Now there is a colorful peanut, also known as colorful peanuts, multicolored peanuts, colorful peanuts.
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Colorful peanuts are also known as multicolored peanuts. p>
Colored peanuts are ordinary peanuts due to the variation of the color of the outer skin of the kernel produces a variety of colors to come. Color peanuts are mainly divided into selenium-rich black peanuts, white jade peanuts, pearl peanuts and other varieties, which can be divided into black, purple-black, white, purple-red, red-white, colorful grains and other color families according to the color of the outer skin of the kernel. Colorful peanuts have black, snow white, white with red patterns, black with yellow patterns, yellow with black patterns and other colors. The growing seedlings and vines are no different from ordinary peanuts, only the leaves are slightly larger. According to the grain color can be divided into two black, four black, two color, four color, double flowers, double white and so on.
Effects
Vitamin K in peanuts has a hemostatic effect. The hemostatic effect of peanut red coat is 50 times higher than that of peanut, and it has good hemostatic effect on a variety of bleeding disorders.
Peanuts contain vitamin E and a certain amount of zinc, can enhance memory, anti-aging, delay the decline of brain function, moisturize the skin.
Peanuts contain vitamin C has the effect of lowering cholesterol, helps to prevent and control arteriosclerosis, hypertension and coronary heart disease.
Peanuts in the trace elements selenium and another biologically active substance leucovorinol can prevent and control tumor-like diseases, but also reduce platelet aggregation notary public prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease chemopreventive agents.
Peanuts are also supportive of the deficiency, pleasing to the spleen and stomach, moistening the lungs and phlegm, nourishing and regulating the qi, diuresis and swelling, stopping bleeding and lactation, clearing the throat and stopping malaria.
Applicable people
Old and young can eat.
Peanuts have a tonic effect on the body after illness, the recovery period of surgical patients, and women eating peanuts after pregnancy and childbirth.
Application amount 80-100 grams per day.
Special tips will be peanuts even red together with red dates with the use of both can make up for the deficiency, but also can stop bleeding, the most suitable for weak bleeding patients.
Peanuts fried or deep-fried, hot and dry nature, should not be eaten more.
In the many ways of eating peanuts to stew for the best. This not only avoids the destruction of the signature nutrients, but also has a warm, moist texture, entrance to the good rotten, easy to digest is characterized by, young and old.
Health traffic light Peanuts contain more fat, digestion requires more bile, so bile patients should not eat.
Peanuts can enhance blood coagulation and promote thrombosis, so people with high blood viscosity or thrombosis should not eat.
Peanut mold contains a lot of carcinogenic substances - aflatoxin, so moldy peanuts should not be eaten.
Key Nutrients
Vitamins
(mg) A (mcg) B1B2B6B12 (mcg) C D (mcg) E
60.850.10.46-14-2.93
Biotin (mcg) K (mcg) P (mcg) Carotene Folate (mcg) Pantothenic acid Niacin Mineral elements
(mg) Calcium
-100-0.01761714.18
Iron, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sodium, Copper, Magnesium, Zinc (mcg) Selenium (mcg)
Peanut is a leguminous crop, one of the main varieties of high quality oilseeds for edible oils, and it is also known as the "peanut" or "everlasting fruit". "Peanut is an annual herbaceous plant. Peanut is an annual herbaceous plant. Originated in South America, tropical and subtropical areas. About the sixteenth century into our country, the end of the nineteenth century has developed. Now there are planted all over the country, mainly distributed in Liaoning, Shandong, Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan and other provinces (regions). Among them, Shandong Province has the largest planting area and the largest production.
Laixi City, Shandong Province, China's key peanut planting and processing place, Laixi peanut sowing area of 335,000 acres, with a total annual output of up to 110,000 tons, the planting area and production ranked second in the country, per capita production ranked first, known as "China's peanut township", direct exports accounted for the proportion of the total national exports nearly 20%, is the country's most important peanut planting area. The direct export volume accounts for nearly 20% of the total national export volume, and it is an important peanut export base in China.
The fruit of the peanut is the pod, usually divided into large, medium and small three kinds, the shape of the cocoon, bead-shaped and stick-shaped. Cocoon shaped pods have more than 2 seeds, bead-shaped and stick-shaped pods, generally have more than 3 seeds. The color of the shell is mostly yellowish white, but also yellowish brown, brown or yellow, which is related to the variety of peanuts and soil quality. The seeds inside the peanut shell, commonly known as peanut rice or peanut kernels, consist of three parts: the seed coat, cotyledons and embryo. The seed coat is light brown or light red in color. Inside the seed coat are two cotyledons that are cream or ivory in color.
Peanut fruit has a high nutritional value, rich in fat and protein. It is determined that the peanut fruit fat content of 44% -45%, protein content of 24-36%, sugar content of about 20%. And contains thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and other vitamins. Mineral content is also very rich, especially containing essential amino acids, have to promote brain cell development, enhance the function of memory.
Peanut seeds are rich in oil, from the peanut kernel oil was light yellow, transparent, pleasant aroma, is a high-quality edible oil. Peanut oil is difficult to dissolve in ethanol, people can identify whether peanut oil is pure by injecting peanut oil into a 70% ethanol solution heated to 39-40.8 degrees, to see the degree of turbidity.
Peanut oil
Peanut oil is the oil made from peanut kernels through the preparation of dip. Peanut oil is a non-drying oil, yellowish color, good transparency, fragrant and delicious, is an excellent cooking oil.
Peanuts are a nutritious food
Peanuts are a highly nutritious food, which contains 25% to 36% protein, fat content of up to 40%, peanuts are also rich in vitamins B2, PP, A, D, E, calcium and iron.
Peanuts are an important raw material for more than 100 kinds of food. In addition to oil, it can also be fried, deep-fried, boiled food, made of peanut brittle, as well as a variety of sweets, pastries and so on. Because the peanut baking process of carbon dioxide, vanillin, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and some other aldehydes volatile out, constitute a special aroma of peanut kernels.
The inner skin of peanut contains anti-fibrinolytic enzyme, can prevent and control all kinds of trauma bleeding, bleeding liver disease, hemophilia.
But peanut rice is very easy to become moldy by moisture, producing highly carcinogenic aflatoxin. Aflatoxin can cause toxic hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver cancer. This toxin is resistant to high temperature, frying, stir-frying, boiling, deep-frying and other cooking methods can not decompose it. So be sure not to eat moldy peanuts.
Origin and distribution The genus groundnut has about 60 to 70 species, 21 of which have been collected and identified so far. Most of them are diploid species (2x=20). Cultivated peanut is an allotetraploid species (2x=40) of two diploids naturally doubled. Based on the concentration of diverse variety types of peanut, southern Bolivia, northwestern Argentina, and the La Porata River basin in the foothills of the Andes Mountains may be the center of origin of peanut.
The earliest record of peanut in European literature is the Spanish "General Natural History of the West Indies". China's peanut records are found in the late Yuan and early Ming Jia Ming's "dietary instructions", and then many books not only contain the biological characteristics of peanuts, and geographical distribution, etc.. It can be seen that China's literature on peanuts is about 100 years earlier than in Europe.
World production of peanuts in more than 100 countries, Asia is the most common, followed by Africa. But for commercial production of only more than 10 countries, the main producers in India and China cultivated area and production of the largest, the former about 7.2 million hectares, 5.6 million tons, the latter for 3.553 million hectares, 6.757 million tons (1985). Other countries are Senegal, Nigeria and the United States.
China peanut distribution is very wide, all over the planting. The main producing areas are Shandong, eastern Liaoning, Leizhou Peninsula in Guangdong, the Huanghuai River area and the southeast coast of the seaside hills and sandy soil areas. Among them, Shandong Province accounts for about 1/4 of the national production area, the total output of 1/3 strong. Peanuts produced in Longyan, Fujian, full of fruit, crispy and delicious, should be a local feature of domestic peanut varieties.
Morphological features Peanuts for the conical root system, into the soil up to 2 meters, but mainly distributed in the ground about 30 centimeters below the cultivated layer. The roots bear cowpea rhizobia 1-3 mm in diameter. The main stem is erect, green, with some varieties bearing different shades of anthocyanin, angular and hollow in the upper middle. The height of the main stem varies according to species and cultivation conditions, and can be as high as 1 meter or more. The main stem bears the first branch, and its angle with the main stem varies according to the type of variety, about 30 ° ~ 90 °. Usually the main stem is higher than the branches in the erect type of peanut, and the branches are longer than the main stem in the creeping or semi-trailing type. 2 secondary branches and inflorescences are borne on the 1st branch. Leaves alternate, 4-foliolate even-numbered pinnately compound leaves, some varieties can also be seen more leaflets deformed leaves, petioles and stipules, leaflets elliptic, long elliptic, inverted ovate and broadly obovate, there are also elongated lanceolate leaflets, the leaf surface is relatively smooth, the back of the leaf is slightly gray, the main veins are obvious, velutinous, the petiole and leaflet base have a leaf cushion, can feel the light of stimulation and make the expansion of thin-walled cells of the cushion pressure changes, resulting in leaflets day open and night closed, closed when the petiole is closed, the leaflet base has leaf cushions, which can sense light stimulation and make the expansion pressure of thin-walled cells of the cushion change, resulting in leaflets day open night closed, closed when the petiole drooping.
Racemose inflorescences, each inflorescence can generally bear 4 to 7 flowers, more than 10 and form long flowering branches, butterfly-shaped flowers, orange-yellow, flag petals with varying degrees of purplish-red stripes. Stamens 10, 2 degenerate, 8 with anthers. The stigma is feathery, and the ovary has an ovary stalk at its base. After fertilization, a group of differentiated cells divide rapidly, elongating in about 3-6 days to form a greenish-purplish club, called the fruiting needle, generally 10-15 centimeters long. Sometimes the calyx tube base can be seen on the tip of the fruiting needle, against the withered flower organ after fertilization. At this time, the ovary is located in the tip of the fruit needle, protected by a number of layers of cells outside the cap. Fruiting needles elongate and grow toward the ground, sending the ovary into the soil, reaching a certain depth, the ovary began to grow and develop horizontally to form pods. Dark conditions are required at this point. The pod itself also has a certain absorption function, the calcium needed for its development, are absorbed by the pod directly from the soil. The ease with which the fruiting needles enter the soil is related to the position of the flower's attachment on the plant. The flowering part is too high, or because the stem and branches are too weak, easy to change position in case of wind and rain, thus affecting the angle of the fruit needle to the ground, it is more difficult to enter the soil. Creeping type peanut fruit needle is close to the soil surface, the angle is suitable, into the soil pod rate is the highest. Upright or clustered peanuts such as stem branches with short internodes, near the base of the main stem and more branches and continuous flowering, have a higher rate of pods into the ground.
The pods have hard shells, do not crack when mature, and are constricted (girdled) without a cross-septum between the cells. Each pod has 2 to 6 seeds, mostly 2 seeds, mostly in the shape of ordinary, axe, gourd or cocoon. The pods with more than 3 seeds per pod are mostly truncheon-shaped or bead-shaped. The weight of 100 grains is generally 50-200 grams. The surface of the fruit shell has network-like veins. The seeds are triangular, peach-shaped, cylindrical or ellipsoid, usually with the bottom end bluntly rounded or slightly flat, and the tip end of the radicle protruding. The seed coat has different colors such as white, pink, red, red-brown, purple, red-white or purple-white. The cotyledons account for more than 90% of the total weight of the seed. The germ is hidden between the two fertile cotyledons and consists of the main bud and two lateral buds of the cotyledonary node.
Types and varieties Chinese peanut varieties can be categorized into four main types: ① Common type. Inflorescences are borne alternately on lateral branches, with many branches and obovoid leaf blades. Dark green. The plant is erect, tufted to prostrate. Fruit shape is large. Seeds long cylindrical. Fertility period is long. Dragon type. Plants creeping, alternate flowering, hairy, anthocyanin, pods with keel (backbone) and hooked mouth, truncheon-shaped. Fruit shell reticulation deep, fruit needle fragile easy to break. Pearl bean type. Lateral branches near main stem, may bear several inflorescence nodes consecutively, only a few 2 times branching. Leaf blade elliptic, light green or green. Plants erect or clustered. Fruit smaller. Seeds peach-shaped. Dormancy weak. ④Multigrain type. Lateral branches bearing inflorescences at each node, rarely with 2 secondary branches, main stem with inflorescences. Plants tall, with conspicuous anthocyanins on stem and branches. The pods are clavate, with 3-4 seed pods in the majority. Seeds cylindrical. The types of varieties that have been widely cultivated in China vary in production, with the majority being pearl-pea type and common type bush peanut. Varieties bred through hybridization between the two types have shown some superiority in production. Now the world's high-yield, stable yield, promote the largest area of varieties is the United States "Florence Mansheng", also belongs to the type of hybrids, accounting for more than 90% of the current area of peanut production in the United States. "Makuru red" also has some resistance to leaf spot disease, was a variety of the world's general utilization. China's "Xiexianqing" has superior resistance to peanut bacterial wilt.
Physiological characteristics Peanut has a certain ability to adapt to slightly acidic soil, is the development of red loam soil pioneer crop; but high soil acidity need to apply lime and other calcium fertilizers to neutralize the short-day crop, but is not too sensitive to photoperiod. Need higher heat, the average daily temperature stabilized at 12 ℃ or more before sowing; the main reproductive period requires 20 ~ 28 ℃ temperature, the fall temperature drops to 11 ℃ or so, pods that stop developing. Peanut producing areas in China during the reproductive period of the average cumulative temperature are about 3500 ℃. Fertility period of 100 to 150 days, individual late-maturing varieties up to 180 days. Generally, early-maturing varieties of seed dormancy is short, late-maturing varieties of dormancy is long, and dragon type varieties of dormancy is the strongest. Peanut seed dormancy in addition to the impact of the seed coat, and with the embryo of certain hormone substances. With vinyl, agonist and other chemicals, sunshine and moderate temperature germination can lift the dormancy.
The peanut rhizobium in the soil is attracted by the root secretion, through the epidermal cells into the cortical cells to divide and multiply, so that the cells are stimulated to form rhizomes. This period is a parasitic relationship, and then the rhizobium nitrogen fixation activity is strengthened, before becoming **** born. At the end of the peanut's reproductive stage, the root system is broken, the rhizoma is ruptured, and the rhizobacteria return to the soil to live in a humus. Suitable for the propagation of rhizobia temperature of 18 ~ 30 ℃, moisture for the soil maximum water holding capacity of about 60%, pH 5.5 ~ 7.2. Soil nitrate nitrogen is too much, on the rhizobium nitrogen fixation inhibition, so the growth of the early stage of the nitrogen should be appropriately controlled application. Increasing the application of phosphorus, potassium and calcium fertilizers can promote the propagation of rhizobia and improve the nitrogen fixation capacity.
Cultivation management Peanuts in different parts of China with other crops composed of one year, two years three years, one year two or three years of cultivation system, so that there is a spring peanut, wheat peanut, summer peanut and fall peanut points, Guangdong, individual areas can be planted in winter peanuts. In recent years, some peanut planting has been developed in rice fields, forming a peanut-rice or rice-peanut crop rotation system. Some places have a long reproductive season, rice varieties with the right, but also with double-season rice rotation. Guangdong, Fujian and other planting fall peanut collection pods to stay for the second year of spring seeding, can improve the seedling rate, to ensure that the seedlings full, strong seedlings, the local commonly known as "turn the fall to stay in the seed" or "inverted seed spring". Because of the underground pods, require loose sandy soil, gravel soil or sandy loam, in order to facilitate the fruit needle into the soil, pod development and harvest. Deep plowing and deep turning is favorable to the growth and development of peanuts.
Seed germination requires higher temperatures, its moderate temperature pearl bean type for 12 ~ 15 ℃, ordinary type for 15 ~ 18 ℃. Some varieties of dormancy is strong, it is difficult to germinate at low temperatures. In addition, after the seeds absorb water, the contents into sugar, and easy to attract ants and other underground pests to eat. Therefore, timely sowing is the key to strong seedlings. Mulch should not be too thick, when the moisture is good to 5 ~ 7 cm is appropriate. If the thickness of the mulch exceeds the normal extension length of the embryonic axis, it should be removed. "Clear squatting seedlings" is a hand hoe after the emergence of seedlings planing the surface layer of the soil, so that the cotyledonary nodes exposed to the surface of the soil measures, is conducive to the growth of the first pair of lateral branches, more flowers, more results. Planting density in principle, in addition to maintaining field ventilation and light, the late reproductive stage should be able to close the line to cover the ground, to prevent evaporation of soil moisture and can inhibit weeds. General production conditions in the northern region of the ordinary type of peanut mu planted 1.2 ~ 1.5 million plants, pearl bean type peanut should be slightly dense; the southern region of pearl bean type varieties mu planted 1.8 ~ 2.2 million plants.
Not too much nitrogen should be applied in the seedling stage. According to the soil application of boron and other trace elements effective. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and boron can be extra-radical fertilizer. Mu yield of about 250 kg, each 100 kg of pods absorbed about 5 to 7 kg of nitrogen, phosphorus 1 to 1.2 kg, potassium 2 to 3.5 kg, the need for calcium is second only to potassium. Calcium fertilizer can regulate soil acidity, improve the nutritional status of peanuts, and promote nitrogen metabolism, reduce empty shells, improve the rate of full fruit. Peanut organs of calcium absorption and utilization function is different, the root system absorbed only upward transportation, rarely can transit supply pod development. In order to make the fruit needles and pods can directly absorb and utilize the calcium in the soil, calcium fertilizer should be spread in the soil in the podding area. Different types of varieties have different calcium requirements, with the pearl bean type being lower and the common type being higher.
Peanuts are more drought-resistant, but the water demand is large, every production of 1 kg of dry matter, about 225 kg of water. The most water demand, the greatest impact is the pod period, accounting for about 50% of the total water demand, this period of drought, will affect the bud differentiation, flowering, fertilization and fruit needle elongation. Ground dryness also hinders the fruit needle into the soil. Southern rainy areas should pay attention to drainage, so as not to affect the normal development of pods.
Pod maturity time is very inconsistent. Pods can be peeled, according to the inner wall color from white to brown to black to determine the degree. Harvesting generally begins when most of the pods have browned to black inner wall or endocarp color. Harvesting too late, dormant varieties are easy to germinate in the field; some varieties are easy to break the fruit stalk, difficult to harvest clean. Large-scale production with a harvester digging and tumbling, and then use the fruit picker to pick the fruit cleaning and drying. Pods safe storage moisture content of 10%. Timely and adequate drying is very important, otherwise heat and mold will develop. Aflatoxins B1 and B2, produced as a result of aflatoxin contamination, are carcinogenic.
Pests and diseases Common diseases include peanut rust, early spot, brown spot and late spot and other fungal diseases that harm the leaves. Peanut rust epidemic on the yield impact is greater than the leaf spot disease, China's production areas south of the Yangtze River, especially when the rainfall is too much, field humidity is too serious. Early, late spot disease onset later, the impact on plant growth and development is chronic, because peanut has entered the maturity stage, it is easy to ignore its damage. Part of the centralized production areas of peanut blight and root-knot nematode disease is also very serious. Rational crop rotation is an effective control method. In China, the main peanut virus diseases are Phytophthora infestans, Phytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora cinerea. Bunching disease is more serious in the southeastern coast, the onset of the fruit needle is not to the ground and reverse upward in the shape of a hook, commonly known as "peanut male". Spring peanut early sowing, fall peanut delayed sowing, have the effect of disease avoidance. Leaf disease and dwarf disease in the north more. Other diseases such as root rot, small botrytis, shell rot, crown rot, leaf rot, etc. also occur. Generally with crop rotation, disease-resistant breeding, seed selection, strengthen management, attention to drainage and other comprehensive measures to prevent and control.
There are many pests of peanuts. Underground pests are grubs, mole crickets, tigers and seed flies, etc., with poisonous soil, poisonous grain, bait control are effective. Alfalfa aphids, cotton bollworms, twill moths and leaf rollers are harmful to the leaves, and can be controlled by chemicals. Striped night moth has phototropic, can be trapped.
Use Seeds contain 45 to 55% oil, a few varieties up to about 60%, protein content of 25 to 30%. Peanut oil is 80% unsaturated fatty acids and 20% saturated fatty acids glycerol mixture of fatty acids, oleic acid accounted for 33.3-61.3%, linoleic acid accounted for 18.5-47.5%, good quality, fragrant odor. In addition to food, it can be used as emulsifier in printing and dyeing, paper making industry, lubricant in textile industry and quenching agent in machinery manufacturing industry. Simple dyspepsia in children has a certain effect, and has a cough expectorant effect. After the oil by-products of peanut cake can be processed into skim protein powder, after puffing treatment can be made into peanut protein meat. In addition, peanut seeds can be fried, deep-fried or do peanut sugar, peanut brittle candy cakes and peanut butter. Stems and leaves are high-quality feed. Pod shells can be used as raw materials for mucilage, by dry distillation, hydrolysis can be obtained acetic acid, vinegar stone and activated carbon and more than 10 kinds of products. The seed coat can be used as medicine, a variety of bleeding disorders have a hemostatic effect
The main source of income for farmers in many northern regions is the planting of peanuts or the initial processing of peanuts.
Since the Happy Male Voice talent show, Chen Chusheng's fans call themselves "peanuts"
Peanuts (fruits) are "plant meat"
Peanuts are known as "plant meat", oil content of up to 50%, 2% more than soybeans. 50%, more than twice as much as soybeans, more than 20% higher than rapeseed. Peanut protein in addition to soybeans, there is no grain comparable to it, the content of more than 30% is equivalent to 2 times the wheat, corn 2.5 times, 3 times the rice. Peanuts in the protein is very easy to be absorbed by the body, the absorption rate of about 90%. Therefore, peanuts are called plant meat is well deserved.
The high nutritional value of peanuts, even known as high-level nutrients, some animal foods, such as eggs, milk, meat, etc., in front of the peanuts are also inferior. Peanut calorie production is higher than meat, 20% higher than milk, 40% higher than eggs. Others such as protein, nucleotides, calcium, phosphorus, iron, etc. are higher than milk, meat, eggs. Peanuts also contain A, B, E, K and other vitamins, as well as lecithin, protein amino acids, choline and oleic acid, arachidonic acid, fatty acids, palmitic acid and so on. It can be seen that the nutrients of peanuts are very rich and more comprehensive, raw food, fried food, boiled food can be, especially fried peanuts, crispy flavor, aftertaste deep and long.
Peanuts are also a flavor of Chinese medicine, Chinese medicine that peanuts are suitable for malnutrition, spleen and stomach disorders, coughing and phlegm asthma, lack of milk and other diseases. Peanut leaves, peanut clothes, shells, peanut oil, etc., can be used as medicine.
Folk commonly used single formula are:
Treatment of thrombocytopenia: peanut rice (with coat) fried food, 3 times a day, 60 grams each time, 7 days for a course of treatment.
Treatment of hypertension: peanut rice immersed in vinegar, eaten after 7 days, 10 grains every morning and evening.
Treatment of tuberculosis: peanut rice is eaten raw, 4-5 times a day, 10-20 grains each time. If you see the heck of blood, eat it with clothes.
Treatment of prolonged cough: peanuts to remove the tip of the mouth, take decoction soup over a mild fire.
Treatment of breast milk less: 90 grams of peanut rice, before the pig's foot 1, *** stew.
To cure excessive stomach acid: eat peanut rice, 3 times a day, 20-30 grains each time. 2-3 weeks for a course of treatment, can make the stomach acid secretion significantly reduced.
To note: although peanut nutrition is good, but moldy peanuts can not eat, have a carcinogenic effect.
People, should not be consumed in large quantities.