(1) land selection and planting
Mulberry has strong adaptability, but it can grow healthily whether planted in loessial soil, sandy loam or loam. However, plots with sufficient sunlight, good ventilation, deep soil layer, low groundwater level, certain irrigation and drainage conditions, far away from toxic gas and dust pollution or gentle slopes in hilly and mountainous areas should be selected, and planting plots should be managed in a centralized and contiguous manner. Mulberry varieties commonly planted include seedless Big Ten (figure 1), Guo Hong 1 (figure 2), Guo Hong No.2 (figure 3), Wang Baiyu (figure 4) and other fine varieties. Red fruit series is a variety with high yield, strong resistance, upright branches and good fruit stability. Seedless Dashi is a variety that can be eaten fresh and juiced. It is seedless, precocious and has a high juice yield. Planting varieties can be selected according to actual needs. No matter which variety is planted, 5%~ 10% of male plants must be allocated as pollination trees. The direction of mulberry garden can be determined according to the direction of the plot, and the north-south direction is better as far as possible. Planting density should generally be controlled at 200~300 plants per mu. The row spacing with good soil quality is 2.5 meters, the plant spacing 1.5 meters, and the yield per mu is about 200 plants. The row spacing in hilly areas is 2.0 meters, and the plant spacing 1.0~ 1.2 meters, and the yield per mu is about 300 plants. The average annual output of mulberry and mulberry leaves is 1, 000 ~ 1, 500 kg and 1, 000 kg respectively.
Figure 1 Top Ten Non-nuclear Plants
Fig. 2 Guo Hong 1
Figure 3 Guo Hong 2
Figure 4 White Jade King
(2) Tree culture
It is best to use trees with medium and low trunks. In the case of low trunk, the trunk of the seedling will be cut off at a height of 20~25 cm from the ground before the juice flows out in the first spring; Cut the middle part of the trunk 25 ~ 35 cm from the ground. After that, the height is increased by 20 cm every year, and the first layer of branches and the second layer of branches are cut off respectively, and the target tree is completed in three years (Figure 5). Each plant leaves 2~4 branches in the first layer and 4~6 branches in the second layer. It should be noted that spring pruning should be used in the first two years during tree cultivation. If summer cutting is adopted in order to harvest more mulberry fruits, it will not be conducive to cultivating the tree shape and high yield of mulberry fields. Summer cutting began in the third year, and summer cutting was carried out every year in the third year, gradually forming mulberry boxing.
Figure 5 Target Tree
(3) Fruit mulberry care
1) correct pruning. The fruit of mulberry mainly depends on the branches cultivated after pruning last summer. Prune the fallen branches and diseased branches of dead piles every winter. In addition, the ratio of fruit yield to leaf yield can be adjusted by cutting in different seasons. If picking leaves is the main method, spring shearing can increase leaf yield and reduce fruit yield. If the tendency of cutting down trees on sloping land in summer has declined year after year, you can also adopt the method of spring cutting, raise 1~2 years, and then cut down trees in summer to bear fruit.
2) Reasonable thinning of buds (leaves). Reasonable bud thinning and leaf picking are to concentrate nutrition, ventilate and transmit light, and make the mulberry structure more perfect. Sparse buds when the new buds grow to about 20 cm after cutting in spring or summer. According to the requirements of each mulberry 1~2 buds and each mulberry 10~ 15 buds, keep strong buds in proper positions and sparse weak buds and redundant buds. In spring, when mulberry fruits are about to mature, mulberry leaves with dense middle and lower branches should be properly removed to strengthen ventilation and light transmission and increase fructose content of mulberry trees. Bud thinning and leaf picking can be combined with leaves for silkworm rearing.
3) Prune in time. The purpose of pruning is to fully concentrate nutrients and improve the yield and quality of mulberry. When pruning, only the shoots with the top length of 10 ~ 20cm should be pruned, and the time should be from the end of 165438+ 10 to the beginning of 65438+ 10. After the mulberry leaves fall, it is easy to find winter buds and autumn elephants prematurely.
4) Pick leaves properly. Mulberry orchards, which mainly produce fruit, can use leaves to raise silkworms in spring and late autumn, but they can't be picked excessively every time, because leaves are important organs for mulberry to make nutrients. In spring silkworm rearing, ants should be collected in the middle stage of picking mulberry fruits (silkworm rearing should be started), especially in the late autumn, and 10 mulberry leaves should be left on the branches, otherwise it will have a great impact on the next year's fruit production.
5) Strengthen disease prevention. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is the main disease of fruit mulberry found at present. Mulberry leaves infected with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum turn white and fall off, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum overwinters in the ground and shallow soil. When the mulberry blooms in spring, fungal spores exposed to the ground will fly with the wind, infect the mulberry flowers, and then propagate into the sclerotium in the mulberry, resulting in fruit death. The control method can be divided into three steps. The first step is to immediately remove the mulberry fruit with white lesions in spring, so as not to let it fall to the ground, and dig a pit far away from the mulberry garden and bury it deeply, and then cover it with soil. Step 2: Before the mulberry flowers open in the second year, spray 70% thiophanate-methyl or 800% carbendazim 1~2 times on the topsoil of mulberry trees and mulberry orchards. Step 3, when the mulberry flowers are in full bloom, spray the mulberry branches and garden topsoil 1~2 times with the above liquid medicine. Spraying should be carried out in sunny days, and the liquid medicine should be atomized as much as possible to avoid direct contact with mulberry flowers. Through these steps, good control effect can be achieved. However, it should be noted that pesticides cannot be used within 0/5 days before fruit picking.
6) Strengthen pest control. After mulberry leaves fall in winter, collecting residual leaves and weeds in mulberry fields as compost can eliminate a large number of pests and diseases lurking in fallen leaves and weeds in winter, prune mulberry trees, scrape off eggs, kill pests on branches with drugs, and also play a certain role in preventing insects. In spring, the larvae of geometrid were artificially killed in early March (Figure 6); In areas where there are many brown velvet scarabs, they can be killed one by one after being unearthed at night.
Fig. 6 inchworm.
Spraying 90% trichlorfon emulsion 1000 times solution or 30,000 times solution of 30% pyrethroid on the stump within 0/~ 2 days after summer cutting to prevent and control the damage of mulberry weevil to mulberry bud.
From June to August, the adults of Apriona germari were killed artificially (Figure 7).
Fig. 7 Apriona germari
7) timely antifreeze. Early-maturing varieties of fruit mulberry (such as seedless "Dashi") are prone to freezing injury if they encounter frost when sprouting in spring. First, smoke can be used to prevent frost. The specific method is to burn several piles of weeds at 3: 00-4: 00 am in spring to produce smoke, which can drive away frost, but it is necessary to prevent the mulberry from burning when the weeds burn. Secondly, irrigation of mulberry fields the day before frost can also reduce the freezing damage caused by later frost.
(4) scientific fertilization
According to different seasons, different fertilization methods are adopted, and the types and dosage of fertilizers are reasonably matched to promote good color and taste of mulberry fruits and stable and high yield.
1) Apply spring fertilizer frequently. Compound fertilizer is mainly used in spring. For the first time, about 10 days before germination, 30 kilograms of compound fertilizer was applied per mu. Fertilization is best to ditch the trunk 30 cm away, with a depth of 20 cm, and then cover it with soil. The second time, at the beginning of the fruit, 20~30 kilograms of compound fertilizer was applied per mu.
2) Apply more summer fertilizer. Mulberry grows fast in summer and consumes a lot of fertility in the soil, so more quick-acting fertilizers should be applied. Summer fertilizer is generally applied twice: after the first summer cutting, human manure 1000 kg and compound fertilizer 50 kg are applied immediately per mu; The second time was in early July, and 30 kilograms of compound fertilizer was applied per mu.
3) Apply autumn fertilizer early. Autumn fertilizer should be applied from late August to early September at the latest, and 20~30 kilograms of compound fertilizer should be applied per mu, which can be sprayed or applied at acupoint. Autumn fertilizer should not be applied too late, which will reduce the lignification of branches and is not conducive to wintering.
4) Re-apply winter fertilizer. In winter, slow-release fertilizer is the main fertilizer for mulberry, and pig manure or chicken manure 1000~ 1500 kg or organic manure 1500 kg can be applied per mu. Combined with winter ploughing in mulberry fields, the fertilizer efficiency lasts for several years. Applying farmyard manure in winter can not only improve the soil structure and improve the quality of mulberry fruit, but also enhance the sustainable high-yield capacity of mulberry garden, so it should be applied emphatically.
(5) timely harvest
Mulberry usually ripens in early May. When the mulberry just turns from red to black (the white fruit stalk turns from turquoise to yellow-white), it shows that the mulberry is mature. It should be harvested in the early morning, don't break the skin. First, it should be packed in bamboo baskets or small plastic boxes, and then packed in plastic boxes or cartons. Generally, each box weighs 5~ 10 kg and can be transported to the market for sale. You can also organize tourists to pick them themselves.