1) Edible fungi industry
From the development history, the current scale is formed by the cultivation of Lentinus edodes in the 1950s, Agaricus bisporus in the 1960s, Pleurotus ostreatus with straw in the 1970s, Pleurotus ostreatus with cotton wool in the 1980s and Flammulina velutipes in the 1990s. At present, the main cultivated varieties are Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinus edodes, Flammulina velutipes and Agaricus bisporus. After 1990s, edible fungi were considered as healthy food, and many researches were carried out, and medicinal fungi such as Cordyceps sinensis, Agaricus blazei, Phellinus igniarius and rare mushrooms such as hypsizygus marmoreus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus eryngii, Hericium erinaceus and Coprinus comatus were cultivated artificially.
According to the statistics of agriculture, forestry and fisheries, the total output of edible fungi in Korea in 1999 has reached more than127,000 tons, including 76,849 tons of Pleurotus ostreatus, accounting for more than 60% of the total output, with an output value of 3174 billion won (1300 won = 1 USD). Followed by Lentinus edodes, dried Lentinus edodes accounted for 4 149 tons, with an output value of13.3 billion won; Flammulina velutipes 24572 tons, 810.50 billion won; Agaricus bisporus 19774 tons, 70.7 billion won; Ganoderma lucidum 1238 tons (dry), 30 billion won. In addition, the output value of Tricholoma matsutake, Cordyceps sinensis and Agaricus blazei can rank tenth after grain, pigs, peppers and milk.
By the mid-1990s, the production of Pleurotus ostreatus took straw and waste cotton as raw materials, and the output increased greatly, but the growth rate was quite slow recently. The yield per "flat" (3.3m2 is flat) is generally 23kg. 1999 The average kilogram price of Pleurotus ostreatus is 4 130 won; The yield of Agaricus bisporus is 46 kg per flat, and the average price per kg is about 3576 won. Lentinus edodes has developed rapidly since 1980s, and recently it has developed from field cultivation to simple shed cultivation. In recent years, with the import of Lentinus edodes and Lentinus edodes cylinders from China, its output has also increased.
Among the edible fungi cultivated in bottles, the production of Flammulina velutipes developed fastest in the late 1990s, but recently the market price fell below the production cost, so many farmers who cultivated Flammulina velutipes turned to Pleurotus eryngii (Pleurotus ostreatus) or Pleurotus ostreatus for bottle cultivation. The average kilogram price of Flammulina velutipes 1999 was 33 19 won, but it dropped by about half in 2004. With the increase of consumption of healthy drinks, the output of Ganoderma lucidum has not changed much, but due to the active development of other medicinal bacteria, its output tends to decrease, and the price of dried Ganoderma lucidum of 1999 is 24,270 won.
2) Domestic circulation and price of Korean edible fungi.
The price of edible fungi in the Korean market is directly related to different cultivation periods and yields. After IMF, the price of edible fungi began to decline at the end of 1998, and then began to rise with the recovery of domestic economy. However, the price of Flammulina velutipes continued to decline because the output exceeded the demand.
① Pleurotus ostreatus
Although influenced by IMF, 1998 began to decline at the end of 1998, it began to rise steadily in 2003. From the cultivation period, the average price in winter is 4700 won/kg, the lowest, and the average price in summer is 7 1 10 won/kg, which is higher than that in winter. From the perspective of months, February and September are the highest in the Spring Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival. The above reason is that the number of farmers increases in the slack season in winter, but cooling equipment is needed in summer to reduce the planting area.
② Mushrooms
After the IMF, the price of mushrooms began to rise. The price in 2000 was obviously higher than 1999. 1 June 1999, the price of1kg of fresh mushrooms reached 15300 won, a record high, about 5000 won higher than the annual average price. In terms of regional comparison, in June 2004, 1, Seoul 16000 won/kg, Toyama 17000 won/kg and Daejeon 16000 won/kg. In addition, the price of dried mushrooms last year was 40,000 won per kilogram, and the national price was relatively average.
(2) Current situation of edible fungi import and export trade
In 2000, the main edible fungi (Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, Agaricus bisporus, Ganoderma lucidum and Tricholoma matsutake) exported 662 tons, with an export value of 36.23 million US dollars, an import value of 9506 tons and an import value of 654.38+065.438+0.39 million US dollars. In terms of figures, the import and export surplus reached 24.84 million US dollars. However, 85% of the export volume is matsutake. If we don't consider the export of Tricholoma matsutake, the situation will be very different, and the import and export trade will have a deficit of about $4 million.
Before 1978, the export of Agaricus bisporus was as high as $50 million. However, taking 1978 as the turning point, the production of Agaricus bisporus declined due to the listing of China products, so the production of Agaricus bisporus changed from export to domestic sales. In 2000, the export volume was only 16 tons, and the export volume was only $86,000. On the contrary, the import of Agaricus bisporus in 1998 was 230 1 ton, and in 1999 it was 6482 tons, and in 2000 it was 7765 tons, which changed from the main export variety to the imported variety.
In 2000, the export of dried mushrooms was 108 tons, which was more than 80% lower than the 596 tons of 1993. Exports to Japan 1 15 tons, Hong Kong 9 1 ton, Singapore 12 tons, the United States 4 tons, and other countries or regions 4 tons. 126 tons in 1995, but only 6 tons were exported in199, and 7 tons were exported from 200/kloc-0 to July, with Japan as the main exporter. In terms of import, 5 14 tons of dried mushrooms were imported from 193, and the import volume in 2000 was as high as 1079 tons. All dried mushrooms were imported from China. In 0996, 65438+3 tons of fresh mushrooms were imported, and 59 tons were imported in 2000. By July, 2006, 5,438+0, 5 1 ton was imported in seven months, all of which were imported from China.
According to the import and export situation of Korean edible fungus strains, from 2000 to July, the cumulative import was 2580 1 15kg, including 256 17kg in China, 8568kg in the Netherlands, 5600kg in Australia and 4630kg in Japan. However, from May 38, 2006 to June-July, the import volume has reached 18 10558 kg, including China 17970 1 kg, Australia's 2 1750 kg, Japan's 3375 kg and France's 65433. Most of the imported strains are Lentinus edodes bags and Pleurotus ostreatus bags from China, Agaricus bisporus from Australia and Holland, and Flammulina velutipes from Japan.
The above situation shows that with the development of domestic economy, the shortage of rural labor force, the rise of labor price and the shortage of edible fungi raw materials, the output of Korean edible fungi industry is declining, thus reducing exports and increasing imports to meet the needs of the domestic market. South Korea imported a small amount of fresh mushrooms and a large number of mushrooms and mushroom bags from China.
The raw materials for edible fungi production in Korea, especially Pleurotus ostreatus, are mainly straw, waste cotton, cottonseed hull and sawdust. Except straw and sawdust produced in China, all waste cotton, cottonseed hulls and cottonseed cakes are imported from Pakistan, Australia and China, with an annual import volume of about 60,000 tons.