Camellia oleifera is a small evergreen tree. The leaves are thick and leathery, and the bark is smooth, which can play a fireproof role; Love light at a young age but have certain shade tolerance; Like warm and humid climate, not cold-resistant; Life span 100 years or more, full fruit period is generally about 60 years. It is a deep-rooted tree species with developed taproots, many buds and strong regeneration ability, which is deeply loved by consumers and has broad market development prospects.
Camellia oleifera afforestation does not require strict soil, and generally chooses mountain red soil, yellow red soil or sandy loam with deep soil layer, loose fertility and pH value of 5-6.5. Sunny slopes and semi-sunny slopes below 500m above sea level should be in the south, east or southeast direction, and medium and low slopes with slopes below 25 degrees should be suitable, and afforestation should not be carried out on both sides of the valley with a width less than 50 m. For the convenience of management, afforestation sites should be relatively concentrated. Camellia oleifera will not grow well where the soil contains calcareous soil, so it is not suitable for afforestation.
Soil preparation is an important link in afforestation of Camellia oleifera. Generally before sowing 1 month or more. By loosening soil, improving soil structure, improving ventilation conditions and improving microbial activity conditions, the soil is fully matured. According to the different conditions of afforestation sites, full reclamation, strip soil preparation and block soil preparation can be carried out. On the flat land and steep slope, block soil preparation and strip soil preparation can be adopted, and after soil preparation, planting holes can be dug by 40cm×40cm×50cm.
It can be planted in winter and spring. During the rainy season from beginning of spring to Beijing and Zhejiang in February to April, it is advisable to plant trees in cloudy or light rain weather. Select 1-2-year-old fine varieties or clones to graft strong seedlings, requiring full terminal buds, complete roots and no pests and diseases. The height of annual seedlings is more than 20cm, 0.15 cm; In the ground diameter; Two-year-old seedlings have a height of 35cm and a ground diameter of more than 0.3cm. The roots of the seedlings should be kept moist to avoid wind and sun, and more soil should be taken when the seedlings are raised, and the main roots should be trimmed properly before planting. When planting, first dig the whole tree hole into a hole with moderate root depth of seedlings, remove the grass roots and stones, put the camellia oleifera seedlings into the hole to stretch the root system, and step on it after planting, so as to achieve "three buries, two steps and one seedling lifting", and plant slightly deeper, and the planting depth is higher than the root diameter of seedlings 1.
The newly planted Camellia oleifera should be nursed and managed to promote its survival. Three years before afforestation, intertillage weeding should be carried out twice a year, in late spring, early summer and autumn respectively, mainly by loosening soil, weeding, cultivating soil and expanding holes, and gradually connecting them into belts; After the third year, intertillage weeds in autumn every year 1 time, and dig deep every three years 1 time. Agroforestry can be intercropped, and intertillage fertilization can replace tending. Tree height is 70-80cm_, young trees should be pruned, and young forests should be pruned lightly, usually after picking tea seeds or in March-April of the following year. The main purpose is to cut off the budding branches, control the overgrowth of branches, select several strong main branches, and properly trim the foot branches to form a low natural crown. After 4-5 years, the middle and lower cavity branches can make them bear suitable fruits and erase the upper flower buds.
Reclamation: Reclamation methods include belt reclamation, cave reclamation and trench reclamation, which are divided into winter reclamation and summer reclamation. Generally, the method of "one reclamation every three years and one reclamation every year" is adopted, and the depth is 15-25cm. Second, fertilization: organic fertilizer is the main, chemical fertilizer is the auxiliary, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are used together to coordinate the growth and development stages of Camellia oleifera. Apply different fertilizers in different periods. Young forest mainly applies nitrogen fertilizer, adult forest mainly applies phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, organic fertilizer is mainly applied in autumn and winter, and quick-acting fertilizer is mainly applied in spring and summer, using furrow application or hole application. 3. Pruning: Because trees are pruned and branches have shapes, it is necessary to prune them in a dense way, remove the weak branches and leave the strong branches, keep the single branch clean in Brightheart, prune the old branches and re-prune the young branches, so as to make the forest ventilated and transparent, increase the bearing surface and increase the yield. The sunny slope should be cut lightly, and the shady slope should be cut more as appropriate; Re-cut the crown properly, not the upper part. In short, you can't prune too much, lest the tree lose its balance and cause too many branches to sprout, which will affect the growth and development. At the same time, camellia oleifera generally blooms and bears fruit at the top, so it should only be deleted, not short.
It is easy to occur under the conditions of high humidity and high temperature, and it occurs in April-May, and it spreads fastest in July-September, with many fruit drops. During the whole growth period, pathogens repeatedly infect leaf buds, branches, leaves and fruits. Prevention and control methods: first, combine forest management measures to eliminate the source of disease; In February, March and April, 800 times of 50% wettable powder and 500 times of 50% carbendazim were sprayed twice, and in July and September, 20% tea bran water was sprayed 1 time, with good control effect.
Camellia oleifera soot disease
Black coal dust is produced on the front of leaves and the surface of branches, which forms a covering layer on the surface of branches and leaves, which hinders photosynthesis and makes the diseased plants weak and die. The pathogen of Camellia oleifera takes the secretion of cotton scale insects as the nutritional source and spreads through the scale insects, so the disease is often as rampant as cotton scale insects. March-June and10-1month are the peak periods. Prevention and control methods: First, proper pruning and thinning, strengthening forest management and improving ventilation and light transmission conditions in the forest; The second is to kill scale insects with 50% triazophos emulsion 1500-2000 times or 50% dichlorvos emulsion 500- 1000 times.
Tea pointed moth
Using larvae to harm mesophyll and eat spring shoots, the damage rate is 10%-20%, and the serious case is as high as 30%, resulting in plant death. Prevention and control methods: First, in the peak period of adults, manually cut off damaged leaves and branches for centralized treatment; Second, chemical control, in the serious pest transfer period, spraying 500-600 times trichlorfon or 1000 times cartap can achieve good control effect.
Tea seed weevil
Also known as weevil. Adults harm fruits and larvae eat seeds. Generally, June-July is the peak of harm. Prevention and control methods: first, capture method, which uses the characteristics of fake death and weak flight ability of tea seed weevil to capture artificially; Second, during August-165438+ 10, larvae regularly collect fallen fruits and burn them; Thirdly, in the adult emergence period from May to July, 40% omethoate and 80% dichlorvos are mixed with water at the ratio of 65,438+0: 65,438+0 and sprayed for 2-3 times, which can effectively control the disease.
Camellia oleifera borer
Also known as the stem borer, 1 year 1 generation overwinters with large larvae on the damaged branches. Overwintering larvae begin to pupate in late April of the following year, with the peak of pupation in early and middle May and the peak of adult emergence in late May to late June. Adults are nocturnal and phototactic. Prevention and control methods: firstly, according to the strong phototaxis of adults, at the peak of emergence, night lights are used to trap and kill them; Second, spraying 90% trichlorfon 500 times in larval stage, 1000 times in adult stage and 20% dimethoate emulsion 500 times, the effect is very obvious.