2 14 years ago, the Qin Dynasty sent troops to pacify Baiyue, established Nanhai County, and formally incorporated Hong Kong into the territory. Since 203, Hong Kong has been under the jurisdiction of South Vietnam, and it was not until11that South Vietnam was destroyed by the Western Han Dynasty that Hong Kong was ruled by the Central Plains Dynasty. Subsequently, Hong Kong was under the jurisdiction of Panyu County for more than 500 years in the early years of Qin, Han, Three Kingdoms and Eastern Jin Dynasties. From 33 1 to 756, this area is under the jurisdiction of Baoan county. From 757, after the Five Dynasties, Song Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty lived in Qin Long for six years (1572). For more than 800 years, this area has been under the jurisdiction of Dongguan County. Small-scale salt ponds were also developed. In 19901year, the indigenous inhabitants of five ethnic groups in the New Territories began to settle in Hong Kong. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Eastern Wu Dynasty, the Western Jin Dynasty and the early Eastern Jin Dynasty, Hong Kong still belonged to Panyu County. From the sixth year of Xianhe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (33 1), this area was under the jurisdiction of Baoan County. At the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Lu Xun, the leader of the local rebel army, led his men to flee to Lantau Island and settled down under the command of Emperor Wu of Song. Since then, Hong Kong has been ruled by the Southern Dynasties and the Sui Dynasty.
Since the Tang Dynasty, with the development of Guangzhou's foreign trade, Hong Kong has begun to develop significantly. In 736 (the 24th year of Tang Kaiyuan), Tunjun Town was established in Hong Kong, with 2,000 troops stationed to protect maritime trade. At that time, the army was stationed in today's Tuen Mun, hence the name. In the second year from Tang Suzong to Germany (757), Hong Kong was placed under the jurisdiction of Dongguan County. In the fourth year of Guanghua in Tang Zhaozong (90 1), the indigenous inhabitants of the five major clans in the New Territories began to settle in Hong Kong.
By the Ming Dynasty, Hong Kong's commerce and trade gradually prospered, and its population also increased, making it an important place for coastal defense. At that time, the Ming dynasty fortified here mainly to resist invaders from Japan, Portugal and the Netherlands. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, there were three routes along the coast of Guangdong to patrol the ocean to prepare for the Japanese government forces. Among them, the middle road "starts from Nantou City, Dongguan County, and goes out to Buddhist Temple Gate, Cross Gate, Lengshuijiaohai and Macau". The gate of the Buddhist temple is located in Hong Kong, which obviously belongs to the defensive range of the middle road. The coastal map of Guangdong during the Wanli period has marked the names of Hongkong, Stanley, Huangniyong and Tsim Sha Tsui.
In addition, Hong Kong was rich in and exported fragrant wood during the Ming Dynasty. This kind of fragrant wood belongs to Wanxiang, also known as Daughter Fragrant, which is very popular in Guangdong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other places. It is said that the origin of the name "Hong Kong" is due to the abundance and export of fragrant wood. The Ming Dynasty was the heyday of fragrance cultivation and production in Hong Kong. The fragrant tree products produced in Leehom (now Shatian) and Daxishan (now Lantau) in Hong Kong were packed in wooden cases, transported by land to the dock in Tsim Sha Tsui (now Tsim Sha Tsui), sent to Shipai Bay (now Aberdeen) by boat, and then shipped to Guangzhou by the ship commonly known as "big-eyed chicken". Land should cross Nanxiong, Yuling and Ganjiang.
Hong Kong also occupies a place in the history of Sino-Western diplomatic relations. Andrade, a French general (now Portugal), led a fleet to China on 15 16, and arrived at the Pearl River Estuary on 15 of the following year to make contact with local officials in Guangdong in the Ming Dynasty. This was the first official contact between Portugal and the Ming Dynasty. In fact, as early as 15 14 (the ninth year of Zheng De in Ming Dynasty), Portugal sent troops to Tuen Mun and occupied it, and controlled Tuen Mun and Deep Bay in Hong Kong for seven years. It also erected a stone pillar there and engraved the national emblem on it to show its occupation. 152 1 year (in the 16th year of Zheng De), the Ming army went to war with Portugal, which was known as the Tuen Mun naval battle. The battle lasted for 40 days, and the Portuguese army fell into a bitter battle and finally returned to Malacca in a mess. In April of the following year, the Portuguese army sent a fleet of six warships in an attempt to reoccupy Tuen Mun. In August, the two armies confronted each other near Caowan in the west of Daxi Mountain. This battle has been fought from Sisaowan Sea to Shaozhou Sea, and finally the Ming army won a total victory.
In Qing Dynasty, Hong Kong was under the jurisdiction of Xin 'an County. In order to prevent coastal residents from helping Zheng Chenggong, the late Ming dynasty, the Qing court ordered them to be moved to the sea in 1662 (the first year of Kangxi), and the coastal residents had to move inland for 50 miles, so that their homes were completely lost. Coupled with the implementation of the maritime ban, Hong Kong has been seriously affected. After moving to the sea, the fishing and salt industry was deserted and the countryside was deserted. Coastal residents suffered greatly because they moved to the sea. Guangdong Governor Wang Lairen and Guangdong Governor Zhou Youde asked for the Second World. 1669 (the eighth year of Kangxi), the imperial court finally allowed the border to be recovered, and the residents in this area moved back one after another. Therefore, the five ethnic groups in the New Territories set up Baode Temple in Sheung Shui to worship Duke Zhou and Duke Zhou, while the Deng ethnic group set up Duke Zhou and Duke Zhou in Jintian, and set up Duke Zhou and Duke Zhou Academy once every ten years as a thank you.
By the middle of the Qing Dynasty, with the increase of contacts between the Qing Dynasty and foreign countries, Hong Kong, which was close to Guangzhou, the trade center at that time, also became one of the stops for merchant ships of various countries, among which Waterfall Bay was the most famous. The imperial court also strengthened its military defense against Hong Kong, such as the establishment of a piping fort. 1On June 20th, 839, the forest case occurred in Tsim Sha Tsui Village, Kowloon. The British sailor was drunk, made trouble in the village and killed the villager Lin. Lin Zexu asked the British commercial director Yi Fa to hand over the murderer, but Yi Fa himself gave a light sentence. This incident thus became the fuse of the First Opium War, laying the groundwork for the cession of Hong Kong. On June 5438+065438+ 10 of the same year, the battle of piercing the nose broke out between China and Britain. After the defeat, the British army fled back to Tsim Sha Tsui. Lin Zexu ordered the troops stationed in piping near Tsim Sha Tsui (present-day Jordan) to fight back. As a result, the British army was successfully expelled from Tsim Sha Tsui, which was the famous piping campaign.
The cession of Hong Kong
1840 Shortly after the Opium War broke out, Daoguang in the Qing Dynasty changed from the main battle to the main peace, and sent an imperial envoy Qishan to Guangzhou to negotiate with the British army. 184 1 year 1 month, Qishan, without the knowledge of the Qing court and the British government, drafted the Draft Convention on Wearing Nose with Game Law, and in the Circular Letter to Her Majesty's Subjects issued by Game Law in 1 month, it was declared that Qishan had "reached a preliminary agreement". However, because the Qing court and the British political and economic circles thought it was an act of humiliation and the profits were too small, the two sides did not recognize the existence of the draft convention on wearing noses, but the British army did not withdraw from Hong Kong Island. Until 1842, the Qing Dynasty was defeated by the British Empire in the First Opium War, and the treaty of nanking was signed with Britain the following year, which formally ceded Hong Kong Island and its adjacent Ap Lei Chau to Britain.
1860, the Qing court was defeated by the British and French allied forces again, and was forced to sign the Beijing Treaty, ceding the southern part of Kowloon Peninsula and the adjacent Stonecutters Island to Britain. At that time, the new boundary of Kowloon Peninsula was only separated by short barbed wire, which is on today's Boundary Street.
From 65438 to 0873, the occupations of Hong Kong people were mainly fishermen, sailors, farmers, butchers, shopkeepers and officers.
1898, Britain and the Qing court signed a series of lease treaties, such as the Special Provisions on Expanding Hong Kong Border, and leased more than 200 outlying islands in the northern part of Kowloon Peninsula, the New Territories and its vicinity, with the exception of Kowloon Castle, for 99 years. This series of leases and transfers formed the boundary of Hong Kong today.
Initial stage of port opening
1842 After Britain formally acquired Hong Kong Island, it declared Hong Kong a free port, which means "Hong Kong for Hong Kong's sake". British businessmen, including opium traders, gradually established Hong Kong as a hub for free trade with the East. American opium dealers and bankers also went to Hong Kong to participate in trade with China. South China, namely Guangdong and Fujian, and Central China's trade was mainly conducted through Shanghai.
Since 185 1 Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, many businessmen from South China moved to Hong Kong to escape the war. The population of Hong Kong has increased from more than 33,000 people per year to more than 865 people per year. At first, the Qing government only practiced limited trade in Guangzhou. Since the five-port trade, Hong Kong has become the main entrepot of the great powers and China. Businessmen from Guangdong and Fujian in Guangzhou [17] and businessmen from all over Guangdong and Fujian also moved to Hong Kong. Southeast Asia is a colony of world powers, and its economy is controlled by Fujian people. Fujian people transship goods to five trading cities through Hong Kong, while the big powers, Manchu and five traders all charge local business fees, while the British and Fujian people earn huge transshipment profits. Guangzhou used to be the center of British enterprises in China, but after the opening of Hong Kong, British enterprises (mainly opium) changed to Hong Kong as the center, and they were also transported from Hong Kong to five trading cities. Apart from the transshipment of goods, Hong Kong has also become a transit point for Chinese immigrants from South China. During the period from 185 1 to 1900, more than 2 million people from Guangdong and Fujian immigrated overseas through Hong Kong, mainly from Siyi and Guangfu. They built railways as workers in China (Hong Kong called them selling pigs) or smuggled them to developed countries such as Europe and America to get much more wages than at home. Most Fujian people go to Southeast Asia to do business, and most local enterprises belong to Fujian people, who control local enterprises. The people of Fujian gained a lot of wealth from commerce. They always hoped to overthrow the Manchu government and build a capitalist and democratic China, and invested a lot of money in Yang's revolution. Many Fujian people who are interested in capital are married to Hong Kong, such as Sun Yat-sen who is married to Chen Cuifen, because many Fujian people only want to do business and are unwilling to work for others, and they have to ask Chinese to monitor local workers. Moreover, Guangdong people (including Guangfu people, chaozhou people people and Hakka people) who are closely related to Fujian people are given priority. At that time, Southeast Asia was a colony of Europe and America. Although the per capita GDP is lower than that of Europe and America, it is also much higher than that of China in the late Qing Dynasty, and the salary of managers is also much higher than that of Chinese railway workers in the United States. Due to the serious exclusion from China in the United States, local Chinese workers are controlled by the underworld, and most of chaozhou people and Hakkas only work in Southeast Asia. There are also Fujian enterprises in Europe and America, but less than those in China and Southeast Asia. Cantonese mainly do business in Hong Kong and Guangzhou.
During 1890, a plague occurred in South China. 1894 Spring, 65,438+10,000 people died in Guangzhou. In May of the same year, plague broke out in the Chinese community around Taipingshan Street in Sheung Wan, with the daily death toll as high as 100. As a result, 2,552 people died of the plague that year, and about 654.38 million China people left Hong Kong, and the trade volume once dropped sharply. In the next 30 years, plague still occasionally appeared in Hong Kong. From 1898 to 1900, another 1290 people died of plague.
Return of sovereignty
1 July, 19971day, Britain returned Hong Kong's sovereignty and administrative power to China. Beijing refused to accept the democratically elected Legislative Council under Patten's rule and set up a provisional Legislative Council instead. The lower-level councils, that is, the Urban Council, the Regional Council and the District Councils, have similar arrangements. Tung Chee-hwa became the first chief executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Mrs Anson CHAN and Mr Donald Tsang have successfully transitioned to the posts of Chief Secretary for Administration (former Chief Secretary for Administration) and Financial Secretary (former Financial Secretary) respectively. Most senior officials of the China government also made a smooth transition to the new government.