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Dizziness, tinnitus, headache, insomnia, dreaminess, memory loss, inattention, etc. It is a common symptom caused by nerve tissue damage caused by anemia and hypoxia. Anemic children will cry, fidget and even affect their intellectual development.
2. Skin mucosa
Paleness is the main manifestation of skin and mucosa in anemia. In anemia, the body redistributes effective blood volume through neurohumoral regulation, and the blood supply of relatively small organs such as skin and mucosa decreases; In addition, due to the decrease of red blood cells and hemoglobin content per unit volume of blood, the color of skin and mucosa will also become lighter. Roughness, lack of luster and even ulcer formation are another manifestation of skin and mucosa during anemia, which may also be related to the primary disease of anemia. Hemolytic anemia, especially extravascular hemolytic anemia, can cause yellow staining of skin and mucosa.
3. Respiratory and circulatory system
In anemia, more 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3-DPG) is synthesized in red blood cells to reduce the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, shift the oxygen dissociation curve to the right, and gain more oxygen in tissues. Shortness of breath or dyspnea is mostly caused by hypoxia or hypercapnia in the respiratory center. Therefore, there is no obvious manifestation of mild anemia, only after exercise, it causes accelerated breathing, palpitations and increased heart rate. The more severe anemia is, the greater the activity is, and the more obvious the symptoms are. In severe anemia, even in a calm state, shortness of breath or even sitting breathing may occur. Long-term anemia, heart overload and insufficient oxygen supply can all lead to anemia heart disease. At this time, there are not only heart rate changes, but also arrhythmia and cardiac insufficiency.
4. Digestive system
When anemia occurs, the secretion of digestive glands decreases or even glands atrophy, which leads to decreased digestive function, indigestion, abdominal distension, loss of appetite, and changes in stool rules and characteristics. Long-term chronic hemolysis can be complicated with biliary calculi and splenomegaly. Iron deficiency anemia can be caused by swallowing foreign body sensation or heterophilia. Megaloblastic anemia or pernicious anemia can cause glossitis, tongue atrophy, bovine tongue, mirror tongue and so on.
5. Urogenital endocrine system
Extravascular hemolysis leads to hyperbilirubinemia without bilirubin; Hemoglobin and hemosiderosis appear in intravascular hemolysis, and even free hemoglobin blocks renal tubules in severe cases, thus causing oliguria, anuria and acute renal failure. Long-term anemia affects testosterone secretion and weakens male characteristics; For women, abnormal menstruation, such as amenorrhea or menorrhagia, is caused by affecting the secretion of female hormones. Decreased libido is common in both men and women. Long-term anemia will affect the function of endocrine glands and the secretion of erythropoietin.