Chapter 1 Understanding Biology
The first section biological characteristics
A, biological characteristics:
1, biological life needs nutrition 2, biological can breathe 3, can excrete waste.
4, stress 5, composed of cells (except viruses) 6, growth and development 7, reproduction 8, genetic variation
Second, the observation method P2
The second section investigates the creatures around us
First, the general method of investigation
Steps: define the purpose of the investigation, determine the object of the investigation, make a reasonable investigation plan, record the investigation, sort out the investigation results and write the investigation report.
Second, the classification of organisms
According to the morphological structure: animals, plants, other organisms.
According to the living environment: terrestrial organisms and aquatic organisms.
According to the purpose: crops, poultry, livestock and pets.
Chapter II Biosphere is the home of all living things.
Section 1 Biosphere
Scope of biosphere: the bottom of the atmosphere: flying birds, insects, bacteria, etc.
The whole hydrosphere: the water layer within 0/50 meters from the sea level/kloc.
The surface of the lithosphere is the foothold of all terrestrial creatures.
The biosphere provides basic conditions for living things: nutrients, sunlight, air and water, suitable temperature and certain living space.
In the second quarter, the influence of environment on living things
I effects of abiotic factors on living things: light, moisture, temperature, etc.
Second, the experiment of the influence of light on the life of rat women (understanding and mastering the topic of the senior high school entrance examination paper)
Third, the process of inquiry: 1, finding problems, asking questions, making assumptions, making plans, implementing plans, drawing conclusions, expressing and communicating.
Iv. control experiment P 15
Five, the influence of biological factors on biology:
According to the relationship between the same species or different species, biological factors can be divided into two types: 1, intraspecies relationship: intraspecies mutual assistance (ants move food), and intraspecies struggle (two leopards compete for antelope and habitat).
2. Interspecific relationships: parasitism (ascaris lumbricoides), competition (lions and leopards compete for food) and mutual assistance (rhinoceros and rhinoceros birds).
The third quarter biological adaptation and influence to the environment
A, biological adaptation to the environment P 19 example
Second, the biological impact on the environment: transpiration of plants can adjust air humidity, dead leaves and branches of plants can adjust soil fertility after decay, animal manure can improve soil, and earthworms can loosen soil.
Section 4 Ecosystem
I. Composition of the ecosystem:
1, biological part: producer, consumer, decomposer
2. Abiotic parts: sunlight, water, air and temperature.
Second, the food chain and food web:
1, the food chain starts from the producer.
2. Matter-energy flows along the food chain-food web.
3. The higher the trophic level, the less the biomass; The higher the trophic level, the more toxic substances are accumulated, such as Shuiwu disease in Japan.
Third, the ecosystem has a certain ability of automatic adjustment.
Under normal circumstances, the number and proportion of organisms in the ecosystem are relatively stable, but this automatic adjustment ability has a certain limit, beyond which it will be destroyed.
Section 5 The biosphere is the largest ecosystem
I. Types of ecosystems p29
Forest ecosystem, grassland ecosystem, farmland ecosystem, marine ecosystem, urban ecosystem, etc.
Second, the biosphere is a unified whole p30
Pay attention to the example of DDT (the topic of practicing papers at ordinary times) Unit 2 Biology and Cells.
The first chapter is to observe the cell structure.
Section 1 Practice using a microscope
I. Structure of 1. microscope
Mirror seat: stabilize the mirror body;
Mirror column: support the part above the mirror column;
Mirror arm: the part that holds the mirror;
Stage: the place where slide specimens are placed. There is a light hole in the center and a tablet clamp on both sides to fix the observed object.
Shutter: There are round holes with different sizes on it, which are called apertures. Each aperture can be aimed at the light hole. Light is used to adjust the intensity of light;
Mirror: it can rotate to make the light reflect up through the light hole. Its two sides are different:
Lens barrel: an eyepiece is installed at the upper end, and a converter is installed at the lower end. An objective lens is installed on the converter, and a focusing screw is installed at the rear.
Quasi-focus screw: coarse quasi-focus screw (also known as coarse adjustment): the lens barrel rises and falls greatly when rotating; Fine focus spiral (also called fine tuning).
The relationship between rotation direction and lifting direction: rotate the quasi-focus screw clockwise, and the lens barrel will descend; On the contrary, it will rise.
Three, the use of the microscope P37-38 figure to master.
1, the observed object image is contrary to the actual image.
2. Magnification = objective lens multiple x eyepiece multiple
3. Biological specimens observed under a microscope should be thin and transparent, and the light can penetrate, so they can be observed clearly. Therefore, they must be processed into slide specimens.
Section II Observation of Plant Cells
First, the difference between slicing, smearing and assembling P42
II. Experimental Process P43-44
Third, the basic structure of plant cells
1, cell wall: support, protection
2. Cell membrane: controls the entry and exit of substances.
3. Cytoplasm: liquid and mobile.
4. Nucleus: storing and transmitting genetic information.
5. Chloroplast: the place for photosynthesis.
6. Vacuole: Cell fluid
7. Mitochondria: the place to breathe.
Section III Observation of Animal Cells
First, observe the oral epithelial cell experiment P47.
Second, the structure of animal cells
1, cell membrane: controls the entry and exit of substances.
2. Nucleus: storing and transmitting genetic information.
3. Cytoplasm: liquid and mobile.
Chapter II Cell Life
Section 1 Cell life needs matter and energy
1. Matter consists of molecules, which are constantly moving. Take the experiment of sugar melting as an example.
Molecules are not the smallest particles of matter, but atoms, which are the smallest units of matter, while cells are the structural and functional units of organisms.
Second, the substance in the cell
Organic matter (usually containing carbon and combustible): sugars, lipids, protein and nucleic acids, which are macromolecules.
Inorganic substances (generally carbon-free): water, inorganic substances, oxygen, etc. These are small molecules.
The cell membrane controls the entry and exit of substances, and is selective for substances, with useful substances entering and waste discharging.
Four, the energy converter in the cell:
Chloroplast: Photosynthesis is the process in which carbon dioxide and water are combined into sugar and oxygen is produced.
Mitochondria: Breathing, it is the "power factory" and "engine" in cells.
Section 2 The nucleus is the genetic information base
First, genetic information exists in the nucleus.
Dolly's example p55
Second, the carrier of genetic information in the nucleus-DNA
1, DNA structure is like a spiral ladder.
2. A gene is a fragment of DNA with specific genetic information.
Third, DNA and protein constitute chromosomes.
1, different biological individuals, the morphology and number of chromosomes are completely different.
2, individuals of the same species, chromosomes in the form, quantity to maintain a certain.
3. Chromosomes are easily dyed dark by alkaline dyes.
4. The number of chromosomes should be kept constant, otherwise there will be serious genetic diseases.
Four, the control center of the cell is the nucleus.
The cells in the third section divide to produce new cells.
First, the growth of organisms from childhood is due to: cell growth and cell division.
Second, cell division
1, chromosome replication.
2. The nucleus is divided into two equal nuclei.
3. The cytoplasm is divided into two parts.
4. Plant cells: new cell membranes and cell walls are formed among the original cells.
Animal cell: The cell membrane gradually invades, and two new cells are formed. Chapter III How do cells form organisms?
The first section of the animal body structure level
I. Concepts of cell division and cell differentiation
Third, all kinds of cells formed by cell differentiation can only exercise their functions when they are gathered together. The cell group formed by these cells with similar morphological structure and the same function is called tissue.
Four, several kinds of tissues are arranged together in a certain order, which are interrelated to form a structure with a certain shape and multiple functions to meet the needs of a certain aspect of life activities in plants. Such a structure is called an organ.
The basic tissues of animals and people can be divided into four types: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nerve tissue.
Six or four kinds of tissues are formed in a certain order, and one of them is dominant to form organs.
Seven, a number of organs in an animal or human body that can perform one or more physiological functions together form a system in a certain order.
Eight, the basic structural levels of animals and people: cells → tissues → organs → systems → animal bodies and human bodies.
Ix. P65 Question 3
X. Names of the eight major systems
Section II Structural Levels of Plants
First, the six organs of colored flowering plants
1, vegetative organs: roots, stems and leaves 2, reproductive organs: flowers, fruits and seeds.
Second, the organization of plants
Meristem, protective tissue, vegetative tissue, transport tissue, etc.
Section III Organisms with Only One Cell
One, single-celled organisms: yeast, paramecium, Chlamydomonas, eupolyphaga, amoeba.
Second, paramecium
Structure: cilia, epidermis, collecting tube, contraction vesicle, anal canal, sulcus, food vacuole, cytoplasm, nucleus (macronucleus, micronucleus).
Function: take notes
Third, the relationship between single-celled organisms and human beings
1, beneficial aspects: notes
2. Harmful aspects: notes
Unit 3 Green Plants in the Biosphere
Section 1 Algae, Bryophytes and Ferns
First, the aerial part of ferns is not a stem, but its compound leaves; Underground parts are underground stems and roots.
Second, ferns have differentiation of roots, stems, leaves and other organs, but also have transport tissues and mechanical tissues, so the plants are relatively tall.
3. Spore is a kind of germ cell, and sporangium can not be seen at any time, but can be seen during reproduction in summer, when spore germinates, prothallus can be formed.
4. The economic significance of pteridophytes lies in: ① Some of them are edible; ② Some medicines are available; ③ Some are for viewing; ④ Some of them can be used as excellent green manure and feed; The remains of ancient pteridophytes turned into coal after a long time.
5. There are two types of bryophytes: one has differentiation of stems and leaves, but the stems are very small and the leaves are small and thin, such as cucurbit moss and wall moss; The other has no differentiation of stems and leaves, and the plant body is just a flat leaflike body, such as liverworts.
6. The roots of bryophytes are false roots, which can't absorb water and inorganic salts, while the stems and leaves of bryophytes have no conducting tissues and can't transport water. Therefore, bryophytes can't leave the environment of boiling water.
7. Bryophytes grow densely, and the gaps between plants can store water. Therefore, patches of bryophytes play a certain role in soil and water conservation of woodland and Shan Ye.
Bryophytes are very sensitive to toxic gases such as sulfur dioxide, and it is difficult for them to survive near heavily polluted cities and factories. People take advantage of this feature and regard bryophytes as indicator plants to monitor the degree of air pollution.
Nine, the main characteristics of algae plants: simple structure, single-celled or multicellular individuals, no differentiation of roots, stems, leaves and other organs; There are chloroplasts in cells, which can carry out photosynthesis; Most of them live in water.
Organic matter produced by algae plants through photosynthesis can be used as bait for fish, and the released oxygen is not only for fish to breathe, but also an important source of oxygen in the atmosphere.
Economic significance of algae: ① kelp, laver, sea cabbage and so on are edible; ② iodine, fucoidan and agar extracted from algae plants can be used in industry and medicine.
Chapter IV Organism without Cell Structure-Virus
I. Types of viruses
According to different hosts: animal virus, plant virus and bacterial virus (phage)
Second, the structure of the virus
Genetic material in the shell and inside of protein.
Third, the relationship between virus and human beings.
Section 2 Seed Plants
First, the structure of seeds
Broad bean seeds: seed coat, embryo (embryo, hypocotyl, radicle) and cotyledon (2 pieces).
Corn seeds: pericarp and seed coat, embryo, cotyledon (1 piece), endosperm.
Second, seed plants are more adaptable to life on land than mosses and ferns. One of the important reasons is that they can produce seeds.
Three, gymnosperms and angiosperms
Remember the common gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Fourth, the role of peel (see notes) Chapter II The life of angiosperms
Section 1 Seed Germination
First, the conditions needed for seed germination
Environmental conditions: suitable temperature, certain moisture and sufficient air.
Self-conditions: full seeds, complete embryos, vitality, has passed the dormancy period.
2. Determination of seed germination rate and sampling inspection
Third, the process of seed germination
Absorbing water-transporting nutrients-radicle developing into root-embryo axis developing into stem and leaf.
Section II Plant Growth
First, the structure of the root tip and the function of each part
Second, the growth of young roots
1, the fastest growing part is: elongation zone.
2. The growth of roots depends on the increase of the number of cells in meristem area and the increase of cell volume in elongation area.
Third, the structure of the bud
1, bud axis-develop into stem
2, bud primordium-develop into lateral buds
3. Growing point-make the bud axis continuously elongate, and produce new bud primordia and Ye Yuan bases.
4, Ye Yuan base-develop into young leaves]
4. Nutrients needed for plant growth
Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
Section 3 Flowering and Fruiting
1. Flowers develop from flower buds.
Second, the structure of flowers
Petals, receptacle, calyx, stamens (anthers, filaments), pistils (ovary, style, stigma)
Third, pollination and fertilization
See notes
Fourth, the formation of fruits and seeds
Ovary-fruit fertilized egg-embryo fertilization polar nucleus-endosperm
Ovule-seed integument-seed coat
Five, artificial pollination
Artificial pollination can be assisted when pollination is insufficient.
Chapter III Green Plants and the Cycle of Biosphere
Section 1 The life of green plants needs water
First, the role of water in plants
1, water is a component of cells.
2. Water can keep the natural posture of plants.
3. Water is the solvent for absorption and transportation of substances in plants.
4. Water participates in the metabolic activities of plants.
Second, water affects the distribution of plants
Three, the water demand of plants in different periods is different P 109.
Section 2 Ways of Water Entering Plants
First, the main part of root water absorption is the mature area of root tip, where there are a lot of root hairs.
Second, the structure of the root
From outside to inside: bark: phloem (with sieve tube), cambium; Xylem (with vessel)
Third, the way of water transportation
Conduit: upward conveying water and inorganic salts.
Screen tube: conveying the organic matter produced by photosynthesis of blades downwards.
In the third quarter, green plants participate in the water cycle of biosphere
First, the structure of the blade
Upper and lower epidermis, mesophyll (palisade tissue, sponge tissue), vein and stomata.
Second, the structure of stomata, to protect cells from water absorption and expansion, stomata open; The guard cells lose water and contract, and the stomata close.
Stomata are open during the day and closed at night.
Third, the significance of transpiration:
1, can reduce the temperature of plants, so that plants will not be burned.
2. It is the main power for roots to absorb water and promote water transport in the body.
3, inorganic salts dissolved in water can be promoted to be transported in the body.
4. It can increase atmospheric humidity, reduce ambient temperature and increase precipitation.
Chapter IV Green plants are producers of organic matter in the biosphere.
Section 1 Green plants make organic matter through photosynthesis
First, the experiment of geranium
1, dark treatment: put geraniums in the dark for one night.
2. Control experiment: Cover the upper and lower surfaces of half a leaf with black paper.
3. Decolorization: After several hours, put the leaves in water and heat them in isolation.
4. Dyeing: Dyeing with iodine solution
5. Conclusion: Starch turns blue when it meets iodine, and the visible part is photosynthesized to produce organic matter.
Second, photosynthesis
1, organic substances such as starch are produced.
2. Convert light energy into chemical energy and store it in organic matter.
Section 2 Utilization of Organic Matter by Green Plants
I. Utilization of Organic Matter by Green Plants
1, the object used for construction
2. Provide energy for the life activities of plants
Second, the respiratory function
1, in mitochondria
2. Organic matter is decomposed into carbon dioxide and water, and the stored energy is also released for life activities.
Chapter V Green Plants and Carbon-oxygen Balance in Biosphere
First, photosynthesis produces oxygen
Carbon dioxide+water-organic matter+oxygen+energy
Chloroplast (storing energy)
Second, photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide as raw material.
Through photosynthesis, green plants constantly consume carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and produce oxygen, maintaining the balance of carbon and oxygen in the biosphere.
Third, pay attention to reasonable close planting when planting crops.
Chapter VI Caring for Vegetation and Greening the Motherland
I. Main vegetation types in China
Grassland, desert, tropical rain forest, evergreen broad-leaved forest, deciduous broad-leaved forest, coniferous forest
Second, the main problems facing China's vegetation
1, low vegetation coverage
2. Forest resources and grassland resources are seriously damaged.