Later, one day in 1816, a young woman came to Reineke's clinic with heart discomfort. Reineke was too shy to put his ear close to the female patient's plump breasts. He recalled seeing a child tapping one end of a log while another child listened on the other end. Laenek grabbed a wad of paper and rolled it into a tube. Then he placed the tube on the female patient's chest and listened at the other end. To his surprise, he heard the distinct beating of a heart that he had never heard before.

Lenek made a permanent stethoscope out of wood, which is about 23 centimeters long and 4 centimeters thick. He described all the sounds he heard in his patients' chests and associated many of them with various illnesses.

The wooden stethoscope was used until 1850, when it was replaced by stethoscopes made of rubber tubes. In 1852, an American doctor named George Kaman added two earphones to his stethoscope. By 1878, someone had invented a microphone, and a microphone was connected to the chest end of the stethoscope to amplify the sound.

Modern stethoscopes are mainly composed of copper materials, rubber tubes, springs and earpieces;

The earpieces are hot-forged from a compression die, with high tissue density and no sand holes. , the sound transmission is clearer.

The types currently include single-purpose stethoscopes, dual-purpose stethoscopes, three-purpose stethoscopes, upright stethoscopes and multi-purpose stethoscopes; the colors are also available in a variety of colors.

Generally divided into multiple types by different combinations of listening heads.

Flat auscultation tips are often used to auscultate high-pitched murmurs.

The large and small dual-function flat listening head is used to detect low-frequency heart sounds, expansion sounds, third sounds, and first and second heart sounds. Children's heart sounds can already be heard.

The bell-shaped auscultation head is often used to auscultate low-pitched murmurs, and the heartbeat of the baby in the abdomen can be heard.

Table-type stethoscope is often used to auscultate the pulse sound on the wrist.

Reinac

On September 13, 1816, the famous French doctor Reinac rolled a thin notebook into a cylinder and solved the diagnostic problem that had troubled him for a long time. He invented the stethoscope.

Initial medical influence

Reinek's full name is Honey Theophele Hecint Reinek, who was born on February 17, 1781. French medicine was in its golden age at that time. When Reinek was six years old, his mother died of tuberculosis. His father was a small civil servant. Because he could not bear the heavy burden of life, he sent little Reneke to his uncle, Dr. Gulomu Reneke. Foster care there.

Gulomu is not an ordinary medical practitioner. He earlier studied medicine in Paris, during which he went to Germany for further studies, and finally graduated from the historic University of Montpelly. Due to his superb medical skills, he became the dean of the School of Medicine at the University of Nantes in just two years. In the Nantes area at that time, the Gulomu family could be said to be relatively prominent.

As a boy, Reneke originally liked mechanical engineering. However, due to the influence of his uncle, Reneke finally chose medicine, which was not noticed by others, as his future career. With the help of his uncle, At the age of 14, he entered the Hospital Affiliated to the University of Nantes and began to study medicine.

Because Lenek was born very thin and had symptoms of hereditary tuberculosis, and he worked too hard during his studies, he became seriously ill not long after. Although he later recovered, the disease greatly weakened his physical strength and left him in a state of illness throughout his life. Reineke's uncle Gu Luomu wanted him to take over his mantle in the future, and hoped that he would be better than his master, so he reached an agreement with his father, and both father and mother paid for him to be sent to Paris to further improve medicine. Achievements.

Julomu told Lenek when he was traveling far away: "My son, the profession of a doctor is like a chain. As long as it is tied to us, we cannot take it off day and night!"

In mid-April 1801, Reinek went to Paris with 600 francs given to him by his father and uncle. After he settled in the Michio Latin Quarter, he applied for admission to the Charity Hospital, the most famous hospital in Paris at the time, founded in 1607, regardless of his extreme fatigue.

Lenek chose this hospital because it had the most famous doctor at the time, Kovisat. Covisart was a representative figure in the golden age of French medicine in the 19th century and became Napoleon's physician in 1804. He had countless students with extraordinary talents, and many celebrities in the history of French medicine came from his students. But it was this thin young man from the University of Nantes who became the most prominent figure in the French medical community - Reinec, who is world-famous for his invention of the stethoscope. When Reinek entered the Charity Hospital, Kovesat was only 46 years old, but he was already a highly respected saint in the entire French medical community.

In Paris, medical students only need to accomplish two things to make a name for themselves. The first is to become a member of the "Medical Education Committee"; the second is to pass a highly competitive examination and enter a clinical school specially established for special students who have completed three years of medical courses. Under the enthusiastic guidance of his mentor Kvisat, Reneck successfully obtained these two honors.

The reason why Kovisat particularly favored Reneke among the many talented students was that Reneke not only had excellent academic performance, but also made outstanding achievements in academic research. For example, when he was studying the damaged and scabbed livers of alcoholic patients, he discovered that there was a special dark brown sheen on the liver, and he used the Greek word Laennec scirrhosis (dark brown or dark brown) to describe it. Later, the disease was also called Named "Renneke's cirrhosis". Until now, some doctors think of cirrhosis of the liver, not a stethoscope, when they mention Lenek's name.

In the year when Covesart became Napoleon's physician, Reinec passed all the rigorous qualifying examinations of the best schools at the time and received the highest honor a French medical student could receive. Elected to the Faculty of Medicine and Hygiene of the Royal Society of Medicine. He was only 23 years old at the time. But the absurd thing is that despite such achievements, Lenek could not find a hospital willing to hire him.

The major invention in the history of medicine happened in an instant

In 1816, Reineke, who had stayed in Paris for more than ten years without being hired by the hospital, was already 35 years old. When he was preparing to return to the University of Nantes to join his uncle's practice, an unexpected thing not only changed his life, but also changed the history of medicine - Necker Hospital decided to hire him! What is very funny is that the reason why this famous medical researcher in Europe was able to get the job he had been waiting for for a long time was not because of his extraordinary ability and huge development potential, but simply because of interpersonal relationships. A friend of Reinecke's named Beffy happened to be promoted from Deputy Secretary of State to Minister of the Interior, and had the power to decide who would work at the Reinecke Hospital.

In any case, it was at Necker Hospital that Reneck invented the stethoscope, which made the entire medical field a big step forward. One of his students named Gravell happened to be present at the critical moment. The young man from England recorded that day as September 13th.

Gravel’s record has a bit of anecdotal meaning: “Dr. Reinec was walking in the Louvre Square in the morning when he saw several children playing a game he often played in his childhood— - A child attached his ear to one end of a long wooden bar, and he could clearly hear the code scratched out by another child with a pin at the other end. The extremely clever Reneck suddenly thought of the condition of one of his female patients... He immediately thought of the condition of one of his female patients. He summoned a horse-drawn carriage and went straight to Necker Hospital. He rolled up a notebook tightly and placed it tightly under the plump breasts on the left side of the beautiful girl - the diagnostic problem that had been bothering him for a long time was solved! , the stethoscope was born!”

However, Reneck wrote in his memoirs: “In 1816 I visited a young female patient who was suffering from symptoms of a heart disease. He was obese, so tapping or palpation with his hands was not of much use in diagnosis, and it was not allowed by custom to attach ears to his chest for diagnosis. I suddenly thought of the game of using wooden poles to transmit sounds when I was young. I mean, in acoustics. He pointed out that the transmission of sound through certain solid objects can achieve an amplification effect. After the idea came to me, I immediately rolled paper into a cylinder. The result was not surprising at all. I heard the sound of heart movement more directly than I had ever heard before. Attaching ears to the patient's chest made it clearer. From that moment on, I thought that this was a good method. In addition to the heart, the sounds produced by the movement of organs in the chest should also allow us to confirm their characteristics..."

Apparently in an instant, a rolled-up paper tube made clinical medicine a huge step forward.

After Reineke made the first stethoscope himself, some people called it a "solo instrument" and others called it a "medical trumpet." His uncle suggested naming it a "chest instrument." After much consideration, Lenek finally decided to name it "stethoscope".

The most precious legacy

In 1819, Reinec resigned from his job at Necker Hospital and left Paris in a black horse-drawn carriage. After several travels, Reinec returned to his hometown with his wife Jacqueline Yagon in June 1826, and then fell ill.

On August 13, Reineke woke up from delirium for the last time. He saw his wife sitting on the side watching him, so he struggled to sit up, slowly took off the ring on his hand, and Putting it on the small table beside the bed, he said intermittently: "If I don't do this, others will take it off for me right away. I don't want them to do this painful thing." Two hours later, he became world-famous. Lenek, a medical scientist and inventor of the first diagnostic tool in the history of medicine, passed away. There is a content in his will: "To my nephew Mechidicus my medical books and papers, as well as watches and rings; these are not important. What is worthy of eternal life is that I gave my The first stethoscope I made was left to him, and this is the most precious legacy I gave him. "Who invented the world's first flashlight

Modern civilization should indeed be grateful to American inventors. Thomas Edison, who made the first commercially valuable white lamp, brought light to mankind. However, equal respect should be given to Conrad Hubert, who immigrated to the United States from Russia 100 years ago and invented the flashlight.

When Hubert came home from get off work, a friend proudly showed him a shiny flowerpot. It turned out that he installed a battery and a small light bulb in the flowerpot. When the switch is turned on, the bulb illuminates the flowers, making them look dazzling. Hubert was fascinated and inspired by this incident. Sometimes he had to walk in the dark at night, and it was very inconvenient for him to have one foot higher than the other. Not long ago, he had to carry a heavy oil lamp into the dark basement to find something. He thought, wouldn't it be practical and convenient if he could use an electric light to illuminate his body with him? So Hubert put the battery and the light bulb in a tube, and the first flashlight was born.