Lotus root, also known as lotus. Originally from China, lotus root cultivation history of more than 3,000 years, is a very wide range of aquatic cash crops, it is not only edible, medicinal, or one of China's top ten flowers, loved by the majority of the people, but also the literati most favored one of the flowers. The following is a detailed introduction to the lotus root cultivation techniques.
Lotus root cultivation technology
First, the requirements of environmental conditions
Lotus root is a light-loving, temperate plants. The sprouting temperature in 15 ℃ ~ 20 ℃, the growth of the optimal temperature of 28 ~ 30 ℃, the greater the temperature difference between day and night, the more conducive to the formation of the expansion of lotus root.
Lotus root can not leave the water throughout the reproductive period, suitable for the depth of water below 100 centimeters. The same species planted in shallow water, lotus root internodes are shorter, the number of sections is more, while planted in deep water internodes spacing long and thick, the number of sections is less.
Lotus is not strict on soil requirements, in a wide range can grow, suitable for PH value of 6.5 ~ 7.5. fertilizer, suitable for growth in organic matter, deeper cultivation layer (30 ~ 50 cm) and water retention capacity of clay soil.
Second, the varieties and types of lotus root
1, Variety selection
Lotus root after thousands of years of cultivation, varieties of resources have been very rich in this article on the cultivation of the most widely grown several varieties of lotus root briefly described.
① E lotus one: early maturity, less flowers, shallow into the mud. The main root 6 to 7 sections, 130 cm long, a single weight of about 5 kg, skin color yellow and white. 1000 kg of green lotus root per mu can be collected in early July, September to October can be collected after the old mature lotus root 2000 to 2500 kg or so, suitable for fried food.
② E lotus four: medium-ripe, flower white. The main root 5 to 7 sections, 120 to 150 cm long, single branch weight 5 to 6 kg or so, the tip of the section is thick, skin yellowish white. mid to late July can be collected green lotus root, mu yield 750 to 1000 kg or so, in September can start to collect the old ripe lotus root, mu yield 2500 kg or so, the raw food is sweeter, the simmering soup is more powder, is also suitable for fried food.
③ E lotus five: early and medium maturity. The main lotus root 5 ~ 6 sections, 120 cm long, lotus root meat thick, ventilation holes small, surface skin white. mid-late July per mu production of green lotus root 500 ~ 800kg, late August production of mature lotus root 2500kg. growth potential, not early decline, strong resistance, stable yield, fried and simmered soup flavor is good, in the south and export markets are very popular.
④ new one lotus root: the main root 5 to 6 sections, 120 cm long. Lotus root type fat, skin white meat crisp, good commercialization. ripe in mid to late August, the general mu yield of about 2500kg. Simmering soup powder, cold, fried taste sweet.
2, Types
According to different bases, the lotus root can be divided into different types.
Based on the main cultivation purpose: Lotus root can be divided into flower lotus, seed lotus and lotus root lotus three types. For the purpose of flower viewing, it is called flower lotus, for the purpose of harvesting lotus seeds, it is called seed lotus, and for the purpose of harvesting the fat underground rhizomes, it is called root lotus, often also called lotus root, lotus vegetable, and lotus root.
Based on the depth of water suitable for cultivation: There are two categories, one is shallow water lotus root, refers to the cultivation of varieties suitable for water depth of 5 to 50 centimeters; a class of deep-water lotus root, refers to the cultivation of varieties suitable for water depth of 50 to 100 centimeters.
In addition, according to the ripeness can be divided into early maturity type, medium maturity type, late maturity type. And so on.
Third, lotus root cultivation methods
(a) shallow water lotus root
1, lotus root field selection. Shallow water lotus root is mostly cultivated for the paddy field, should choose sunshine, stable water level, fertile soil paddy field planting.
2, lotus seed selection. You should choose the main root of the good variety of purebred and larger subroot for the seed, the seed root of the top bud, side buds, leaf buds complete.
3, land preparation and fertilization. 666.7m2 of green manure fresh grass 3000-5000kg, or 2500-3000kg of animal and human manure as base fertilizer, deep plowing 20-30cm, rake the whole land, put 3-5cm of shallow water.
4, planting time. Generally in the local average daily temperature of 15 ℃ or more, paddy field soil temperature of 12 ℃ or more when planting. The Yangtze River basin in mid-April to early May.
5, reasonable dense planting. Seed root appropriate dense planting, can be early maturity and increase yield. Such as the big purple red varieties, plant spacing 0.7m × 1.5m, per 666.7m2400-500 plants, with the amount of seed 300-400kg, 666.7m2 production of 2000kg or more, early harvest. Early-maturing varieties are planted at higher densities. General row spacing 1.2-1.5m, hole spacing 1m, 2 branches per hole, every 666.7m2 planted about 1000 branches. Late-maturing varieties row spacing 2-2.5m, hole spacing 1m, 666.7m2 planting 600-700 root seeds.
6, the way to plant roots. When planting lotus root, use the oblique insertion method, bury the root head into the mud 8-12cm, the tail section is slightly upward, before and after tilting 20°-25°. The root heads of the planted roots are relative to each other, and the root heads of the surrounding planting points are always facing the field, generally in a better three-way arrangement.
7, plow and weed. Once a month, plow and weed until the basic line is closed.
8, staged fertilizer. General lotus root field should be staged fertilizer, 30-40 days after planting lotus root, just grow out of the standing leaves 5 should be applied fertilizer, in order to promote the branching and leafing out, per 666.7m2 urea 10-15kg or 1500kg of rotted manure. to the field has been full of standing leaves, part of the plant appeared after the building of the leaf, that is, the ground began to root, reapply the lotus root fertilizer, per 666.7m2 urea 20kg, and in addition to the calcium superphosphate 20-25kg. The fertilizer is 20kg of urea per 666.7m2 and 20-25kg of calcium superphosphate to promote the growth of new roots. If the plant growth is not prosperous, the standing leaves are few and small, can be in the middle of the two fertilizer and then an additional application. Before each fertilizer should try to put shallow field water, fertilization should be carried out in the dew dry, after each application should be watered to rinse the leaves to prevent burns, 1 day after the application of water.
9, water level management. Pre-growth to maintain 5-10cm shallow water, in order to increase soil temperature, to promote growth. Mid-growth, that is, the occurrence of branching and the emergence of vertical leaves should gradually deepen the water level, generally to about 20cm, the deepest should not be more than 50cm, in order to promote the vertical leaves by the tall, inhibit the occurrence of small branches, improve the large branching rate of lotus root, the late vertical leaves full of field, the emergence of the back of the Dongzhong leaf should be lowered to the water level of 10-15cm, in order to promote the lotus root. In short, the law of water level control is: shallow - deep - shallow, heavy rain timely drainage.
10, turn the root head. Lotus root growth, in order to prevent underground stems across the ridge, should be near the ridge at any time to the top of the field to the field to turn, every 3-5 days to see once, lotus root is very tender, turn the head to be especially careful, so as not to break.
11, pest control. The main pests and diseases of lotus root are:
① Lotus constrictor aphid. Homoptera, Aphidaceae. early May to November are occurring, to the worms, adults gathered in the leaf buds, buds and the back of the leaf, sucking sap damage, occurring more than 20 generations per year.
Control methods: 40｛bf｝Lego emulsifiable concentrate 1000-1200 times liquid spray; 50｛bf｝Antiophthalmos wettable powder 1000-2000 times liquid spray; 20｛bf｝Methoprene emulsifiable concentrate 2000-4000 times liquid spray.
② rice root leaf beetle. Also known as root-eating golden flower bugs, water maggots. It belongs to Coleoptera, Leaf Beetle family. The larvae jeopardize the stem nodes of the lotus, sucking the sap, so that the lotus leaves withered and died, and the adults also gnawed on the lotus leaves.
Control methods: crop rotation in dry and water fields can kill the overwintering larvae in the soil; clear weeds in the lotus field, especially the eye, can reduce the adult egg-laying opportunities and food; combined with winter plowing or spring plowing, every 666.7m2 with 50 ｛bf｝Xiwei Yin wettable powder 1.5-2kg plus 5kg of fine soil, such as every 666.7m2 and then apply 20-30kg of lime, sprinkled into the field, it is the effect of the better. better.
③ Black spot disease. This disease mainly occurs on the leaves. Beginning to appear light brown spots, and then expand, the diameter of up to 10-15mm. spots have obvious whorls and black mold. In severe cases, a large number of lotus leaves die.
Control: 70｛bf｝metribuzin wettable powder, 100g per 666.7m2 per time or 25｛bf｝doramectin wettable powder per 666.7m2 per time 200g, add water 75kg regular spray.
(B) deep water planting roots
deep water planting roots and shallow water planting roots in the technology has a lot of the same, now only will be different briefly:
1, water surface selection. Planting lotus root ponds should be selected sunny, water level is relatively stable (spring water level in about 30cm, the maximum water level in summer does not exceed 1m), slow water flow, underwater silt layer of more than 20cm of shallow lakes, bays, ponds.
2, land preparation. Deep-water lotus root is generally planted once and harvested for many years, so the requirements for land preparation are high. The previous crop is often cattails and reeds, generally the first summer after harvesting the previous crop, with a large spade deep turning 30cm or so, and the root of the district cut, immersed in water, prompting the previous crop root decay, the formation of a large amount of humus, to improve the soil. The following spring to do ridge, leveling and broken district, with conditions of available machine plow. After leveling into shallow water, you can plant roots.
3, seed root selection. Select the deep water type of species planting. The amount of seeds per 666.7m2 is about 20 ｛bf｝ more than the shallow water lotus root.
4, timely planting. Because the water level is deeper, the soil warms up more slowly, and the planting period is delayed 10-15 days compared to the local shallow-water lotus root. Requirements for planting the mud pressure, to prevent floating, planting seedlings to fill the gap in time to prevent the lack of plants.
5, chase solid fertilizer. Deep water in the fertilizer is easy to lose, should not apply liquid fertilizer, can only be applied to the stable fertilizer or grass green manure, stuffed into the mud underwater, or fertilizer and river mud fully mixed, made into fertilizer mud mass, applied to the field.
6, adjust the water level. Deep water roots in the summer when the water level soars, should be timely drainage, especially in the standing leaves flooded, to be within 8h emergency drainage, so that the green leaves exposed to the water to prevent drowning.
7, wind and waves. Deep-water lotus root is vulnerable to wind and wave damage, especially during the lotus root typhoon attack, shaking the roots and plants, easy to cause yield loss. Should be planted around the lotus swing wild rice or wild rice grass rows, wind and waves, reduce wind damage.
8, digging root seeds. Deep-water roots generally mature later, to stand all the leaves yellow, lotus root has matured, leaving 1/4 part of the next year as the seed lotus, that is, each pick 2m wide, stay 0.5m not harvested.
9, deep water lotus root picking. First find the termination of the petiole, and then along the termination of the petiole with the tip of the foot into the mud to explore the lotus root, with the lotus root body on both sides of the soil stirrups to go, and then from the back of the building on the outside of the leaf joints of the lotus root whip stepped on the broken, and finally with one hand to grab the lotus root after the handle, the other hand from the bottom of the lotus root body to hold the middle, gently backward to raise the soil, out of the water. If the water depth is more than 1m, you can use an iron hook with a long handle to hook the root section.