Efficacy of leech
First, anticoagulant effect.
Second, thrombolysis.
Third, inhibit platelet aggregation.
Fourth, improve the state of blood flow concentration, viscosity and aggregation.
Fifth, improve the cardiovascular system.
Sixth, regulate blood lipids.
Seven, improve renal circulation.
The role of leeches
anti coagulate
Many substances have been found in leeches, which play an inhibitory role in different links of coagulation mechanism. Such as thrombin inhibitor hirudin variant family, coagulation factor Xa inhibitor antithrombin. Giranden; Tridigen, an inhibitor of coagulation factor ⅹ ⅲ; Platelet glycoprotein inhibitors, such as calmodulin and Lapp, and platelet aggregation inhibitors induced by omatin collagen.
Hirudin is recognized as the strongest thrombin-specific inhibitor in the world, which has selectivity and specificity for thrombin inhibition. It only inhibits thrombin in the hemostasis system, and does not interfere with body fluids or cytokines. Its inhibition does not require other coagulation factors or plasma components. It has a strong affinity with thrombin and can be neutralized at a very low concentration. Hirudin and thrombin combine in the ratio of 1: 1 to form a non-valence complex, which is extremely stable and has a dissociation constant of 10? 12 order of magnitude, and the reaction speed is extremely fast. It can prevent thrombin from acting on fibrinogen, thus hindering blood coagulation. At the same time, hirudin also inhibits the binding between thrombin and thrombomodulin * * * TM * *, thus blocking the activation of protein C mediated by thrombin -TM, thus exerting the anticoagulant effect of hirudin. The anticoagulant effect of hirudin is different from heparin. It does not depend on other endogenous anticoagulants, nor is it affected by platelet factor 4 and histidine-rich glycoprotein.
Antithrombotic effect
The most basic process of intravascular thrombosis is coagulation caused by thrombin. Hirudo can directly dissolve thrombus, not only combine with free thrombin in plasma, but also neutralize thrombin combined with fibrin, so hirudin is effective for all kinds of thrombus, especially for disseminated intravascular coagulation. The antithrombotic effect of leech is multifaceted, multi-link and multi-channel. At present, it is recognized that vascular endothelial injury, such as ulcer and rupture of atherosclerotic plaque, and hypertensive arteriosclerosis are the main causes of thrombosis. Its mechanism is that it leads to local vasomotor dysfunction and increases the synthesis and secretion of vasoconstrictors, such as endothelin, angiotensin converting enzyme and vasodilator. For example, carbon monoxide and prostacyclin: lead to disorder of coagulation mechanism, disorder of synthesis and secretion of procoagulant, and imbalance of plasminogen activator and its inhibition metabolism: promote the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle, increase permeability, secrete interleukin-1, and promote inflammatory response. Studies have shown that leech can obviously alleviate atherosclerosis in high-fat animals and basically restore endothelial damage. The proliferation of semi-smooth muscle cells is not obvious, which reduces the damage of lipid peroxide to endothelium and inhibits the expression of endothelin gene in induced arteries. Hirudin can inhibit the induced increase of endothelial permeability.
As we all know, aspirin is a commonly used antiplatelet drug in clinic, which can inactivate cyclooxygenase and inhibit the formation of thromboxane A2 in platelets, thus inhibiting platelet aggregation and playing an antithrombotic role. However, it has been found that there are still some patients who still have vascular events despite receiving aspirin treatment every day, which is called purine-free resistance.
Some people use hirudin and aspirin to treat cerebral infarction. Clinical experiments show that when aspirin and hirudin are used together, hirudin mainly acts on endogenous coagulation system, and aspirin can also inhibit the formation of prothrombin in the liver. Their combination can prolong ATPP and prevent further thrombosis. This method is safe.
Antitumor effect
The high anticoagulant effect of leech is beneficial to the anti-cancer pharmacological active substances and immune active cells of manganese, magnesium, zinc and other elements to invade cancer tissues and kill cancer cells.
Hypolipidemic effect
Animal experiments show that leech can significantly reduce serum cholesterol, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein in high-fat animals and increase the level of high-density lipoprotein.
Brain hematoma and subcutaneous hematoma experiments show that thrombin is one of neurotoxic mediators, and low dose can protect neurons and glial cells from cell death caused by hypoglycemia and ischemia, while high dose can lead to brain edema, irreversible damage and apoptosis of brain cells. Fang Qi et al injected different doses of thrombin and leech rope into caudate nucleus of SD rats, and nimodipine was injected intraperitoneally. The wet-dry weight method, immunohistochemical method, in-situ nick end labeling method and microscope were used to observe the brain water content, cytoskeleton protein, neuronal apoptosis and histological changes in rats at different time points. The results showed that the brain water content and brain edema of rats injected with hirudin were significantly lower than those of rats not injected with hirudin, suggesting that hirudin can effectively inhibit brain edema caused by thrombin. Nimodipine, a calcium antagonist, can alleviate or delay the toxic effect of thrombin on brain cells and protect neurons. With the development of science and technology, people's research on leeches is getting deeper and deeper, and the research field is expanding day by day. Its pharmacological effects are being explored and utilized by people, and it is not limited to anticoagulation and antithrombosis in clinic. It can be expected that through the comprehensive and in-depth study of leech, leech, a traditional Chinese medicine, will glow with new vitality, expand its disease prevention field and better serve human health.
The taboo of leeches
It is forbidden for people with physical deficiency and blood deficiency, pregnant women, women's menstrual period and those with bleeding tendency.