Planting method of Toona sinensis
(1) culture mode:
① Common cultivation. The propagation of Toona sinensis can be divided into two types: sowing and seedling raising and ramet propagation (also called root tillering propagation).
Because the germination rate of Toona sinensis seeds is low, before sowing, the seeds should be at 30? Soak in warm water at 35℃ for 24 hours, and then put it at 25℃ to accelerate germination. Seeding when radicle comes into contact with rice grains (the lowest ground temperature during sowing is about 5℃). Generally, Shanghai is in the first half of March. After emergence, 2? 3 true leaves and seedlings, 4? When the seedlings are 5 leaves, they become seedlings, and the row spacing is 25x 15cm.
For propagation by dividing plants, the root seedlings of adult plants can be dug out in early spring and planted in Miao Di, and then planted when the seedlings grow to about 2 meters in the next year. You can also use the method of cutting roots and tillering. In late winter and early spring, dig a 60-cm-deep annular ditch around the adult trees, cut off some lateral roots, and then fill the ditch. Because the roots of Toona sinensis are easy to produce adventitious roots, new seedlings germinate at the top of the cut roots and can be transplanted the next year.
After Toona sinensis seedlings are bred, they are all planted before germination in early spring. Planting Toona sinensis forest in a large area, with row spacing of 7x5m. The plants planted behind the canal and the house are all in a single row, with a spacing of about 5 meters. Watering after planting 2? Triple the survival rate.
② Dwarfing and close planting. This is a cultivation method developed in recent years. Its seedling raising method is the same as that of common cutting, but it is different in planting density and tree pruning. Generally, about 6000 plants are planted every 666.7 square meters. Tree types are divided into two types: multi-layer type, when the seedling height is 2m, the top is removed, and lateral buds germinate to form three layers of backbone branches, 1 layer is 70cm away from the ground, 2 layers are 60cm away from 1 layer, and 3 layers are 40cm away from 2 layers. There are many such multi-layer trunks.
High, completely lignified and stable yield. The cluster type is that when the seedling height is about 1 m, the top will be removed, and Liu Xinfa will only pick young leaves without removing the terminal buds until the branch length is 20? Wipe your head at 30 cm. It is characterized by short trunk and many main branches.
③ Protected cultivation. It can also be divided into two types: one is to close the dwarf Toona sinensis planted in greenhouse (or pipe shed) until mid-June165438+1October (referring to the southern part of North China). The other is to plant 23-year-old seedlings that have passed dormancy in greenhouse (or pipe shed). Indoor (shed) temperature shall be kept at 18 during the day? 24℃, the night temperature is not lower than 65438 02℃, 40? After 45 days, the young leaves can be eaten.
(2) Management: Although the field management of Toona sinensis is extensive, in order to make it grow fast and yield high, we should also pay attention to fertilization and pest control. If the weather is dry, water it in time; Tilling and loosening the soil every year, it is best to interplant green manure between rows, and turn it into the soil or water human and animal manure in May.
Insect pests include Toona sinensis caterpillar, Anoplophora maculata, grasshopper, etc. Can be controlled by pesticides such as Bacillus borealis; Diseases include leaf rust and powdery mildew. It can be controlled by Bordeaux liquid and sulfur liquid.
(3) Picking: Toona sinensis is cultivated by common cultivation and dwarf close planting, which usually germinates before Qingming, and the terminal buds can be picked before and after Grain Rain. The second picking, called the first Toona sinensis bud, is not only fat and tender, but also rich in flavor and high in quality; According to the future growth, every 15? 20 days, the second picking. Newly planted Toona sinensis can be harvested twice at most, and twice a year after 3 years. Three times, the output will increase accordingly. As for protected cultivation, it can also be picked by heating in winter. If it is not heated, tree buds can be supplied in advance in early spring.
Cultivation techniques of Toona sinensis
1. Morphological characteristics of Toona sinensis
Deciduous trees of Toona. Height 10- 15m, and some parts can reach 30m. The bark of Toona sinensis is dark brown with deep longitudinal cracks. The young branches have white powder, and then gradually recede. Toona sinensis leaves have even pinnate compound leaves, 30-50 cm long and 8 leaflets. 10 pair, opposite, elliptic-lanceolate or elliptic, 8? 15cm, with sharp apex and tail, round and asymmetrical base, sparse serrated or entire leaf margin (few), and no hair on both sides except for occasional continuous hair in the axils of back veins; The leaf length is 5- 10 mm. Toona sinensis blooms in June with terminal panicles; Calyx cup-shaped, with 5 serrations; 5 petals, rectangular, white and fragrant; Besides five fertile stamens, there are five staminodes, which are about half the length of fertile stamens. The fruit of Toona sinensis is a capsule, narrow oval, dark brown, long 1.5-3.0cm, diameter 1.0- 1.5 cm, and 5 petals split; The capsule contains several seeds with rectangular membranous wings at the top. The fruit ripening period is 10 month.
2. Growth habit of Toona sinensis
Toona sinensis likes humidity, so it is suitable to be cultivated in the area where the annual average temperature is 8- 10℃, and its cold resistance increases with the increase of tree age. In cold and arid areas, young trees are prone to dead branches in early spring. The direct seeding 1 year-old seedlings can be frozen at about-10℃. It likes light and is more resistant to humidity. It mainly grows in the fertile and humid sandy loam along the river, roadside or courtyard. The suitable soil pH value is pH5.5-8.0. Poor anti-pollution ability.
3. Chemical composition
Toona sinensis is delicious and nutritious. Toona sinensis bud contains protein, sugar, cellulose, fat, carotene, thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, acyclic acid, minerals (calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium, sodium, magnesium, chlorine), VE, aromatic substances, toosendanin, etc. According to the analysis, every100g of Toona sinensis bud contains 5.7g of protein, 0.4g of fat, 0.5g of crude fiber, 0.00g of calcium, 0.20mg of phosphorus, 0.93mg of carotene and 58mg of vitamin C, and its nutritional value ranks first among vegetable crops.
4. Cultivation techniques of Toona sinensis
(1) Cultivation method of burying soil in the open field for overwintering: young trees over 2 years are planted in ditches for dwarfing and close planting, the branches on the ground are pruned in winter, then the soil is buried to protect the roots and overwinter in the open field. Seedling planting generally adopts ditch width 1.2 m, plant spacing of 20 cm, planting 40,500 seedlings per hm ㎡, watering immediately after planting, and then drying and pruning at the surface of 20 cm. The top of Toona sinensis tree has a strong advantage, generally only bud grafting 1? 2. When the buds grow to about 10 cm, start picking buds. Leave one or two new leaves when picking buds, don't break off the whole bud. After 20 days, two lateral buds grew on the axils of the new leaves. 2-year-old trees with thick buds and tender stems have high yield and can be harvested for 4 years. Five times, the total yield is 40-50 kg. Every autumn, branches are cut from the ground for cultivation. Cutting off branches, collecting and preserving, transplanting in the second year, and hydroponically cultivating Toona sinensis buds in the overwintering greenhouse. Common Toona sinensis varieties, cultivated in the cold zone in the open air in winter, will freeze to death on the ground. But the roots are not affected, and the ability to germinate adventitious buds is very strong. After digging the soil in spring, they germinate rapidly with the increase of air temperature and ground temperature. Toona sinensis buds grow rapidly, and can be harvested when the buds grow to 25cm high.
(2) Cultivation method of moving summer seedlings to protected fields in winter: l-2-year-old Toona sinensis seedlings grown in summer are moved to greenhouses for follow-up cultivation and production, which can be used as anti-season vegetables in winter and spring. Toona sinensis seedlings should be planted in high density in greenhouse, 1 annual seedlings: 100- 120 plants/㎡, 2-year seedlings: 70-80 plants/㎡, generally 0.466 h㎡ summer seedlings can be planted in greenhouse in winter. When following in, the seedlings should be graded, and the seedlings should follow, and the temperature should be kept at 20-25℃ during the day and at 10- 14℃ at night. Generally, the Toona sinensis buds can be harvested in 3-4 times. When harvesting, the whole bud should be broken, and the trunk should be trimmed by retraction to promote all leaf buds of the trunk to germinate one after another. After the weather gets warmer, the greenhouse heels among the seedlings will be transplanted to the ground, with 5000-6000 seedlings per mu.
(3) Branch hydroponics: Collect the pruned branches of Toona sinensis, cut them into 20cm long cuttings after wintering, and put them into various containers (such as canned food). ) hold water and put it in the greenhouse, or in the window sill, balcony and other redundant places. So that the leaf buds germinate and grow, and 1-2 Chinese toon buds can be harvested by one cutting.