China ash. Also known as Cenpi, Bapi, Fanpi and Qinbaipi. It is a deciduous tree of Oleaceae. Ash trees are wild on hillsides and distributed in Hebei, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Shandong, Henan and other provinces. It is also distributed in Sichuan, Guangdong, Yunnan and Guizhou, and has also been cultivated artificially in recent years. Bark is used as medicine, called cortex fraxini. According to pharmacological tests, it is considered that it has a strong inhibitory effect on Shigella, Typhoid Bacillus, Pneumococcus and Streptococcus A. It is slightly cold and bitter in taste, and has the functions of clearing away heat, drying dampness, stopping dysentery and improving eyesight. Indications: enteritis, dysentery, chronic tracheitis, acute conjunctivitis, etc.

I. Morphological characteristics

The height can reach 15m. The bark is yellowish brown, with inconspicuous rust-colored lenticels and smooth branchlets. Odd pinnate compound leaves are opposite, with 5-9 leaflets, oval or oval, and 3- 10 cm long. Flowers unisexual, dioecious, lateral or terminal panicles; Calyx campanulate, irregularly divided; No corolla; Stamens 2; Ovary 2-loculed; Stigma 2-lobed. Samara oblanceolate, 3-4.5 cm long and 4-6 mm wide. 1-2 seed (figure 19- 1).

Fig. 19 —— 1 Fraxinus mandshurica morphological diagram

1. Fruit branch 2. male flower

Second, biological characteristics.

Ash tree is a light-loving tree species, suitable for warm and humid climate, with lax requirements for soil quality, and can grow in sandy shale, limestone soil, yellow soil, yellow brown soil and other soils. The germination and tillering of ash trees are very vigorous, and the tillering ability of horizontal roots is also very strong. Generally, the root depth of Fraxinus mandshurica growing on the ridge can reach 50cm, and the lateral roots can extend 6-7 m along the ridge level. Fraxinus mandshurica grows rapidly, has a long life span, and can grow for more than 10-50 years with proper management. It is a kind of artificially cultivated tree species with great development prospect.

Third, cultivation techniques.

(1) breeding method

Ash trees can be propagated by seeds or cuttings.

1. Seed propagation

Soak seeds in warm water for 24 hours before sowing in March, or mix with wet sand to accelerate germination indoors. After the seeds germinate, they are sown in the seedbed by drilling method, and about 3 kilograms of seeds are needed per mu. After sowing, attention should be paid to seedbed management, timely irrigation, fertilization, intertillage and weeding. Generally, the nursery can produce 20,000-30,000 seedlings per mu, and the height of seedlings in that year can reach 30-40 cm.

2. Cutting

Before sprouting in spring, select healthy branches without pests and diseases, cut them into small pieces of16-20cm, and ditch the pre-arranged seedbeds at a row spacing of 30cm, with a ditch depth of12-15cm. Cut one branch every 6- 10 cm, and the top bud of the cutting should be exposed from the bed surface. When all cuttings are inserted, the soil around the cuttings will be compacted. After planting, it is necessary to spray water frequently, keep the bed soil moist and manage it properly, so that it can take root and sprout in about January. In order to ensure the normal growth of the terminal bud, the lower bud should be wiped off in time, and the management measures should be timely and appropriate, so that when the annual cutting seedling height reaches 40-50 cm and the seedling height is about 80- 100 cm, it can be taken out of the nursery for afforestation.

(2) Main pests and diseases and their control

1. soot disease

After the disease, the bacteria form a layer of black soot on the surface of leaves or branches, which seriously affects photosynthesis and makes trees grow weak and die. For others, see Rauvolfia.

2. Sugar maple scales

(Parthenon wax scale Conebuche)

It occurs once a year 1 to 2 generations, with 2 or 3 instar nymphs overwintering in cracks in bark and a few overwintering on twigs. In April, they concentrate on the twigs for fixed feeding. In early August, the second generation will move to the shoots, hold eggs in late August, hatch the second generation nymphs in early September, and overwinter on the shoots or cracks in the bark in early and middle June, 65438+ 10 month. After the bark was killed, it grew so badly that even the branches died. Prevention and control methods: protect natural enemies such as parasitic bees and ladybugs. From June to July, 50% cartap was diluted 1000 times, and the spraying control effect was good.

3. longicorn beetle

Generally, it invades from the injured part of the branch and eats into the trunk, often causing the branch to be hollow and broken by the wind. The eggs found in June-August were scraped off in time. If there are raised sawdust or sawdust-like feces at the crack, they should be tracked and killed. If the larvae burrow into the depth of the trunk, cotton can be dipped in 80% DDVP emulsion or 40% dimethoate emulsion 15-20 times, and the wormhole can be closed with soil. It can also be used for biological control of Cerambycidae.

Fourth, harvesting and processing.

After planting for 5-8 years, the trunk diameter can reach more than 15cm. Peel in spring and autumn, cut into small pieces 30-60 cm long, and dry in the sun for later use.

The branch bark is drum-shaped or trough-shaped, with a length of 10-60 cm and a thickness of 1.5-2 mm, and the outer surface is grayish white, grayish brown to dark brown or mottled, and some branches are marked. The inner surface is yellowish white or brown and smooth. Hard and brittle, with fibrous section, yellow and white. Tasteless and bitter.

The dried skin is strip-shaped, with a thickness of 3-6 mm, the outer surface is grayish brown, the grooves are cracked, and there are reddish-brown round or horizontally long white lenticels. A hard, sturdy fiber part.