(1) The mushrooming management of common mushrooms starts to take off the bag and row or go on the shelf when sporadic mushroom buds appear on the over-summer fungus sticks at the local average temperature of 15~20℃ and relative humidity of 20%~30%. Through the day and night temperature difference and humidity change, stimulate the mushroom buds to occur, but should avoid moving to stimulate the mushroom buds to occur too much and too dense. In fall, the focus of management is to maintain the relative humidity of the air in the shed at about 90%, spray water 1~2 times a day, ventilate for 0.5~1h after spraying, and stop spraying before picking mushrooms. In winter, the focus of management is to reduce the shade on the roof of the shed, increase the light and thicken the shade on the north side, cover the film tightly at night, and add a layer of film or grass curtain when necessary. Spring management focus is to reduce the temperature in the shed, increase ventilation, dry management, generally do not spray water. Do not make up too much water, resulting in mycelium hypoxia death or mycelium rods scattered rotten.
(2) Mushroom management of flower mushroom, in the mushroom shed layer frame, the use of non-desiccated bag cut mouth mushroom or water retention film mushroom, mushroom buds after the formation of the buds need to be thinning and catalyzing the flower. Since the buds can obtain water from the bag, the growth of the cap skin of the fruiting body is inhibited due to air dryness, the cell division inside and outside the cap is not synchronized, and the cap skin dries out and cracks, resulting in the formation of flower mushrooms. When the mushroom buds are not removed from the bag, when the diameter of the buds grows to 1~1.5c, use a sharp knife to cut 3/4 of the film around the edge of the buds, and let the buds grow out from the cut. Keep 6~8 mushroom buds per stick, which is called bud thinning, in order to keep the best buds and remove the worst ones, and to take into account the even distribution. When the diameter of the mushroom buds grows to 2~3cm, start the flower promotion management. Remove the shade from the top of the shed to enhance the light. Lift the film at the right time to ventilate and reduce the air humidity in the shed to 55%~65%; use the film to increase the temperature during the daytime and remove the film at night to cool down the temperature, forming a temperature difference between day and night to stimulate the formation of flowering mushrooms.
Winter temperature is low, mushroom production is low, but the market price of winter mushroom is high, mushroom management is mainly to take measures to keep warm. After mushrooming in fall and winter, the nutrient consumption of mushroom sticks is large. In the south, spring is rainy, it is difficult to cultivate good flower mushroom, at this time, it is appropriate to take off the plastic bag of the mushroom stick, and then transfer to the common mushroom cultivation. In the dry spring in the north, it is also possible to cultivate high-quality white flowering mushrooms by not covering the membrane in the daytime, covering the membrane in the evening, heating through the fire pit flue, and ventilating and draining the moisture at the same time.
2.Management of Shiitake Mushroom in Summer, there are two ways of cultivating Shiitake Mushroom in summer: soil-covering cultivation mode and bag cultivation in greenhouse. The following is an introduction to the mushrooming management of summer-planted shiitake mushroom by taking the soil-covering cultivation mode as an example.
(1) Selection and treatment of mulching soil: choose sandy loam or burnt mud ash as mulching material, and the sand content should be about 40%. In addition to scorched mud ash, other mulch materials should be broken up and sifted, sterilized, and then spread out for spare.
(2) Mulch the bag of good color changing sticks arranged close to the bed, the edge of the mud sealed. Cover the mulching material on the mushroom sticks and fill the gaps between the sticks, then water and sink, to the surface of the mushroom sticks exposed mulch about 5cm is appropriate.
(3) Mushroom management during the day to cover the arch film on the bed, the formation of high temperature and anoxic environment, the evening uncovering ventilation, water spraying to reduce temperature, increase the temperature difference between day and night. After 3~5d continuous stimulation, mushroom buds can be formed, and then remove the arch film to increase the ventilation. Eliminate clumped or deformed mushroom buds, and keep 6~8 buds per bag. During the growth period of the fruiting body, water should be sprayed at the right time, and ventilation should be used to cool down the temperature. Pick the mushroom when it is six minutes mature. After harvesting a tide of mushrooms, stop spraying water for 4~5d, and keep the mushrooms dry, and at the same time replenish the soil in the space between the sticks, spraying water and sinking, and keep the sticks in close contact with the mulch. After the end of mushroom nourishment, then spray water to stimulate buds, 4~5 times a day, after the formation of mushroom buds, then normal management.
When the temperature reaches above 32℃, mushroom production will stop, and the management focuses on lowering the temperature of the shed, strengthening the ventilation, reducing the water content of the sticks, and preventing mold infestation. When the temperature drops, that is to say, into the fall mushroom management period, the first with a small nail in the stick piercing, combined with tapping the stick to promote buds, spraying cool water to supplement the water content of the stick, increase the temperature difference between day and night, to stimulate the occurrence of mushroom buds. 3 ~ 4d after the formation of the mushroom buds, water spraying once a day in the morning, mid-night, after spraying the ventilation to cool down the temperature. After the harvesting of the substrate, increase the ventilation, reduce the water content of the mushroom stick, and keep the mushroom dry for 5~7d, then rehydrate to promote the bud and mushroom management.
3. Autumn planting of shiitake mushroom includes two kinds of management of common mushroom and flower mushroom.
(1) The mushrooming management of common mushroom includes three stages of autumn mushroom management (October-December), winter mushroom management (December) and spring mushroom management (February-May), and the mushrooming management measures refer to the management of spring-planted common mushroom.
(2) Mushrooming management of flower mushroom The core of mushrooming management of flower mushroom planted in fall is to stimulate buds and cultivate flowers.
①Budding management: Put the bag that has reached physiological maturity and completed color change into the pool of water and soak it for 2~4 h. It is preferable that the water content of the bag does not exceed 55% and the temperature of the soaking water is more than 5℃ lower than that of the air temperature. After soaking the bags, you can row bags on the shelf, film insulation and moisturizing, air humidity in the shed to maintain more than 85%, the temperature 15 ~ 20 ℃. After 3~5d continuous film covering, mushroom buds can appear.
Cultivate mushroom buds to 1~2cm, with a knife in the young buds around the ring cut 34 film. When the buds are too dense, the bag should be thinned out, leaving the best and removing the worst, retaining 6~8 per bag. When the young buds just stick out of the bag, the temperature of the shed should be kept within the suitable range for the growth of the fruiting body, and the humidity of the air should be 80%~90%, with diffused light and good ventilation. Then let the growth of young individual mushroom slow down, slowly accumulate nutrients, so that the mushroom flesh becomes solid and dense, known as squatting bud. Squatting is the process whereby the growth rates and potentials of mushroom buds that occur at different times are harmonized as much as possible. When young mushrooms (diameter ≤2.5cm) enter the late stage of growth, temperature control should be carried out to promote growth, with the temperature of the shed controlled at 5~12℃, the air humidity maintained at 80%~85%, and sufficient oxygen and appropriate lighting given. Squatting buds generally need 5~7d, windless sunny days can lift off the membrane, let the sunlight irradiate the young mushrooms.
②Flowering managementMoisture and air humidity are the key factors affecting the formation of flowering mushrooms. After the squatting treatment, when most of the young mushrooms in the shed reach 2~3cm in diameter, you can carry out the management of flower promotion. Flowering management method is basically the same as that of spring-planted flowering mushrooms. When promoting flowering artificially, generally at 11-12 p.m. in the shed heating and dehumidification, the heating method of pit, flue, hot air blower is good. When heating, open the door at one end of the shed and leave a gap at the top of the shed at the other end so that the air in the shed can convect and achieve the purpose of heat and moisture removal.
Warming 4~5h, control the shed temperature not more than 30℃, and then uncover the film covering the shed, the young mushroom cap skin from the hot and humid state suddenly encountered cold, in the cold wind blowing, will immediately appear cracks. After the appearance of cracks on the skin of the young mushroom cap, it will be operated continuously for 4~5d according to the natural or artificial flower-inducing method, so that the cracks on the skin of the cap will be widened and deepened, and the white flesh of the mushroom will be in the shape of cracks, which is called flower-inducing. Continuing to maintain low temperature and dry environmental conditions, so that the surface of the cap of the flower mushroom to keep white unchanged management process, known as flower preservation.
Flowering mushrooms grow slowly at a low temperature of 5~12℃. When the fungus membrane is about to rupture and the cap edge rolls inward, it can be harvested and dried in batches. When picking, use thumb, forefinger and middle finger to pinch the base of the mushroom stalk, rotate and twist off, do not leave the mushroom tip on the stick, so as not to breed miscellaneous fungi at a later stage. After harvesting a tide of mushrooms, the mushrooms should be raised for 10~15d, at which time the temperature should be kept at 23~2℃, the air humidity should be maintained at about 70%, shading and proper ventilation. When the mycelium grows back and turns white at the mushroom harvesting place, it can be rehydrated to enter the next tide of mushroom production management. Pool soaking water or water injector can be used to replenish water, but the amount of water replenishment should be appropriate, and with the increase in harvesting tide by tide, generally replenished to the previous tide of mushrooms before mushrooming about 90% of the quality of the stick.