1. Normal heart rate: 75 beats per minute.
The average heart rate of healthy adults in a quiet state is 75 beats per minute. The normal range is 60- 100 times per minute. When adults are quiet, their heart rate exceeds 100 beats/min, which is tachycardia; If it is less than 60 beats per minute, it is bradycardia. Heart rate changes with age, gender and other factors. For example, for every increase in body temperature of 1℃, the heart rate can be increased by 12-20 beats per minute. Women's heart rate is slightly faster than men's, and athletes' heart rate is slower.
2. Normal body temperature: 36.3℃-37.2℃ (oral measurement)
Clinically, oral temperature, rectal temperature and axillary temperature are usually used to represent body temperature. The normal value of oral measurement (sublingual administration for 5 minutes) is 36.3℃-37.2℃; Axillary measurement (5 minutes under the armpit) 36℃-37℃; Anal measurement method (apply lubricant to the head and insert it into the anus for 5 minutes) 36.5℃-37.7℃. During the day and night, the body temperature fluctuates periodically, with the lowest at 2-6 am and the highest at 13- 18 in the afternoon, but the fluctuation range generally does not exceed 1℃. As long as the temperature does not exceed 37.3℃, it is normal.
3. Hemoglobin (HbB): adult males (120- 160g/L) and adult females (1150g/L).
Clinical basis of hemoglobin value Zuo Wei in judging anemia. Normal adult hemoglobin value of 90- 1 10g/L is mild anemia; 60-90g/L is moderate anemia; 30-60 g/L is severe anemia; White blood cell count (WBC): 4-10 * per liter (10 to the 9th power).
Leucocyte count greater than per liter10 * (the 9th power of10) is called leukocytosis, and less than10 * (the 9th power of10) is called leukopenia. Generally speaking, when acute bacterial infection or inflammation occurs, white blood cells can increase; When the virus is infected, white blood cells will decrease. A cold and fever can be caused by virus infection or bacterial infection. In order to clarify the cause and guide clinical medication, doctors usually ask you to check a blood routine.
5. Platelet count (PLT): per liter 100-300 * (10 to the 9th power).
Platelets have the function of maintaining the integrity of blood vessel wall. When the number of platelets is reduced to less than 50*( 10 to the 9th power) /L, especially as low as 30 * (/kloc-0 to the 9th power) /L, it may lead to skin bleeding and petechiae. People who often have "Qing Wu's lump" on the skin with low platelets should not be overly nervous, because besides platelet factors, blood vessel wall factors, coagulation factors and some physiological factors will lead to the occurrence of "Qing Wu's lump". You can go to the hematology department to find out the reasons.
6. Urine volume: 1000-2000ml/24h.
24-hour urine volume > 2500 ml is polyuria. Physiological polyuria is seen after drinking too much water or using diuretics. Pathological polyuria is seen in diabetes, diabetes insipidus and renal tubular diseases.
7.24-hour urine output: 500ml.
Nocturnal urine refers to the total urine volume from 8: 00 pm to 8: 00 am the next day, which is generally 500 ml and urinates 2-3 times. If the amount of nocturia exceeds the amount of urine during the day, the number of urination increases significantly, which becomes nocturia. Physiological nocturia is related to drinking too much water before going to bed; Pathological nocturia is often a manifestation of impaired renal concentration function and an early signal of renal insufficiency. In addition to the decline of renal function, the increase of nocturia may also be caused by male prostatic hyperplasia, uterine prolapse in elderly women, urinary system infection, diabetes, mental stress and other reasons.
8. Normal value of urine red blood cell count: 0-3/ high power field.
Urinary red blood cells > 3/ high power field of vision are called microscopic hematuria.
Normal value of urine red blood cell and white blood cell count (WBC): 5/ high power field, which is called pyuria under microscope. If there are a large number of white blood cells in urine, it is mostly urinary system infection, such as pyelonephritis, renal tuberculosis, cystitis or urinary tract infection.
10. Sperm survival time: 72 hours. Egg survival time: 24 hours.
Contraception in safety period is troubled by unsafe safety period. In addition to the error in ovulation, there is another factor that cannot be ignored: because sperm can survive in women for 3 days, even if it is not the day of ovulation, as long as it is during pregnancy (4 days before ovulation to 2 days after ovulation), women may still be pregnant.
1 1. Two blood group systems: ABO and Rh.
ABO blood group system divides blood into four types: A type, B type, AB type and O type. Rh blood group system divides blood groups into two types: Rh positive type and Rh negative type. Among Caucasians, 85% were Rh positive and 15% were Rh negative. In China, 99% of people belong to Rh positive blood group, and Rh negative blood group belongs to rare blood group.
A-A:A、O； A-B:A、B、O、AB； A-AB:A、B、AB； A-O: A, O.
B-B:B、O； B-AB:A、B、AB； B-O:B、O； O-AB:A、B
O-O:O； AB-AB: If one of A, B and AB is AB type, the baby can't be O type. If both parties are type O, the baby can only be type O.
12. Body mass index (BMI) = weight (kg)/height (m) squared: 18.5-23.9 is normal.
13. The best weight loss speed of body mass index: monthly weight loss 1-2kg.
Overweight people should gradually lose weight under the guidance of a doctor. Losing weight too fast and too hard will lead to weight gain, anorexia, anemia, malnutrition, irregular menstruation, hair loss, memory loss, osteoporosis and other adverse reactions.
Waist circumference: male ≥ 90cm, female ≥ 80cm is abdominal obesity.
Waist circumference is an index to judge abdominal fat accumulation and abdominal obesity (also known as "apple obesity"). Abdominal obesity is currently considered as an important risk factor for coronary heart disease and metabolic syndrome. If the body mass index does not reach the level of obesity, but the waist circumference has exceeded the standard, it means that you belong to abdominal obesity. Abdominal obesity is more dangerous than obese people, and it is more likely to be favored by coronary heart disease and diabetes.
15. Obesity signal: gain weight in one month 1.5kg.
When the weight begins to "increase", we can find out and take measures to lose weight in time, and often get remarkable results. The following situations often suggest a trend of weight gain: a little exercise will lead to panting, fatigue, sweating, pain in the back, hip and knee joints.
16. blood pressure value: when normal, the diagnostic standard of systolic blood pressure diabetes is: fasting blood glucose >; 7.0 mmol/L, and/or 2 hours postprandial blood glucose >: 1 1. 1 mmol/L.
If you meet the above criteria, it means that you are already a diabetic and should be treated with hypoglycemic therapy under the guidance of a doctor. Don't refuse to treat diabetes just because you feel nothing. If blood sugar is not well controlled, all organs of the body will be affected.
18. Diabetes exclusion criteria: fasting blood glucose >; 6. 1 mmol/l, and/or blood glucose 2 hours after meal >: 7.8 mmol/l.
19. Diagnostic criteria of pre-diabetes: 6.1mmol/L11.1mmol/L.
If the blood sugar level is higher than the normal value, but it does not meet the diagnostic criteria of diabetes, it means that it is in pre-diabetes, and if it is not vigilant and actively intervened, it will soon develop into diabetes.
20. Early warning signal of diabetes: fasting blood glucose >; 5.6 mmol/L
When the fasting blood glucose exceeds this standard, the incidence of diabetes will increase significantly, and the cardiovascular time such as ischemic heart disease and the incidence of diabetic retinopathy will also increase significantly.
2 1. Normal value of glycosylated hemoglobin ≤6.5%
Glycosylated hemoglobin is the combination of hemoglobin and glucose in red blood cells, which can reflect the annual micro-billion-level blood sugar level in the first three months of blood collection, and is the most effective and reliable index to reflect the quality of blood sugar control at present. Diabetes patients should take glycosylated hemoglobin ≤7.0% as one of the criteria to reach the treatment standard, and the elderly can slightly relax the standard (7.0%-7.5%), and young and middle-aged people should control glycosylated hemoglobin ≤6.5% or lower. For every 65438 0% reduction of glycosylated hemoglobin, the complications related to diabetes can be reduced by 20%.
22. Maximum bone density: 30-40 years old.
The peak bone mineral density (BMD) in everyone's life generally appears at the age of 30-40, and the peak bone mineral density is high or low due to factors such as nutrition, development and heredity after birth. Men generally start from the age of 40, and women generally start from the age of 35, and the peak bone mass begins to decline. Within five years after menopause, women lose the fastest bone mass after 70 years old. People with high bone peak value have high calcium content in bones, and the degree of osteoporosis is lighter and later in old age. Therefore, people before the age of 40 should seize the opportunity to ensure adequate nutrition and calcium intake every day, actively participate in physical exercise and improve their bone peak.
23. It is advisable to use 25 grams of oil per person every day.
It is best to use vegetable oil when cooking. It is believed that vegetable oil contains more unsaturated fatty acids beneficial to the heart. Because the heat of oil is relatively high, so the dosage should not be too much, otherwise the excess heat will also be converted into body fat, making people fat.
24. The daily salt content should not exceed 6 grams.
Salt is an important risk factor for hypertension, and people with heavy taste should pay special attention to it. The daily salt content should also include the salt content in soy sauce, pickles and salted eggs.
25. Eat 400-500 grams of vegetables every day.
More than half of the practical vegetables every day should be colored vegetables, such as green leafy vegetables, red and yellow vegetables and so on. Vegetables are rich in vitamins, minerals, cellulose and low in calories.
26. Daily calcium intake: 600-800 mg for healthy adults.
The recommended calcium supply of China Nutrition Society is 600-800mg/ day for adults, 0/200mg/day for pregnant women and 2,000mg/day for lactating women. Milk and dairy products are rich in calcium and have high absorption rate. Among aquatic products, shrimp skin, kelp and bean products contain high calcium content. In order to promote the absorption of calcium, it is necessary to supplement vitamin D appropriately and get more sunshine.
27. Drink more than 1500ml of water every day.
Water consumption includes the total water content of tea, soup, fruit and other foods consumed every day. The way of drinking water is very particular. Even if you are not thirsty, you should drink water. Don't drink a lot of water at a time. You should drink boiled water or green tea, and don't use sugary drinks instead of water.
28. The best time for stroke rehabilitation: 3 days after cerebral infarction and 5-7 days after cerebral hemorrhage.
29. Normal value of alanine aminotransferase (GPT or ALT) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) Stroke thrombolysis "time window": 3 hours after onset.
After cerebral infarction, if intravenous thrombolysis can be given within 3 hours after onset, blocked blood vessels can be dredged to the maximum extent, dying brain cells can be saved, and complications and sequelae can be effectively reduced.
30. 18-45 years old, myopia degree 1200, active eye diseases (such as inflammation, glaucoma, dry eye, etc. ); Ultrasonic examination of central corneal thickness: over 40 years old, once a year
Ultrasonic examination has the advantages of non-invasive, non-radiation, convenience and accuracy. Not only common diseases such as stones, cysts and fatty liver can be found, but also some tumors can be found at an early stage. Limited by the weakness of ultrasound, ultrasound examination is more suitable for solid organs, such as liver, spleen and kidney, but generally not suitable for gas-containing organs (such as gastrointestinal tract) and skeletal system.
3 1. molybdenum target photography: women over 40 years old, check once a year.
Mammography has high diagnostic value for breast diseases, especially early breast cancer, and is the first choice for imaging diagnosis besides physical examination in clinic. If there are high-risk factors such as family history, molybdenum target photography has been carried out to check the coalfield since the age of 35. After the age of 40, you should increase the number of examinations according to your doctor's advice.
32. Bone mineral density test: women over 45 years old, men over 55 years old: once a year.
In China, the prevalence of osteoporosis among people over 60 years old is 30%-35% for women and 10%-20% for men. Skeletal relaxation is harmful to human health, such as backache, short stature, hunchback and fracture.
33. Calculation of expected date of delivery: the month of last menstruation plus 9 or minus 3 is the number of months of expected date of delivery; The number of days plus 7 is the date of due date.
Because the length of each woman's menstrual cycle is different, the estimated due date and delivery period may have an error of 1-2 weeks.
34. Prenatal check-up: 9 times is the best.
In addition to a check-up in the first trimester to confirm pregnancy, it takes about 9 prenatal checks from the second trimester to the full-term pregnancy. Generally pregnant for 20 -36 weeks, check once every 4 weeks; After 36 weeks of pregnancy, check once a week. The time of 9 examinations was 20 weeks, 24 weeks, 28 weeks, 32 weeks, 36 weeks, 37 weeks, 38 weeks, 39 weeks and 40 weeks respectively. The routine prenatal examination is generally nine times, but for pregnant women with certain high-risk factors, it may be necessary to increase or decrease the number of examinations and items at any time.
35. Weight gain during pregnancy should not exceed 15kg.
Women with normal weight before pregnancy can gain weight11.25-15kg during pregnancy. Women who are underweight before pregnancy can gain 2.6- 18kg during pregnancy. Women who are overweight before pregnancy should control their weight gain during pregnancy, 6.75- 1 1.25 kg. Weight gain during pregnancy will affect the growth rate and weight of the fetus. Overweight during pregnancy will not only increase the incidence of macrosomia, but also increase the difficulty of postpartum weight loss. Conversely, if the weight gain is too small, it will affect the normal growth and development of the fetus.
36. Medication for pregnant women: 5- 10 weeks after menopause is the most dangerous.
In the first two weeks of conception, if the fertilized egg is affected by drugs, there may be two outcomes: one is spontaneous abortion; The other is that fertilized eggs repair themselves and continue to develop into normal fetuses. Therefore, if pregnant women accidentally take medicine at this stage, they can sit tight and let nature take its course. However, 3-8 weeks after conception (that is, 5- 10 weeks after menopause) is the key stage of embryonic organ differentiation and development. At this time, if exposed to harmful drugs, embryonic organs may be deformed. Because most drugs affect the fetus in the first trimester, and quite a few pregnant women don't know that they are pregnant, in order to ensure safety, expectant mothers should start to consider the safety of drugs at the stage of preparing for pregnancy.
37. Full-term delivery: those who give birth within 37 weeks to 42 weeks of pregnancy.
Premature delivery: a person who gives birth between 28 and 37 weeks of pregnancy. Overdue delivery: 42 weeks or more pregnant. Delivery at 38 weeks of pregnancy, although it has not reached the expected date of delivery (40 weeks of pregnancy), is also considered full-term delivery.
38. Newborn weight: 2,500-4,000 grams is normal.
Birth weight is 4000 grams, called giant baby. Macrosomia will not only increase the rate of dystocia and cesarean section, but also gain too much weight during pregnancy, which will make pregnant women feel uncomfortable, increase the incidence of complications during pregnancy, and it is difficult to lose these excess weights after delivery. Low birth weight infants mainly include premature infants and small infants. Because of "congenital deficiency", these children have many complications and a high perinatal mortality rate. In order to put an end to this phenomenon of "one big and one small", it is very important to check regularly, find problems in time and intervene in time.
39. Neonatal length: about 50 cm at full term.
The height of a child grows fastest in the first year after birth, increasing by about 25 cm every year. After 1 year, the growth rate slows down, and the annual growth rate is about 10 cm. After 2 years old, the growth rate is even slower, with an average annual growth of 5 cm. 2-3 years old children's height calculation formula: height = age *6+77 cm. If the height of a 2-year-old child has hardly increased within one year, it is necessary to be vigilant and take the child to the hospital for examination as soon as possible to eliminate problems such as insufficient growth hormone secretion and hypothyroidism.
40. eruption of deciduous teeth: at 6 months, the first deciduous tooth erupted.
Children's teething is usually 6-7 months, but it can be earlier than 4 months, and no later than 10 months. There are 20 deciduous teeth, which will come out at the latest at the age of 2 and a half, and permanent teeth will grow from the age of 6. 1 1 month children have no teeth, or children over two and a half years old have no teeth, which are abnormal. Find out the reasons. Children with cretinism, rickets and malnutrition come out late.
4 1. The best treatment period of "Dibaotian": 4 years old.
The principle of correcting "covering the sky and covering the sun" is to eliminate the cause, correct it as soon as possible and prevent deformity. Foreign orthodontists advocate "everywhere" treatment from 4 years old to 18 years old. The "land covering the sky" in deciduous teeth is very harmful, which will not only hinder the normal growth and development of children's mouth, face and jaw, but also have adverse effects on children's chewing, pronunciation, social communication and even psychology, and should be treated as soon as possible.
42. Precocious puberty: girls' breasts begin to develop before the age of 8 or menstruation appears before the age of 10, and boys' penises and testicles increase before the age of 9.
In addition to treating precocious puberty caused by organic diseases (intracranial tumors), precocious puberty is the most harmful to children, because premature secretion of sex hormones will lead to premature bone closure. In addition, from a social point of view, precocious children will bring psychological influence to children. Overnutrition and blind tonic are the important reasons for more and more precocious puberty in children. Parents should not constantly supplement their children's nutrition and take supplements because they are afraid of their children's lack of nutrition, so as not to be "harmed by love".
43. Amblyopia: corrected visual acuity ≤0.8.
Amblyopia is an eye disease with no abnormal lesions, but the corrected vision is lower than 0.8. Amblyopia patients can't do fine work without perfect stereoscopic vision function. The curative effect of amblyopia is closely related to age. It is generally believed that the best period of treatment is 4-6 years old. After 12 years old, the curative effect gradually declines, and there is basically no possibility of cure in adulthood. Because the appearance of amblyopic children's eyes is the same as that of normal children, it is difficult to find abnormalities only by observation. Therefore, it is recommended that children over 4 years old go to the hospital to check their eyesight regularly so as to find amblyopia early.
44. Infantile cryptorchidism: The latest operation cannot be later than 4 years old.
Cryptorchidism is a common congenital testicular abnormality. One or two testicles of the patient fail to descend into the scrotum normally. If not diagnosed and treated early, it will lead to serious problems such as infertility or testicular tumor. At present, cryptorchidism should be treated early. /kloc-cryptorchidism under 0/year-old should be observed patiently and wait for its natural disappearance; /kloc-cryptorchidism after 0/year old should be treated by internal medicine first. If the curative effect is not good, surgery can be performed. Most experts believe that it is best to have cryptorchidism surgery 1-2 years after birth, and no later than 4 years old.
45. Coronary artery stenosis >; 70%, need to do interventional therapy.
It is generally believed that 70% of coronary artery stenosis needs interventional therapy. If there are obvious symptoms, the hearing loss in the narrow sense is about 60 decibels, and it is best to wear hearing AIDS.
Generally speaking, unilateral deafness or mild deafness do not need to wear hearing AIDS; Hearing loss of 35-85 decibels, it is recommended to use hearing AIDS; Radionuclide examination of hearing loss 30 times = 1 x-ray chest film.
Radionuclide examination is often used in the examination of heart, thyroid, lung, digestive tract and other diseases. It is a technology of peaceful use of atomic energy, which has certain radioactivity, so many patients are quite worried about this examination. In fact, the radiation dose received by the examinee during the examination is only 1/30 of that of the X-ray chest film, which will not have any impact on health.